| CHAPTER I. | |
| FEUDALISM AND THE MONARCHY. | |
| PAGE | |
| The Monarchy in France | 1 |
| Social condition of France | 3 |
| Feudal rights | 4 |
| Condition of the Church | 6 |
| Government and administration | 7 |
| The privileged classes | 8 |
| Taxation | 9 |
| Condition of the People | 11 |
| Interference with trade | 13 |
| Public opinion in France | 13 |
| Voltaire and his followers | 13 |
| The Encyclopædists | 14 |
| The Church and Christian Theology attacked | 15 |
| The Economists | 16 |
| Rousseau | 16 |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XVI., 1774–1789. | |
| The Ministry of Turgot | 18 |
| Opposition raised to his reforms | 19 |
| Character of Louis XVI. | 19 |
| Character of Marie Antoinette | 20 |
| 1776. Dismissal of Turgot | 21 |
| Movement of Reform extends over Europe | 21 |
| Condition of England | 23 |
| Pitt in Office | 24 |
| Reaction after Turgot’s dismissal | 25 |
| Ministry of Necker | 25 |
| Necker opposed by the Parliaments | 25 |
| 1781. He resigns office | 26 |
| Desire for political liberty | 26 |
| 1776. American Declaration of Independence | 26 |
| 1783. Ministry of Calonne | 27 |
| 1787. The Assembly of Notables | 27 |
| Ministry of Brienne | 27 |
| General disaffection | 28 |
| 1788. Second Ministry of Necker, and calling of the States General | 29 |
| Pamphlets and Cahiers | 29 |
| Siéyès’ Pamphlet—What is the Third Estate? | 30 |
| Double Representation of the Third Estate | 31 |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| THE ASSEMBLY AT VERSAILLES, 1789. | |
| May 5, 1789. Meeting of the States General | 33 |
| Relation of the King to the Revolution | 33 |
| Question whether the States were to sit as one or as three chambers left undecided | 33 |
| Evil consequences of the Royal policy | 34 |
| Character and policy of Mirabeau | 35 |
| Title of National Assembly adopted by the Third Estate | 37 |
| Excitement and disorder in Paris | 38 |
| Louis takes part with the Upper Orders | 39 |
| June 20. Tennis Court Oath | 40 |
| Royal Sitting of June 23 | 40 |
| The States constituted as one Chamber | 41 |
| July 14. The fall of the Bastille | 43 |
| Establishment of a Municipality and of a National Guard in Paris | 46 |
| Visit of Louis to the Capital | 47 |
| Risings in the Provinces | 48 |
| Decrees of August 4 | 49 |
| Composition of the Assembly | 51 |
| The Reactionary Right | 51 |
| The Right Centre | 52 |
| The Centre and Left | 52 |
| The Extreme Left | 53 |
| Causes giving ascendency to the Left | 54 |
| Policy of Mirabeau | 56 |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | 58 |
| New Constitution; Legislature to be formed of one House; Veto given to the King | 58 |
| Scarcity of Bread | 59 |
| Character of the National Guard of Paris | 60 |
| October 6. The King and Queen brought to Paris | 60 |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| THE CONSTITUTION, 1789–1791. | |
| Results of the Movement of October 6 | 63 |
| The Jacobins | 64 |
| The Constitution; Administrative Changes; Establishment of 44,000 Municipalities | 65 |
| Judicial Reforms | 66 |
| Increase of the State debt | 67 |
| Church Property appropriated by the State | 67 |
| Creation of Assignats | 68 |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | 69 |
| Feast of the Federation | 69 |
| Emigration of the nobles | 70 |
| Embitterment of the Relations between nobles and peasants | 71 |
| Weakness of the Central Government | 72 |
| Mutinies in the Army | 73 |
| Imposition of an Oath on the Clergy; Schism in the Church | 74 |
| The Constitution decried by the Ultra-Democrats | 76 |
| Brissot | 76 |
| Desmoulins | 77 |
| Marat | 78 |
| Sources of influence exercised by the Ultra-Democrats | 79 |
| Influence exercised by Jacobin Clubs | 80 |
| September 1790. Resignation of Necker | 81 |
| The Commune of Paris; Composition of its Municipality | 81 |
| Mirabeau’s policy; his Death, April 2, 1791 | 84 |
| Position of the Constitutionalists | 85 |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY, 1791–1792. | |
