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| INTRODUCTION, | 1 |
| SOURCES OF ROMAN HISTORY, | 2 |
| Its authenticity, | 2 |
| The use of letters of great antiquity among the Romans, | 4 |
| Annales maximi, Annales pontificum, | 5 |
| Fasti, | 9 |
| Commentarii pontificum, | 10 |
| Libri pontificum, augurales, | 10 |
| Laudationes funebres, | 11 |
| Poetical traditions, | 12 |
| Family chronicles, | 15 |
| Cn. Nævius, | 16 |
| Q. Fabius Pictor, | 18 |
| Numerius Fabius Pictor, | 21 |
| Other historians, bearing the name of Fabius, or Pictor, | 21 |
| L. Cincius Alimentus, | 22 |
| C. Acilius, A. Postumius Albinus, Cn. Aufidius, | 23 |
| Q. Ennius, | 23 |
| M. Porcius Cato, | 26 |
| L. Cassius Hemina, | 26 |
| Servius Fabius Pictor, | 27 |
| Cn. Gellius. Vennonius, | 28 |
| L. Calpurnius Piso, | 29 |
| Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, | 30 |
| Q. Valerius Antias, | 32 |
| C. Licinius Macer, | 33 |
| Junius Gracchanus. Fenestella, | 34 |
| Forged historians, | 34 |
| Q. Ælius Tubero. T. Pomponius Atticus, | 35 |
| Cicero, | 35 |
| C. Sallustius Crispus, | 36 |
| L. Cornelius Sisenna, | 37 |
| Diodorus Siculus, | 37 |
| Dionysius of Halicarnassus, | 38 |
| T. Livius, | 45 |
| Velleius Paterculus, | 57 |
| Fabius Rusticus, | 58 |
| Epitome of Livy. L. Annæus Florus. Eutropius, | 58 |
| Orosius. Plutarch, | 59 |
| Appian, | 60 |
| Dio Cassius Cocceianus, | 61 |
| Xiphilinus, | 64 |
| Joannes Zonaras, | 65 |
| The middle ages, | 66 |
| The modern times, | 68 |
| Glareanus, Panvinius, Sigonius, | 68 |
| Stephen Pighius, | 69 |
| John Freinsheim, | 70 |
| James Perizonius, Montesquieu, Bayle, | 71 |
| Beaufort, Rollin, Hooke, Ferguson, | 72 |
| Levesque, Micali, | 73 |
| Auxiliary sciences. Geography, Mannert, Cluverius, | 75 |
| D’Anville, | 76 |
| Reichardt, | 77 |
| IMPORTANCE OF ROMAN HISTORY, | 78 |
| MANNER IN WHICH THE EARLY HISTORY OF ROME ORIGINATED, | 79 |
| Impossibility of the earliest history, | 80 |
| Numerical system in the chronological statements, | 82 |
| Sæcula of the Etruscans, | 83 |
| Ancient lays, | 85 |
| Etruscan historical works. Emperor Claudius, | 87 |
| The Saturnian verse, | 89 |
| Neniæ, | 91 |
| Epic poems, family records, family vanity, | 92 |
| National vanity, spirit of caste, | 93 |
| THE EARLIEST HISTORY, | 94 |
| Pelasgians, their spreading, | 95 |
| Samothrace, | 96 |
| Siculians, Italians, | 97 |
| Œnotrians, Peucetians, Liburnians, Tyrrhenians, | 98 |
| Opicans, Apulians, Volscians, Æquians, Sabellians, | 98 |
| Umbrians, | 99 |
| Siculians in Italy, Aborigines, | 100 |
| Latins, | 101 |
| The same traditions often told in contradictory ways, | 101 |
| Cascans, | 103 |
| Sacranians, ver sacrum, Priscans, Prisci Latini, | 104 |
| Origin of the Latin language, | 105 |
| Traditions concerning the Troian origin of Rome, | 106 |
| Alban chronology, | 107 |
| Alba longa. Populi Albenses, | 107 |
| Thirty Latin towns, | 108 |
| Roma, town on the Palatine mount, | 110 |
| Romulus. Tradition concerning his descent, | 111 |
