[27] Cf. Johnson, Henry, Teaching of History in Elementary and Secondary Schools (New York, 1915), ch. v; Russell, W. F., The Early Teaching of History in the Secondary Schools of New York and Massachusetts (Philadelphia, 1915). History was offered in states where there were not statutory requirements. The enumeration of these laws does not, moreover, indicate the amount of history studied.

[28] General Statutes of Vermont, 1862, ch. 22, sec. 19, p. 151.

[29] Ibid., 1894, sec. 700, p. 189. Similar laws had been passed by Massachusetts in 1860. See page 7.

[30] Laws of Connecticut, 1883, ch. LXXIV, p. 264. Laws of successive years carried on substantially the same requirements. In 1902 the law appeared with slight modifications, having been accepted in 1868, 1870, 1884, 1888, 1889, 1895, 1897, 1899. General Statutes of Connecticut, 1902, ch. 131, par. 2130, p. 561, cites Revision, 1888, par. 2118, ch. 6; 1895, ch. 119; 1897, ch. 101; 1899, ch. 54.

[31] Virginia in 1849 had prescribed United States history. This state did not enact a law during this period.

[32] Acts of West Virginia, 1863, ch. 137, 16, p. 250. Again Acts, 1866, ch. 74, 29, p. 62; and Code, 1868, ch. 45, 35, p. 300; Acts, 1873, ch. 123, 32, p. 403; Acts, 1881, p. 185; Acts, 1874, ch. 123, 11, p. 388; ibid., p. 173. This law was reënacted in 1881.

[33] General Statutes of Missouri, 1864-65, sec. 4, p. 128. Approved February 10, 1865.

[34] Laws of Maryland, 1865, ch. 5, sec. 4, p. 284.

[35] Ibid., ch. IV, sec. 2, p. 282; ibid., 1868, ch. VI, sec. 2, p. 754; ibid., 1870, ch. VII, sec. 3, p. 540; ibid., 1872, ch. 7, sec. 3, p. 638; Revised Code, 1879, art. XXVII, 39, Vol. I, p. 255.

[36] Virginia had passed such a law in 1849. See page 8. Laws of South Carolina, 1870, sec. 24, p. 344; Revised Statutes, 1872, ch. XXXVIII, sec. 4, p. 246; General Statutes, 1881-1882, sec. 1004, p. 300. Revised Statutes, 1893, sec. 1058, Vol. I, p. 368, repeat the law. Laws of Arkansas, 1868, sec. 65, p. 184; Laws, 1875, sec. 45, p. 68; again in Acts, 1913, sec. 62, p. 410. Laws of Mississippi, 1873, ch. 1, sec. 23, p. 13.

[37] Laws of North Carolina, 1881, ch. 200, sec. 38, p. 383. Laws of Tennessee, 1873, ch. XXV, sec. 31, p. 46; Laws, 1879, ch. 187, sec. 31.

[38] Code of Alabama, 1897, art. 3, 3456, 4, Vol. 1, p. 998; ibid., 1907, 1685, 4, Vol. 1, p. 741. The Code of a decade later repeated the same statute indicating that it was still a law.

[39] Laws of Kentucky, 1888, par. 6, Vol. 1, p. 157. General Statutes, 1873, p. 212. The latter refers to the law for history. For West Virginia see page 15.

[40] Digest of Florida, 1822-1881, sec. 36, p. 910; Revised Statutes, 1892, sec. 253, p. 184; Compiled Laws, 1914, Vol. I, p. 139.

[41] Acts of Florida, 1889, ch. 3872, sec. 31, p. 82. Approved June 8, 1889. A law pertaining to the teaching of citizenship had been passed in Florida on January 24, 1851, and is unique in its period. By this law, two seminaries of learning were established upon the east and west sides of the Suwanee River. The first purpose of these seminaries was to be the instruction of persons in “all the various branches that pertain to a good common school education; and next to give instruction in the mechanic arts, in husbandry and agricultural chemistry, in the fundamental laws, and in what regards the rights and duties of citizens.” Acts of Florida, 1850-1861, ch. 337 (no. 26), p. 97; also Digest, 1822-1881 inclusive, ch. 178, sec. 1, p. 916; Revised Statutes, 1892, ch. V, par. 301, p. 192.

[42] Laws of Minnesota, 1861, sec. 22, p. 60; 1862, sec. 29, p. 26; 1864, sec. 29, p. 23; 1873, sec. 64, p. 21. Successive laws do not necessarily mean reënactments, but other subjects have been added with the social studies remaining the same and reappearing in the laws.

