List of Illustrations.

1. THE CREW OF THE “HANSA” DRAGGING THEIR BOATS ACROSS THE ICE (FRONTISPIECE).
2. A DESERT OF ICE IN THE ARCTIC REGION, 13
3. THE SWAMPS OF THE OBI, 16
4. IN THE FOREST ZONE OF THE NORTH (FULL-PAGE), 17
5. THE MIDNIGHT SUN (FULL-PAGE), 23
6. OFF THE COAST OF GREENLAND, 25
7. MOONLIGHT IN THE POLAR WORLD, 26
8. THE AURORA BOREALIS, 28
9. THE AURORA BOREALIS—THE CORONA, 29
10. ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS:—REFLECTION OF ICEBERGS, 32
11. ADVENT OF SPRING IN THE POLAR REGIONS, 35
12. URSA MAJOR AND URSA MINOR, 36
13. NEBULA IN ANDROMEDA, 39
14. ARCHED ICEBERG OFF THE GREENLAND COAST, 42
15. AMONG THE BERGS—A NARROW ESCAPE, 43
16. ICEBERG AND ICE-FIELD, MELVILLE BAY, GREENLAND, 45
17. ORIGIN OF ICEBERGS—EXTENSION OF A GLACIER SEAWARDS, 47
18. THE ALETSCH GLACIER, SWITZERLAND, FROM THE ÆGGISCHHORN, SHOWING ITS MORAINES, 48
19. THE MARJELEN SEA, SWITZERLAND, 48
20. FALL OF AN ICEBERG (FULL-PAGE), 51
21. IN AN ICE-PACK, MELVILLE BAY, 53
22. CHANNEL IN AN ICE-FIELD, 54
23. “NIPPED” IN AN ICE-FIELD, 54
24. AMONG THE ICE-HUMMOCKS (FULL-PAGE), 57
25. HUNTING THE WALRUS, 61
26. THE WALRUS, OR MORSE, 63
27. A WALRUS FAMILY, 64
28. FIGHT BETWEEN A WALRUS AND A POLAR BEAR, 64
29. BOAT ATTACKED BY A WALRUS (FULL-PAGE), 65
30. FIGHT WITH A WALRUS, 68
31. HERD OF SEALS, NEAR THE DEVIL’S THUMB, BAFFIN SEA, GREENLAND, 71
32. THE COMMON SEAL, 73
33. SHOOTING A SEAL, 74
34. THE OTARY, 75
35. THE HOODED SEAL, 76
36. AN ESKIMO SEAL-HUNTER, 77
37. THE GREENLAND WHALE, 79
38. NARWHALS, MALE AND FEMALE, 82
39. A SHOAL OF DOLPHINS, 83
40. POLAR BEARS, 84
41. BEAR CATCHING A SEAL, 86
42. BEARS DESTROYING A CACHE, 88
43. FIGHT WITH A WHITE BEAR (FULL-PAGE), 89
44. STALKING A BEAR, 94
45. SEA-BIRDS IN THE POLAR REGIONS, 97
46. THE GREAT AUK—RAZOR-BILLS—THE PUFFIN, 98
47. PUFFINS, 99
48. THE GOOSANDER, 100
49. A BIRD “BAZAAR” IN NOVAIA ZEMLAIA (FULL-PAGE), 101
50. THE BLACK-BACKED GULL, 103
51. THE EIDER-DUCK, 103
52. THE HAUNT OF THE WILD SWAN, 105
53. VARIOUS FORMS OF SNOW-CRYSTALS, 109
54. EXHIBITION OF ICE-FLOWERS BY PROJECTION, 110
55. ICE-FLOWERS, 110
56. MOULDING ICE, 112
57. A POLAR GLACIER, 118
58. GLACIER, ENGLISH BAY, SPITZBERGEN, 119
59. GLACIER, BELL SOUND, SPITZBERGEN, 120
60. STEAMER “CHARGING” AN ICEBERG, UPERNAVIK, GREENLAND (FULL-PAGE), 121
61. FORCING A PASSAGE THROUGH THE ICE (FULL-PAGE), 125
62. THE GLACIER OF SERMIATSIALIK, GREENLAND (FULL-PAGE), 129
63. PROTOCOCCUS NIVALIS, 136
64. WILD REINDEER, 145
65. THE MUSK-OX, 150
66. ARCTIC FOXES, 152
67. A FOX-TRAP, 153
68. THE ERMINE, OR SABLE MARTEN, 156
69. THE GLUTTON, OR WOLVERINE, 157
70. PTARMIGAN, 160
71. AN ICELANDIC LANDSCAPE, 163
72. MOUNT HEKLA, FROM THE VALLEY OF HEVITA, 164
73. THE GREAT GEYSER, 166
74. HARBOUR OF REIKIAVIK, 169
75. ICELANDERS FISHING FOR NARWHAL, 174