| Interpretations of the legend, | 113 |
| Romulus and Remus. Remuria, | 114 |
| Asylum, | 116 |
| Rape of the Sabines, | 117 |
| Union of the Romans and Sabines, | 118 |
| End of Romulus, | 118 |
| Organic division of the population, | 119 |
| Sabines, | 120 |
| Towns on the Palatinus and the Quirinal, | 121 |
| Double state, | 122 |
| Union of the two states, | 123 |
| Numa Pompilius, | 125 |
| Tullus Hostilius, | 125 |
| War with Alba, | 126 |
| Formular of the declaration of war, | 127 |
| Third tribe of the population, | 129 |
| Ancus Martius, | 131 |
| War with the Latins, | 131 |
| Foundation of Ostia, | 132 |
| Origin of the Plebes, | 133 |
| Tarquinius Priscus. His Greek descent, | 133 |
| His Latin origin, | 135 |
| Building of the Cloaca maxima, | 138 |
| Traces of a powerful Roman state, | 139 |
| The number of the centuries doubled, | 140 |
| Etruscans, | 141 |
| Tyrrhenians, | 143 |
| Cæles Vibenna, | 154 |
| Servius Tullius. Mastarna, | 155 |
| Constitution of Servius Tullius, | 157 |
| Gentes, | 159 |
| Curies, | 161 |
| Clients, | 170 |
| Tribes, | 172 |
| Centuries, | 174 |
| Census, | 179 |
| Further legislation of Servius Tullius, | 184 |
| Relation to the Latins, | 185 |
| Enlargement of the city, | 187 |
| Tunnel, | 189 |
| Wall of Servius Tullius, | 190 |
| The legend of Mastarna criticised, | 190 |
| L. Tarquinius Superbus, | 193 |
| War with the Latins, | 195 |
| Alliance with Carthage, | 195 |
| Military system, | 197 |
| THE REFUGIUM. ROME A REPUBLIC, | 198 |
| L. Junius Brutus, | 198 |
| Abolition of the regal dignity, | 202 |
| The consulate, | 203 |
| Valerius Poplicola. The Valerian laws, | 207 |
| Porsena, | 208 |
| War of the Etruscans against Rome, | 210 |
| Mucius Scævola, | 210 |
| Peace of Porsena. Reduction of the tribes, | 212 |
| The Latins take the position of equals, | 214 |
| Battle at the Regillus, | 216 |
| Isopolity, | 219 |
| League of Sp. Cassius; union of the Romans, Latins and Hernicans, | 219 |
| Dictatorship, | 221 |
| War with the Auruncians, | 222 |
| SECESSION OF THE PLEBES. LAW OF DEBT. INSTITUTION OF THE TRIBUNATE, | 224 |
| Counter-revolutionary attempts, | 224 |
| Law of debt, | 226 |
| Nexum, | 230 |
| Refractoriness of the Plebes, | 232 |
| Secession of the Plebeians, | 236 |
| Peace between the two orders. Tribuni Plebis, | 239 |
| WARS WITH THE VOLSCIANS AND ÆQUIANS. LEAGUE WITH THE HERNICANS, | 244 |
| The legend of Coriolanus shown to be out of place here, | 244 |
| Division of the Volscian wars, | 245 |
| Alliance with the Hernicans, | 246 |
| Sp. Cassius, | 248 |
| THE AGRARIAN LAW. SP. CASSIUS. EMIGRATION OF THE FABII. THE PUBLILIAN ROGATIONS, | 249 |
| The agrarian law, | 250 |
| Difference between ownership and possession, | 254 |
| Lex Cassia, | 256 |
| Execution of Sp. Cassius, | 257 |
| Elections of the consuls exclusively performed by the senate and the curies, | 259 |
| Consular elections divided between the curies and the centuries, | 261 |
| War against the Veientines, | 261 |