[43] General Statutes of Minnesota, 1881 (including Statutes, 1878), ch. 36, sec. 178, Vol. II; General Statutes, 1894, ch. 36 (Title 5), sec. 3889, sec. 3890, sec. 3891, p. 1053. The law provided “that all school officers in the state may introduce, as part of the daily exercises of each school in their jurisdiction, instruction in the elements of social and moral science, including industry, order, economy, punctuality, patience, self-denial, health, purity, temperance, cleanliness, honesty, truth, justice, politeness, peace, fidelity, philanthropy, patriotism, self-respect, hope, perseverance, cheerfulness, courage, self-reliance, gratitude, pity, mercy, kindness, conscience, reflection, and the will.” Further provisions suggested the mode for carrying out the law. “That it may be the duty of the teachers to give a short oral lesson every day upon one of the topics mentioned ..., and to require the pupils to furnish illustrations of the same upon the following morning.” If only one lesson were given and only one topic discussed daily by the teacher, a full calendar month would have been spent in the carrying out of this law.

[44] Revised Statutes of Wisconsin, 1878, ch. 27, sec. 447, p. 173.

[45] Laws of Wisconsin, 1887, ch. 79, p. 77; ibid., 1898, ch. 27, sec. 447, p. 363; Statutes, 1913, ch. 27, sec. 447, p. 258.

[46] Revised Statutes of Indiana, 1881, 4497, p. 978; Laws of Missouri, 1895, p. 267; Revised Statutes, 1899, sec. 988, Vol. I, p. 2270; ibid., 1909, sec. 10852; ibid., 1919, sec. 11218. See page 15 for other Missouri laws.

[47] Laws of South Dakota, 1895, sec. 13, p. 142.

[48] Laws of North Dakota, 1895, ch. 56, p. 79; ibid., 1897, sec. 741, p. 108; 1905, sec. 750, p. 202; 1909, sec. 833, p. 302. Dakota Territory, Compiled Laws, 1887, sec. 1770, p. 395. This shows that United States history was required in the common schools, as early as 1883, Session Laws of Dakota Territory, 1883, ch. 44, par. 83.

[49] Revised Code of Dakota Territory, 1883, sec. 91, p. 585.

[50] Laws of North Dakota, 1889-90, sec. 134, p. 211; Revised Code, 1895, sec. 754; ibid., 1909, sec. 889, p. 184; ibid., 1913, sec. 1389, Vol. I, p. 333. Laws of South Dakota, 1893, sec. 6, p. 126; ibid., 1895, sec. 6, p. 138; ibid., 1901, sec. 6, p. 173; Compiled Laws, 1903, sec. 2358, p. 429; ibid., 1913, sec. 143, Vol. I, p. 591.

[51] Code of Washington, 1881, sec. 3205, p. 558; General Statutes, 1890, ch. VIII, sec. 810, Vol. I, p. 300. Similar laws, Laws, 1890, sec. 45, p. 372; Laws, 1895, sec. 1, p. 8; Laws, 1897, sec. 65, p. 384; Laws, 1909, sec. 2, p. 262; also Laws, 1877, sec. 5, p. 274, for the law prescribing teaching of patriotism. Washington required United States history.

[52] Revised Statutes of Montana, 1879, sec. 1119, p. 646, prescribed United States history. Laws of Montana, 1871-72, p. 630; Revised Statutes, 1879, sec. 1128, p. 648; again on statute books, Laws, 1874, sec. 41, p. 132; Compiled Statutes, 1887, sec. 1900, p. 1187; Revised Code, 1907 (see act of March 11, 1895); Laws, 1913, ch. VI, 802, pt. 4, p. 245, for prescribing teaching of patriotism. This law was carried by Montana on her statute books for fifty years. In Washington it passed through a similar experience, being found in the Code of 1910. See Remington and Ballinger’s Code, 1910, sec. 4550, Vol. II, p. 490.

[53] Statutes of California, 1863-4, sec. 6, p. 211; ibid., 1865-6, sec. 55, p. 398; Codes and Statutes of California, 1885, sec. 1665, Vol. I, p. 290; ibid., 1905, sec. 1874, 2, Vol. I, p. 451. Same law (1885) on statute books in 1905. Code, 1905, 1665, Vol. I, p. 391. Civil government was added, 1889. Laws of California, 1891, 1665, p. 161; again in Laws, 1893, p. 254; Laws of California, 1903, 1874, 2, p. 195; Codes, 1905, 1665, Vol. I, p. 391; Laws, 1907, p. 947. The laws respecting the teaching of patriotism and training for citizenship are found in Statutes of California, 1865-86, sec. 70, p. 400; Codes and Statutes, 1885, sec. 1702, Vol. I, p. 293; Codes and Statutes, 1905, sec. 1701, Vol. I, p. 420.

