| CHAPTER I | ||
| THE SCIENCE OF JURISPRUDENCE | ||
| PAGE | ||
|---|---|---|
| § 1. | Jurisprudence as the Science of Law | 1 |
| § 2. | Jurisprudence as the Science of Civil Law | 3 |
| § 3. | Theoretical Jurisprudence | 4 |
| § 4. | English and Foreign Jurisprudence | 7 |
| CHAPTER II | ||
| CIVIL LAW | ||
| § 5. | The Definition of Law | 9 |
| § 6. | The Administration of Justice | 10 |
| § 7. | Law logically subsequent to the Administration of Justice | 12 |
| § 8. | Law and Fact | 15 |
| § 9. | The Justification of the Law | 19 |
| § 10. | The Defects of the Law | 23 |
| § 11. | General and Special Law | 28 |
| § 12. | Common Law | 32 |
| § 13. | Law and Equity | 34 |
| CHAPTER III | ||
| OTHER KINDS OF LAW | ||
| § 14. | Law in General—A Rule of Action | 40 |
| § 15. | Physical or Scientific Law | 41 |
| § 16. | Natural or Moral Law | 43 |
| § 17. | Imperative Law | 47 |
| § 18. | Conventional Law | 54 |
| § 19. | Customary Law | 55 |
| § 20. | Practical Law | 56 |
| § 21. | International Law | 56 |
| § 22. | The Law of Nations as Natural Law | 59 |
| § 23. | The Law of Nations as Customary Law | 60 |
| § 24. | The Law of Nations as Imperative Law | 61 |
| CHAPTER IV | ||
| THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE | ||
| § 25. | Necessity of the Administration of Justice | 65 |
| § 26. | Origin of the Administration of Justice | 67 |
| § 27. | Civil and Criminal Justice | 70 |
| § 28. | The Purposes of Criminal Justice: Deterrent Punishment | 75 |
| § 29. | Preventive Punishment | 75 |
| § 30. | Reformative Punishment | 76 |
| § 31. | Retributive Punishment | 80 |
| § 32. | Civil Justice: Primary and Sanctioning Rights | 84 |
| § 33. | A Table of Legal Remedies | 87 |
| § 34. | Penal and Remedial Proceedings | 88 |
| § 35. | Secondary Functions of Courts of Law | 89 |
| CHAPTER V | ||
| THE STATE | ||
| § 36. | The Nature and Essential Functions of the State | 93 |
| § 37. | Secondary Functions of the State | 98 |
| § 38. | The Territory of the State | 99 |
| § 39. | The Membership of the State | 99 |
| § 40. | The Constitution of the State | 105 |
| § 41. | The Government of the State | 110 |
| § 42. | Independent and Dependent States | 111 |
| § 43. | Unitary and Composite States | 114 |
| CHAPTER VI | ||
| THE SOURCES OF LAW | ||
| § 44. | Formal and Material Sources | 117 |
| § 45. | Legal and Historical Sources | 117 |
| § 46. | A List of Legal Sources | 120 |
| § 47. | The Sources of Law as Constitutive and Abrogative | 123 |
| § 48. | Sources of Law and Sources of Rights | 124 |
| § 49. | Ultimate Legal Principles | 125 |
| CHAPTER VII | ||
| LEGISLATION | ||
| § 50. | The Nature of Legislation | 127 |
| § 51. | Supreme and Subordinate Legislation | 129 |
| § 52. | Relation of Legislation to other Sources | 132 |
| § 53. | Codification | 136 |
| § 54. | The Interpretation of Enacted Law | 137 |
| CHAPTER VIII | ||
| CUSTOM | ||
| § 55. | The Early Importance of Customary Law | 143 |
| § 56. | Reasons for the Reception of Customary Law | 144 |
| § 57. | The Requisites of a Valid Custom | 146 |
| § 58. | Conventional Custom | 153 |