| The Fabii pronounce themselves for the plebeians, | 262 |
| Settlement of the Fabii at the Cremera, | 262 |
| Defeat at the Cremera, | 263 |
| Consuls arraigned by the tribunes, | 265 |
| Murder of Cn. Genucius, | 267 |
| Volero Publilius. Rogations of Publilius, | 268 |
| Public proceedings in the popular assemblies, | 269 |
| Opposition of Appius Claudius, | 272 |
| WARS WITH THE VOLSCIANS AND ÆQUIANS. PLAGUE. CINCINNATUS. CÆSO QUINCTIUS. CORIOLANUS, | 274 |
| Wars with the Volscians and Æquians, | 274 |
| Plague in Rome, | 276 |
| C. Terentilius Harsa. Lex Terentilia, | 277 |
| Cæso Quinctius, | 280 |
| Cincinnatus, | 281 |
| Surprise of Appius Herdonius, | 283 |
| Condemnation of Volscius, | 284 |
| Coriolanus, | 285 |
| Peace with the Volscians, | 293 |
| Changed relation of the Latins to Rome, | 293 |
| Fermentations in Rome. P. Mucius, | 294 |
| LEGISLATION OF THE TWELVE TABLES, | 295 |
| Embassy to Athens, | 295 |
| Hermodorus, | 296 |
| First decemvirate. The rights of the patricians and plebeians balanced, | 298 |
| Second decemvirate. New constitution, | 299 |
| Unrestricted right to make a will, | 301 |
| Law of debt, | 303 |
| Centuries, general national tribunal, | 304 |
| Tyranny of the decemvirs, | 307 |
| Death of Virginia, | 310 |
| Secessio of the Plebes. Overthrow of the Decemvirs, | 311 |
| The old constitution restored, | 312 |
| Veto of the tribunes. Patrician tribunes, | 314 |
| Death of Appius Claudius and Sp. Oppius, | 316 |
| Imprisonment, | 317 |
| Penal laws of the Romans, | 318 |
| Amnesty, | 319 |
| LEX HORATIA VALERIA. FURTHER CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION. MILITARY TRIBUNATE. CENSORSHIP. SP. MÆLIUS. VICTORY OF A. POSTUMIUS TUBERTUS OVER THE VOLSCIANS AND ÆQUIANS. CONQUEST OF FIDENÆ AND VEII, | 320 |
| Lex Horatia Valeria, | 320 |
| Growth of the constitution, the later Publilian law, the Hortensian law, | 321 |
| Victories over the Æquians and Sabines, | 324 |
| Quæstors elected by the centuries, | 325 |
| Quæstores parricidii, Quæstores classici, | 325 |
| Intermarriage between patricians and plebeians allowed. Canuleian law, | 326 |
| Military tribunes, | 327 |
| Censorship, | 332 |
| Famine in Rome. Sp. Mælius, | 337 |
| Executive power of the consuls, | 339 |
| Quæstorship thrown open to the plebeians, | 340 |
| The right of deciding on war and peace passes from the curies to the centuries, | 340 |
| Plebeian senators, | 340 |
| The people of the Campanians forms itself, | 341 |
| Victory of Postumius Tubertus over the Æquians, | 344 |
| Agrarian law, | 345 |
| Coloniæ Romanæ. Mutiny of the soldiers, | 346 |
| War with Veii, | 347 |
| Destruction of Fidenæ, | 348 |
| Manner of warfare, | 350 |
| Pay of the army, | 351 |
| Siege of Veii, | 354 |
| Draining the Alban lake, | 357 |
| Conquest of Veii, | 360 |
| Quarrels of the patricians and plebeians after the taking of Veii, | 361 |
| War with the Faliscans, with the Vulsinians, | 361 |
| Camillus, | 362 |
| His banishment, | 363 |