[54] Laws of Arizona, 1883, sec. 59, p. 49; Laws, 1885, p. 157; Revised Statutes, 1887, p. 284; Revised Laws of the Territory of Arizona, 1901, 2214, sec. 85, p. 602. The study of United States history required. Revised Statutes of Arizona, 1887, 1566 (sec. 94), p. 285; Laws, 1885, p. 160; Revised Laws of Territory, 1901, 2243 (sec. 113), p. 608. The law prescribed that a teacher instruct in the principles of “morality, truth, justice, and patriotism ... to train them [pupils] up to a true comprehension of the rights, duties, and dignity of American citizenship.”

[55] Statutes of Nevada, 1864-5, sec. 42, p. 424. Also General Statutes, 1861-1885, 1330, sec. 42, p. 384. This last would indicate the inclusion of the law in the statutes to 1885. Compiled Laws of Nevada, 1861-1900, 1346, sec. 4. Compiled Laws of New Mexico, 1884, sec. 1101, p. 548; ibid., 1897, sec. 1529, p. 425.

[56] Utah’s law regarding the teaching of patriotism came under a statute regarding “Prohibited Doctrines. Moral Instruction.” It prescribed that “no atheistic, infidel, sectarian, religious, or denominational doctrine shall be taught in any of the district schools of this state. Moral instruction tending to impress on the minds of the pupils the importance of good manners, truthfulness, temperance, purity, patriotism, and industry, shall be given, ... and all such schools shall be free from sectarian control.” The law prescribing the study of United States history is found in Laws of Utah, 1896, p. 486; ibid., 1897, p. 131. Revised Statutes, 1898, p. 441; Compiled Laws, 1907, sec. 1848, p. 704.

[57] Laws of Idaho, 1884, sec. 34, p. 193; Revised Statutes, 1887, ch. VII, sec. 687, p. 134; Laws, 1899, sec. 48, p. 97; Political Code, 1901, ch. XL, sec. 1067, Vol. I, p. 329; Compiled Statutes, 1919, sec. 944, p. 269. This last citation would indicate the permanence of the law.

[58] This is especially evident in the legislation affecting textbooks in history. See page 36 et seq. A knowledge of state history was required for teacher certification in Pennsylvania, Mississippi, South Dakota, and Texas.

[59] Johnson, op. cit., p. 133.

[60] Ibid., p. 134.

[61] Ibid., pp. 134-135. 1st and 2d years, biography and mythology; 3d year, American history, the elements of civil government; 4th year, Greek and Roman history; 5th year (high school), French history; 6th year, English history; 7th year, American history; 8th year, a special period for intensive study and civil government.

[62] Ibid., p. 143. 1st year, Ancient history to 800 A.D., 814 A.D., or 843 A.D.; 2d year, Medieval and Modern European history; 3d year, English history, and 4th year, American history and civil government.

[63] This includes Massachusetts whose law was discussed in chapter I. See page 7. Florida and Idaho did not name any social studies; hence they are not included in this number.

[64] Connecticut, 1866, and Maine, 1873, still required “history.” General Statutes of New Hampshire, 1867, ch. LXXXI, sec. 4, p. 169; Laws of Minnesota, 1861, sec. 22, p. 60; Code of Public Laws of Maryland, 1903, art. 77, 70, Vol. II, p. 1472. The source of the law is from Laws, 1868, title II, ch. 1, sec. 2, p. 757.

[65] Digest of Laws of Pennsylvania, 1883, 173, p. 308, in which is source of law from Public Laws, 1867, par. II (April 9, 1867). Laws of Wisconsin, 1861, ch. 176, sec. 4, p. 100; Laws of Indiana, 1865, sec. 34, p. 13. Statutes of Missouri, 1870, ch. 123, Vol. II, p. 1260, containing source from General Statutes, 1865, sec. 90, p. 273. Laws of Arkansas, 1868, sec. 60, p. 181. Statutes of California, 1865-6, sec. 87, p. 404, first and second grade certificates. These laws are continued by the following in successive legislation; Minnesota Laws, 1862, sec. 29, p. 26; ibid., 1864, sec. 29, p. 23; ibid., 1873, sec. 64, p. 71; General Laws, 1881, sec. 66, p. 480; ibid., 1894, sec. 3750, p. 1022; Laws of Wisconsin, 1868, ch. 109, sec. 4, p. 110; Revised Statutes of Indiana, 1881, 4425, p. 957, Laws, 1889, ch. LV, p. 85; ibid., 1899, ch. CCXIV, p. 489; Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1879, sec. 7077, Vol. II, p. 1394, which contains amendment of 1874 when civil government was added. These successive laws remained unchanged for the social sciences except where noted. Digest of Laws of Pennsylvania, 1894, p. 815; ibid., 1901, p. 859; in 1901, civil government, both state and local, were added. Acts of Arkansas, 1873, sec. 62, p. 40. Codes and Statutes of California, 1876, sec. 1748, Vol. I, p. 242.

