CONTENTS

PART I
CHAP. PAGE
I. THE ARCTIC REGIONS 3
II. ICE AND ICEBERGS 7
III. TRIBES AROUND THE POLE 13
IV. ULTIMA THULE 26
V. FIRST CROSSING OF THE THRESHOLD 30
VI. THE NORSEMEN IN GREENLAND 38
VII. NICHOLAS OF LYNN. ZENO. MEDIEVAL NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS 53
VIII. FIRST ENGLISH VOYAGES TO THE NORTH-EAST. WILLOUGHBY. CHANCELLOR. BURROUGH. PET 58
IX. BARENTSZ. LINSCHOTEN. DE VEER 68
X. SIR MARTIN FROBISHER 81
XI. JOHN DAVIS 93
XII. THE MERCHANT ADVENTURERS AND RICHARD HAKLUYT 104
XIII. GREENLAND VOYAGE OF HALL AND BAFFIN 112
XIV. EARLY SPITSBERGEN VOYAGES 117
XV. EARLY VOYAGES TO HUDSON’S BAY 129
XVI. WILLIAM BAFFIN 138
XVII. JENS ERIKSEN MUNK. FOXE AND JAMES. WOOD 149
XVIII. HANS EGEDE AND DANISH GREENLAND 158
XIX. THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY. HEARNE AND MACKENZIE, COOK AND PHIPPS 165
XX. RUSSIAN ARCTIC DISCOVERIES 175
XXI. THE BRITISH WHALE FISHERY AND THE SCORESBYS 188
XXII. BUCHAN AND ROSS 198
XXIII. PARRY AND HIS SCHOOL 205
XXIV. DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF AMERICA. FRANKLIN. RICHARDSON. BACK. DEASE. SIMPSON. RAE 222
XXV. JOHN ROSS, JAMES ROSS, AND THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE 233
XXVI. THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION 238
XXVII. THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. I 248
XXVIII. THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. II 263
XXIX. DISCOVERY OF THE FATE OF FRANKLIN 272
XXX. THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. SCORESBY. CLAVERING. GRAAH. KOLDEWEY 279
XXXI. SPITSBERGEN. EXPEDITIONS BEFORE 1872 285
XXXII. FRANZ JOSEF LAND AND ITS EXPLORERS 289
XXXIII. THE ROUTE BY SMITH SOUND. KANE. HAYES. HALL. NARES. MARKHAM 298
XXXIV. SIR ALLEN YOUNG AND THE PANDORA. AMUNDSEN AND THE NORTH WEST PASSAGE 311
XXXV. WEYPRECHT’S PLAN FOR SYNCHRONOUS OBSERVATIONS. THE GREELY EXPEDITION 316
XXXVI. THE NORTH EAST PASSAGE. NORDENSKIÖLD. WIGGINS. DE LONG 322
XXXVII. GREENLAND AND ITS INLAND ICE. NORDENSKIÖLD, NANSEN, PEARY 331
XXXVIII. THE TRANS-POLAR DRIFT. NANSEN AND THE VOYAGE OF THE FRAM 340
XXXIX. THE PARRY ARCHIPELAGO. SVERDRUP 347
XL. ATTEMPTS TO REACH THE NORTH POLE. CAGNI. COOK. PEARY 351
XLI. KOOLEMANS BEYNEN AND THE VOYAGES OF THE WILLEM BARENTSZ. SIR MARTIN CONWAY AND SPITSBERGEN. CAPTAIN BERNIER AND CANADIAN ARCTIC LANDS 358
XLII. EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. DANISH EXPEDITIONS 364
XLIII. LATER GREENLAND EXPLORATIONS. MIKKELSEN. RASMUSSEN. KOCH 376
XLIV. CONCLUSION 383
PART II
XLV. THE GREAT SOUTHERN CONTINENT 389
XLVI. CAPTAIN COOK. BELLINGSHAUSEN 394
XLVII. THE SOUTH SHETLANDS. FOSTER. WEDDELL 398
XLVIII. ENDERBY AND HIS CAPTAINS: BISCOE—KEMPE—BALLENY 403
XLIX. DUMONT D’URVILLE AND WILKES 407
L. FIRST ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF SIR JAMES ROSS 410
LI. SECOND ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF SIR JAMES ROSS 418
LII. THIRD ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF SIR JAMES ROSS 422
LIII. ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY 426
LIV. REVIVAL OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION 430
LV. PRIVATE EXPEDITIONS—BORCHGREVINK. GERLACHE. NORDENSKIÖLD. BRUCE. DRYGALSKI. CHARCOT. FILCHNER 433
LVI. PREPARATIONS FOR THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 444
LVII. THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. FIRST YEAR 455
LVIII. THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. THE MORNING 466
LIX. THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. SECOND YEAR 471
LX. SHACKLETON’S ATTEMPT TO REACH THE POLE 478
LXI. AMUNDSEN’S JOURNEY TO THE SOUTH POLE 482
LXII. MAWSON’S EXPEDITION 486
LXIII. CAPTAIN SCOTT’S LAST EXPEDITION. I. 489
LXIV. CAPTAIN SCOTT’S LAST EXPEDITION. THE END 500
LXV. REMAINING ANTARCTIC WORK 505
CHRONOLOGY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS 509
BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND TRAVELS 514
INDEX 519