| MIGRATION OF THE GAULS. CONQUEST OF ROME, | 363 |
| Migration of the Gauls, | 364 |
| Invasion of the Gauls into Italy, | 371 |
| Embassy of the Romans to the Gauls, | 372 |
| Manners of the Gauls, | 374 |
| Battle at the Alia, | 376 |
| The Gauls in Rome, | 379 |
| Peace with the Gauls; their departure, | 383 |
| RESTORATION OF THE CITY. MANLIUS CAPITOLINUS. THE LICINIAN ROGATIONS. CONFUSION IN THE CHRONOLOGY. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRÆTOR URBANUS AND OF THE ÆDILIS CURULIS, | 385 |
| Consequences of the Gallic conquest, | 385 |
| Rebuilding of the town, | 387 |
| Fœnus unciarium, | 388 |
| Etruscan wars with Rome, | 389 |
| Four new tribes formed, | 391 |
| Usury. Manlius Capitolinus takes the part of those oppressed, | 393 |
| His execution, | 395 |
| Tribunate of C. Licinius and of L. Sextius Lateranus, | 396 |
| The Licinian Rogations, | 396 |
| Confusion with regard to the chronology, | 399 |
| Dictatorship of Camillus. Temple of Concordia, | 402 |
| The consulate divided between the patricians and plebeians. The prætorship established, | 403 |
| Ædilis curulis. One day added to the Ludi Romani, | 405 |
| INVASION OF THE SENONIAN GAULS. LEAGUE WITH THE LATINS AND HERNICANS. CHANGES IN THE DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OF ROME, | 407 |
| Triumviri rei publicæ constituendæ, | 407 |
| Invasion of the Senonian Gauls, | 409 |
| Alliance with the Latins and Hernicans, | 409 |
| Alliance with the Samnites, | 411 |
| War in Etruria. Arrangement of the debts, | 413 |
| Third invasion of the Gauls into Italy, | 414 |
| Enlargement of the rights of the plebeians, | 415 |
| C. Marcius Rutillus, first plebeian dictator, | 415 |
| THE FIRST WAR WITH THE SAMNITES. PROGRESS OF LEGISLATION, | 416 |
| Position of the colonies, | 417 |
| Origin of the Samnites, | 418 |
| Rising in Capua, | 419 |
| Constitution of the Samnites, | 420 |
| Outbreak of the war, | 422 |
| M. Valerius Corvus, | 425 |
| Battle near the Mount Gaurus, | 427 |
| P. Decius Mus saves the Roman army, | 429 |
| Military insurrection of the Romans, | 430 |
| Progress of the legislation, | 432 |
| Military system of the Romans, | 434 |
| THE WAR AGAINST THE LATINS. THE LAWS OF THE DICTATOR Q. PUBLILIUS PHILO. FURTHER EVENTS, | 436 |
| Peace with the Samnites. Relations with the Latins, | 436 |
| War with the Latins, | 438 |
| T. Manlius, | 440 |
| Organisation of the Roman army, | 441 |
| Battle on the Veseris. P. Decius, | 443 |
| Battle near Trifanum, | 444 |
| Conditions of the submission of the Latins, | 445 |
| Q. Publilius Philo. His laws, | 446 |
| End of the Latin war, | 448 |
| Municipia, | 448 |
| Latin colonies, | 451 |
| The prætorship thrown open to the plebeians, | 454 |
| War with the Sidicinians, | 455 |
| Colonies in Cales and Fregellæ, | 455 |
| New relations, | 456 |
| Rome’s relation to the Greeks, | 457 |
| Tarentum, | 459 |
| Alexander of Epirus, | 463 |
| Rebellion of Privernum, | 465 |
| Peace with the Gauls, | 468 |