| Unpopularity of Marie Antoinette | 87 |
| June 20, 1791. Flight of the Royal Family | 88 |
| Ultra-Democrats seek the Establishment of a Republic | 91 |
| July 17. Massacre of the Champ de Mars | 91 |
| Attempt to revise the Constitution | 93 |
| The work of the National Assembly; legal and financial reforms | 93 |
| Creation of Assignats of small value | 94 |
| Plans of the Queen | 94 |
| Policy of territorial aggrandisement pursued by the Great Powers | 96 |
| Austria and Russia at war with Turkey | 97 |
| Death of Joseph II. | 97 |
| Treaty of Reichenbach | 97 |
| Declaration of Pilnitz | 98 |
| Designs of Catherine II. on Poland | 98 |
| Leopold II. unwilling to engage in war with France | 98 |
| The new Legislative Assembly; its composition | 99 |
| Policy of the Girondists | 100 |
| Ecclesiastical policy of the Legislature | 101 |
| Emigrants encouraged by Princes of the Empire | 101 |
| Growth of a warlike spirit in the Assembly | 102 |
| The French Revolution is more than a National movement | 104 |
| Commencement of war with Austria and Prussia | 105 |
| The Jacobins embody a spirit of suspicion | 106 |
| Robespierre’s character | 107 |
| Administrative anarchy | 109 |
| Troubles at Avignon | 110 |
| The Girondists hope for the best | 111 |
| Lafayette denounces the Jacobins | 112 |
| The mob invades the Tuileries on June 20 | 113 |
| The Country declared in danger; Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick | 114 |
| Preparations made for an insurrection | 115 |
| Insurrection of August 10; Suspension of the King | 117 |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| THE FALL OF THE GIRONDISTS, 1792–1793. | |
| Formation of the new Commune of Paris | 119 |
| The September massacres | 121 |
| The defence of the Argonnes | 123 |
| The meeting of the Convention, and the abolition of Monarchy | 124 |
| The Girondists and the Mountain | 125 |
| Weakness of the Centre | 128 |
| Re-election of the Commune | 129 |
| Conquest of Savoy, Mainz, and Belgium | 130 |
| Question of the annexation of Belgium | 131 |
| The Opening of the Scheldt, and the order to the Generals to proclaim the Sovereignty of the People | 134 |
| Objects of the Allies | 135 |
| Pitt’s ministry in England | 136 |
| Views taken of the French Revolution in England | 137 |
| Trial and Execution of Louis XVI. | 139 |
| War with England; the French expelled from Belgium | 141 |
| Establishment of the Revolutionary Court; Defeat of Neerwinden | 143 |
| Party strife in the Convention | 144 |
| Establishment of the Committee of Public Safety | 145 |
| Deputies in mission | 146 |
| Laws against Emigrants and Nonjurors | 147 |
| Policy of the Mountain | 148 |
| The economical situation | 149 |
| Popular remedies opposed by the Girondists | 151 |
| The Commune leads a movement against the Girondists | 153 |
| Expulsion of the leading Girondists | 155 |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| THE COMMUNE AND THE TERROR, 1793. | |
| State of public feeling | 156 |
| Girondist and Royalist movements; Resistance in Lyons and Toulon | 157 |
| General submission to the Convention | 158 |
| War in La Vendée | 159 |
| Successes of the Vendeans | 160 |
| Successes of the Allies | 161 |
| Coolness between Austria and Prussia | 162 |
| Assassination of Marat | 163 |
| Sanguinary tendencies of the Government | 165 |
| Growing strength of the Committee of Public Safety | 166 |
| Power of the Commune | 167 |
| Views of Hébert and Chaumette | 168 |
| Introduction of the conscription | 170 |
| Maximum laws | 171 |
| Laws against speculation | 172 |
| Depression of trade and agriculture | 173 |
| Law of ‘Suspected Persons’ | 175 |
| Increased activity of the Revolutionary Court | 176 |
| Execution of the Queen and the Girondists | 177 |
| Worship of Reason | 178 |
| Introduction of the Revolutionary calendar | 180 |
| Surrender of Lyons | 181 |
| Destruction of the Vendean army | 182 |
| The Terror in the Departments | 183 |