76. UPERNAVIK, GREENLAND, 176
77. DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND, 177
78. GODHAV’N, DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND, 177
79. DANISH SETTLEMENT OF JACOBSHAV’N, GREENLAND, 178
80. BUILDING AN ESKIMO HUT, 181
81. THE ESKIMO KAYAK, 182
82. THE ESKIMO OOMIAK, 183
83. DR. HAYES FALLS IN WITH HANS THE HUNTER (FULL-PAGE), 187
84. ESKIMO DOGS, 191
85. ESKIMO SLEDGE AND TEAM (FULL-PAGE), 193
86. REINDEER IN LAPLAND, 200
87. TRAVELLING IN LAPLAND, 201
88. FISHER LAPPS, 203
89. SAMOJEDE HUTS ON WAIGATZ ISLAND, 209
90. A SAMOJEDE FAMILY, 210
91. JAKUT HUNTER AND BEAR, 212
92. KAMTSCHATKANS, 213
93. A KAMTSCHATKAN SLEDGE AND TEAM, 215
94. THE LOSS OF THE “SQUIRREL,” 224
95. SHIP OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 225
96. SCENERY OF JAN MAYEN, 226
97. THE “HECLA” AND “FURY” WINTERING AT WINTER ISLAND, 229
98. THE “FURY” ABANDONED BY PARRY, 230
99. DISCOVERY OF THE CAIRN CONTAINING SIR JOHN FRANKLIN’S PAPERS, 235
100. RELICS OF THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION BROUGHT BACK TO ENGLAND, 235
101. DISCOVERY OF ONE OF THE BOATS OF THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION, 236
102. THE “THREE BROTHER TURRETS,” 238
103. MORTON ON THE SHORE OF THE SUPPOSED POLAR OCEAN, 240
104. DR. KANE PAYING A VISIT TO AN ESKIMO HUT AT ETAH, 241
105. TRYING TO LASSO A BEAR (FULL-PAGE), 247
106. THE MIDNIGHT SUN, GREENLAND, 249
107. A BEAR AT ANCHOR, 249
108. SKATING—OFF THE COAST OF GREENLAND, 250
109. SNOW LINNETS AND BUNTINGS VISITING THE CREW OF THE “HANSA,” 254
110. THE CREW OF THE “HANSA” BIVOUACKING ON THE ICE (FULL-PAGE), 255
111. A RASH INTRUDER, 259
112. BEAR-HUNTING, GREENLAND, 260
113. “INTO A WATER-GAP,” 261
114. THE CREW OF THE “GERMANIA” IN A SNOW-STORM (FULL-PAGE), 263
115. MATERIALS FOR THE HOUSE, 266
116. ATTACK ON A BEAR, 267
117. SETTING FOX-TRAPS, 268
118. RELIEVED, 269
119. FUNERAL OF CAPTAIN HALL (FULL-PAGE), 273
120. AN ARCTIC SNOW-STORM, 276
121. THE CASTAWAYS ON THE ICE (FULL-PAGE), 279
122. ADRIFT ON THE ICE-FLOE, 281
123. RECOVERY OF THE BOAT BY CAPTAIN TYSON, 282
124. IGLOES CONSTRUCTED BY THE CASTAWAYS, 283
125. HANS MISTAKEN FOR A BEAR, 284
126. DIFFICULT TRAVELLING (FULL-PAGE), 285
127. THE GUIDING LIGHT, 287
128. DRAGGING A SEAL, 288
129. RETURN OF THE SUN (FULL-PAGE), 289
130. SHOOTING NARWHAL, 291
131. DRAGGING THE OOGJOOK, 292
132. SUNLIGHT EFFECT IN THE ARCTIC REGION (FULL-PAGE), 293
133. FIRST SIGHT OF A WHALE, 295
134. FACE TO FACE WITH A POLAR BEAR, 296
135. AN ARCTIC ICE-SCAPE (FULL-PAGE), 297
136. ON BOARD THE BOAT, 299
137. BREAKING UP OF THE ICE, 300
138. JOE CAPTURES A SEAL, 300
139. A NIGHT OF FEAR (FULL-PAGE), 301
140. A “HELL OF WATERS,” 303
141. DRAGGING THE BOAT ON TO A FLOE, 304
142. CLINGING TO THE BOAT (FULL-PAGE), 305
143. SAVED! (FULL-PAGE), 309