| Embassy to Alexander of Macedon, | 468 |
| THE SECOND SAMNITE WAR, | 470 |
| Palæopolis and Neapolis, | 470 |
| Outbreak of the second Samnite war, | 474 |
| M. Valerius Corvus, L. Papirius Cursor, Q. Fabius Maximus, | 481 |
| Victory of Fabius over the Samnites, | 483 |
| Fabius flees from Papirius, | 484 |
| Death of Papius Brutulus, | 486 |
| Defeat near Caudium, | 487 |
| The Romans break the peace, | 491 |
| Defeat of the Romans near Lautulæ, | 494 |
| Progress of the Romans. Colony in Luceria, | 496 |
| The Romans build a fleet, | 498 |
| Fine arts flourishing among the Romans, | 498 |
| Rising of the Etruscans, | 499 |
| Conquest of Bovianum, | 500 |
| Papirius Cursor appointed dictator, | 501 |
| The northern confederation pronounces itself in favour of the Samnites, | 501 |
| War of the Romans with the Hernicans, | 502 |
| Subjection of the Hernicans, | 503 |
| Battle near Bovianum. End of the war, | 504 |
| The Æquians conquered, | 505 |
| Alliance of Rome with the Marsians, | 505 |
| THE ETRUSCAN WAR. OTHER EVENTS DOWN TO THE THIRD SAMNITE WAR, | 505 |
| The Ciminian forest, | 506 |
| Battle near Sutrium, | 507 |
| Fabius breaks through the Ciminian forest, | 508 |
| End of the war, | 509 |
| Colony at Narnia, | 510 |
| Cleonymus, | 510 |
| Appius Claudius the Blind, | 511 |
| Via Appia, Aqua Appia, | 518 |
| Cn. Flavius, | 519 |
| Jus Flavianum, | 521 |
| The Nexum abolished, | 522 |
| Lex Ogulnia, | 523 |
| THE THIRD SAMNITE WAR, | 524 |
| The war is transferred into Etruria, | 525 |
| Battle near Sentinum, | 528 |
| P. Decius devotes himself to death, | 531 |
| End of the war, | 534 |
| WAR WITH THE SABINES. AGITATIONS AT HOME. LEX HORTENSIA. LEX MÆNIA, | 535 |
| War with the Sabines. M’. Curius, | 535 |
| Embassy to Epidaurus, | 536 |
| Draining of the Velinus, waterfall of Terni, | 538 |
| The Mænian law, | 539 |
| The Hortensian law, | 540 |
| Triumviri capitales, | 543 |
| EXTERMINATION OF THE SENONIAN GAULS. C. FABRICIUS LUSCINUS. WAR WITH TARENTUM. PYRRHUS OF EPIRUS. EVENTS IN SICILY DOWN TO THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, | 544 |
| War with the Senonian Gauls, | 546 |
| C. Fabricius Luscinus. M’. Curius Dentatus, | 547 |
| Ti. Coruncanius, | 548 |
| Outbreak of the war with Tarentum, | 549 |
| Pyrrhus of Epirus, | 552 |
| Cineas, | 558 |
| Battle near Heraclea, | 558 |
| Pyrrhus tries to march against Rome, | 560 |
| Pyrrhus sends Cineas to Rome, | 561 |
| Pyrrhus returns to Tarentum, | 562 |
| Roman embassy to Pyrrhus, | 563 |
| Battle near Asculum, | 564 |
| Pyrrhus goes to Sicily, | 566 |
| Siege of Lilybæum. Pyrrhus returns to Italy, | 567 |
| Battle near Taurasia (Beneventum), | 568 |
| Pyrrhus’ death. Peace with Samnium, | 569 |
| Tarentum falls into the hands of the Romans, | 570 |
| Subjection of Italy, | 571 |
| Campanian legion at Rhegium, | 573 |
| Earlier history of Sicily, | 574 |
| Mamertines in Messana. Hiero, | 577 |
| Hiero and the Carthaginians defeated by the Romans, | 581 |
| Peace with Hiero, | 581 |