| The Terrorists a small minority | 186 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| THE FALL OF THE HÉBERTISTS AND DANTONISTS, 1793–1794. | |
| Condition of the Army | 188 |
| Carnot’s military reforms | 189 |
| Campaign in Belgium and the Rhine; Victories of Hondschoote and Wattignies | 191 |
| The Allies expelled from Alsace by Hoche and Pichegru | 192 |
| Legislation of the Convention | 193 |
| Cambon’s financial measures | 195 |
| Growing feeling against the Commune | 196 |
| Robespierre attacks the Hébertists | 197 |
| The Old Cordelier | 199 |
| The Hébertists attack the Dantonists | 200 |
| Robespierre’s influence over the Jacobins | 201 |
| Robespierre abandons the Dantonists | 202 |
| Execution of the Hébertists and Dantonists | 204 |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE, 1794. | |
| Despotism of the Committee of Public Safety | 204 |
| Aims of Robespierre | 205 |
| Aims of St. Just | 206 |
| Financial object of the continuation of the Terror | 207 |
| The Terror systematised | 208 |
| Renewal of the War in La Vendée | 209 |
| Treaty of the Hague between England and Prussia | 209 |
| Insurrection in Poland | 210 |
| Differences between England and Prussia | 211 |
| The Allied Forces driven from Belgium | 212 |
| Worship of the Supreme Being instituted by Robespierre | 214 |
| Increased activity of the Revolutionary Court | 215 |
| Position of Robespierre | 216 |
| Discords break out within the Committee of Public Safety | 217 |
| Insurrection of Thermidor | 219 |
| Execution of the Robespierrists | 220 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| FALL OF THE MONTAGNARDS, 1794–1795. | |
| Reactionary Movement in Paris and in the Departments | 221 |
| Parties in the Convention | 222 |
| Readmission of the expelled Girondist Deputies to the Convention | 223 |
| Repeal of Maximum Laws, and suffering in Paris | 225 |
| Insurrection of Germinal 12 | 226 |
| Reaction in Paris, and in the Departments | 227 |
| The public exercise of all forms of worship permitted by the Convention | 228 |
| The White Terror | 229 |
| Insurrection of Prairial 1 | 230 |
| Proscription of Montagnards | 231 |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| THE TREATY OF BASEL AND THE CONSTITUTION OF 1795. | |
| Conquest of Holland by Pichegru | 232 |
| Foreign policy of the Convention | 233 |
| Foreign policy of Thugut | 235 |
| Foreign policy of Catherine II.; Alliances between Russia and Austria | 236 |
| English foreign policy; Successes at Sea, and conquest of French Colonies | 237 |
| Prussian foreign policy; Peace made at Basel between Prussia and France | 238 |
| Position of Spanish Government; Treaty of Peace between France and Spain | 240 |
| War in the West; Hoche appointed Commander-in-Chief | 242 |
| Expedition of Emigrants to Quiberon | 243 |
| Position of the Convention; its unpopularity | 245 |
| Death of the Dauphin | 245 |
| The Convention sanctions the use of Churches for Catholic worship | 246 |
| Position of the Clergy; Parties amongst them | 247 |
| The Convention frames the Constitution of 1795 | 248 |
| Special Laws passed to maintain the Republican Party in Power | 249 |
| Insurrection of Vendémiaire 13 suppressed by Napoleon Bonaparte | 250 |
| Law of Brumaire 3, excluding relations of Emigrants from Office | 250 |
| The Five Directors; Position of the New Government | 251 |
| INDEX | 255 |
MAPS.
| Europe in 1789 To face title page | |
| Map of France in Provinces | 9 |
| Revolutionary Paris | 43 |
| Map of France in Departments | 65 |
| Map of Belgium | 132 |
| Map of the Rhine | 190 |
| Map of Quiberon | 241 |
REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR.
| Vendémiaire | Sept. | Oct. |
| Brumaire | Oct. | Nov. |
| Frimaire | Nov. | Dec. |
| Nivose | Dec. | Jan. |
| Pluviose | Jan. | Feb. |
| Ventose | Feb. | March |
| Germinal | Mar. | April |
| Floréal | April | May |
| Prairial | May | June |
| Messidor | June | July |
| Thermidor | July | Aug. |
| Fructidor | Aug. | Sept. |