| § 59. | Theories of Customary Law | 154 |
| § 60. | Custom and Prescription | 157 |
| CHAPTER IX | ||
| PRECEDENT | ||
| § 61. | The Authority of Precedents | 159 |
| § 62. | Declaratory and Original Precedents | 160 |
| § 63. | Authoritative and Persuasive Precedents | 163 |
| § 64. | The Absolute and Conditional Authority of Precedents | 164 |
| § 65. | The Disregard of a Precedent | 165 |
| § 66. | Precedents Constitutive, not Abrogative | 168 |
| § 67. | Grounds of the Authority of Precedents | 170 |
| § 68. | The Sources of Judicial Principles | 174 |
| § 69. | Respective Functions of Judges and Juries | 176 |
| CHAPTER X | ||
| LEGAL RIGHTS | ||
| § 70. | Wrongs | 179 |
| § 71. | Duties | 180 |
| § 72. | Rights | 181 |
| § 73. | The Elements of a Legal Right | 185 |
| § 74. | Legal Rights in a wider sense of the term | 190 |
| § 75. | Libertie | 190 |
| § 76. | Powers | 192 |
| § 77. | Duties, Disabilities, and Liabilities | 194 |
| CHAPTER XI | ||
| THE KINDS OF LEGAL RIGHTS | ||
| § 78. | Perfect and Imperfect Rights | 197 |
| § 79. | The Legal Nature of Rights against the State | 199 |
| § 80. | Positive and Negative Rights | 201 |
| § 81. | Real and Personal Rights | 202 |
| § 82. | Proprietary and Personal Rights | 207 |
| § 83. | Rights in re propria and Rights in re aliena | 212 |
| § 84. | Principal and Accessory Rights | 216 |
| § 85. | Legal and Equitable Rights | 217 |
| CHAPTER XII | ||
| OWNERSHIP | ||
| § 86. | The Definition of Ownership | 220 |
| § 87. | Corporeal and Incorporeal Ownership | 221 |
| § 88. | Corporeal and Incorporeal Things | 225 |
| § 89. | Sole Ownership and Co-ownership | 226 |
| § 90. | Trust and Beneficial Ownership | 227 |
| § 91. | Legal and Equitable Ownership | 231 |
| § 92. | Vested and Contingent Ownership | 232 |
| CHAPTER XIII | ||
| POSSESSION | ||
| § 93. | Introduction | 236 |
| § 94. | Possession in Fact and in Law | 237 |
| § 95. | Corporeal and Incorporeal Possession | 239 |
| § 96. | Corporeal Possession | 240 |
| § 97. | The Animus Possidendi | 242 |
| § 98. | The Corpus of Possession | 244 |
| § 99. | Relation of the Possessor to other Persons | 244 |
| § 100. | Relation of the Possessor to the Thing Possessed | 250 |
| CHAPTER XIV | ||
| POSSESSION (continued) | ||
| § 101. | Immediate and Mediate Possession | 252 |
| § 102. | Concurrent Possession | 256 |
| § 103. | The Acquisition of Possession | 256 |
| § 104. | Possession not essentially the Physical Power of Exclusion | 258 |
| § 105. | Incorporeal Possession | 261 |
| § 106. | Relation between Possession and Ownership | 264 |
| § 107. | Possessory Remedies | 267 |
| CHAPTER XV | ||
| PERSONS | ||
| § 108. | The Nature of Personality | 272 |
| § 109. | The Legal Status of the Lower Animals | 273 |
| § 110. | The Legal Status of Dead Men | 275 |
| § 111. | The Legal Status of Unborn Persons | 277 |
| § 112. | Double Personality | 278 |
| § 113. | Legal Persons | 279 |
| § 114. | Corporations | 281 |
| § 115. | The Agents, Beneficiaries, and Members of a Corporation | 285 |
| § 116. | The Acts and Liabilities of a Corporation | 287 |
| § 117. | The Uses and Purposes of Incorporation | 289 |
| § 118. | The Creation and Extinction of Corporations | 293 |
| § 119. | The State as a Corporation | 294 |
| CHAPTER XVI | ||
| TITLES | ||
| § 120. | Vestitive Facts | 299 |
| § 121. | Acts in the Law | 301 |
| § 122. | Agreements | 305 |
| § 123. | The Classes of Agreements | 307 |
| § 124. | Void and Voidable Agreements | 309 |
| CHAPTER XVII | ||
| LIABILITY | ||
| § 125. | The Nature and Kinds of Liability | 319 |
| § 126. | The Theory of Remedial Liability | 320 |
| § 127. | The Theory of Penal Liability | 321 |
| § 128. | Acts | 323 |
| § 129. | Two Classes of Wrongful Acts | 327 |
| § 130. | Damnum sine Injuria | 329 |
| § 131. | The Place and Time of an Act | 330 |
| § 132. | Mens Rea | 332 |
| CHAPTER XVIII | ||
| INTENTION AND NEGLIGENCE | ||
| § 133. | The Nature of Intention | 335 |
| § 134. | Intention and Motive | 338 |
| § 135. | Malice | 340 |
| § 136. | Relevance and Irrelevance of Motives | 341 |
| § 137. | Criminal Attempts | 343 |
| § 138. | Other Exceptions to the Irrelevance of Motives | 346 |
| § 139. | Jus necessitatis | 347 |
| § 140. | Negligence | 348 |
| § 141. | Objection Considered | 352 |
| § 142. | The Standard of Care | 354 |
| § 143. | Degrees of Negligence | 358 |
| § 144. | Other Theories of Negligence | 361 |
| CHAPTER XIX | ||
| LIABILITY (continued) | ||
| § 145. | Wrongs of Absolute Liability | 366 |
| § 146. | Mistake of Law | 368 |
| § 147. | Mistake of Fact | 369 |
| § 148. | Accident | 371 |
| § 149. | Vicarious Responsibility | 374 |
| § 150. | The Measure of Criminal Liability | 377 |
| § 151. | The Measure of Civil Liability | 382 |
| CHAPTER XX | ||
| THE LAW OF PROPERTY | ||
| § 152. | Meanings of the term Property | 385 |
| § 153. | Kinds of Property | 387 |
| § 154. | The Ownership of Material Things | 387 |
| § 155. | Movable and Immovable Property | 390 |
| § 156. | Real and Personal Property | 394 |
| § 157. | Rights in re propria in Immaterial Things | 395 |
| § 158. | Leases | 397 |
| § 159. | Servitudes | 400 |
| § 160. | Securities | 402 |
| § 161. | Modes of Acquisition: Possession | 406 |
| § 162. | Prescription | 408 |
| § 163. | Agreement | 412 |
| § 164. | Inheritance | 416 |
| CHAPTER XXI | ||
| THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS | ||
| § 165. | The Nature of Obligations | 422 |
| § 166. | Solidary Obligations | 424 |
| § 167. | The Sources of Obligations | 427 |
| § 168. | Obligations arising from Contracts | 427 |
| § 169. | Obligations arising from Torts | 428 |
| § 170. | Obligations arising from Quasi-Contracts | 432 |
| § 171. | Innominate Obligations | 435 |
| CHAPTER XXII | ||
| THE LAW OF PROCEDURE | ||
| § 172. | Substantive Law and the Law of Procedure | 437 |
| § 173. | Evidence | 440 |
| § 174. | The Valuation of Evidence | 444 |
| § 175. | The Production of Evidence | 449 |
| § 176. | Criticism of the Law of Evidence | 452 |
| APPENDICES | ||
| I. | The Names of the Law | 457 |
| II. | The Theory of Sovereignty | 467 |
| III. | The Maxims of the Law | 474 |
| IV. | The Divisions of the Law | 481 |
| V. | The Literature of Jurisprudence | 487 |
| INDEX | 497 | |