[66] Laws of Idaho, 1870-71, sec. 12, p. 10; Laws of Arkansas, 1875, sec. 33, p. 65; Laws of West Virginia, 1874, ch. 123, sec. 28, p. 399; also ibid., 1879, ch. 74, sec. 28, p. 143.

[67] Laws of Texas, 1871-73, sec. 15, Vol. VII, p. 540; Code of Washington, 1881, sec. 3240, p. 564, Laws, 1871, sec. 6, p. 17, ibid., 1877, sec. 6, p. 424; Compiled Laws of Kansas, 1879, sec. 6, par. 81 (5181), p. 834; Laws, 1876, ch. 122, art. 6, par. 6; Laws of Colorado, 1870-72, sec. 10, p. 134, ibid., 1876, sec. 15, 2461, p. 811; Laws of Delaware, 1879, p. 52; Laws of Oregon, 1872, par. 25, p. 507.

[68] Laws of Arkansas, 1875, sec. 33, p. 65, also ibid., 1868, sec. 60, p. 181, ibid., 1873, sec. 62, p. 410. Laws of New Hampshire, Minnesota, Missouri, Maryland, Maine, Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois and California were discussed in connection with the passage of earlier laws in the preceding chapter.

[69] Laws of Wisconsin, 1879, ch. 237, p. 346; Laws, 1887, ch. 79, p. 77.

[70] Laws of New York, 1882, ch. 318, p. 382, certificate for prospective teachers; Laws of Ohio, 1882, p. 70. “An act to amend section 4074 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio relating to teachers’ certificates, making an examination in United States history essential.” General Statutes of Michigan, 1883, par. 5153, Vol. II, p. 1356 (a compilation of laws); Public Acts, 1887, ch. XII, sec. 4, p. 890, left unchanged the social studies by law of 1887, ch. 196, sec. 5153, p. 3539; Laws of Dakota Territory, 1883, ch. 44, par. 16. Revised Code, 1883, par. 16, p. 558, first and second grade certificates; Compiled Laws, 1887, par. 1770, p. 395; for first grade certificate, Dakota added civil government. Acts of Alabama, 1880-81, p. 75, first and second grade certificates, Code of Alabama, 1887, ch. 3, 984, Vol. I, p. 269, same certificates; Laws of Arizona, 1885, p. 140, Revised Statutes, 1887, ch. 2, 1485 (sec. 13), p. 272, first and second grade territorial certificates. Laws of Montana, 1883, sec. 1149, p. 57, for county certificates.

[71] General Statutes of Connecticut, 1888, sec. 2135, p. 466; Digest of Laws of Pennsylvania, 1883, 173, p. 308; required United States history from a law of 1867; Laws of Delaware, 1887, sec. 4, p. 120, United States history. Laws of West Virginia, 1881, sec. 28, p. 182, “history” required for primary school certificates; see Laws, 1874, p. 399; Revised Statutes of Indiana, 1881, 4425, p. 957, Laws of 1889, ch. LV, p. 85, for common schools, United States history was required; Supplement to Revised Statutes of Wisconsin, 1878, required United States history, federal and state constitutions for the first, second, third grade certificates, also Laws, 1887, ch. 79, p. 77; General Statutes of Kansas, 1889, 5651, par. 90, p. 1831. United States history was required for first, second, and third grade certificates; also Laws, 1881, ch. 151, par. 6, amended by Laws, 1885, ch. 170, par. 1, p. 274; Revised Statutes of Idaho Territory, 1887, ch. VII, sec. 680, county certificates with the requirement of United States history; Code of Washington, 1881, sec. 3240, p. 564, United States history was required, from Laws, 1871, also Laws, 1885, p. 27; Codes and Statutes of California, 1885, par. 1772, Vol. I, p. 298, which was the same as in 1876; for county certificates United States history was prescribed.

[72] General Statutes of Colorado, 1883, ch. XCVII, 3010, sec. 15, p. 883. This amended General Laws, 1879, p. 162, by adding “constitution of the United States”; Laws, 1889, sec. 4, p. 381.

[73] Laws of Idaho, 1884, sec. 30, p. 192; also Revised Statutes, 1887, ch. VII, secs. 682, 683, p. 133. See chapter 1 for requirements in Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Connecticut, and Maine.

[74] Laws of Oregon, 1885, p. 44, also Laws, 1872, sec. 25, p. 507.

[75] Statutes of Oklahoma, 1893 (compilation), ch. 73, art. 5, p. 1094, for first and second grade certificates, also Laws, 1897, ch. 34, art. 6, p. 273. Revised Statutes of Wyoming, 1899, sec. 627, p. 228; Laws, 1899, ch. 70, p. 136, for second and third grade certificates. Laws of Florida, 1893, ch. 4192, p. 125, also Compiled Laws, 1914, 365, Vol. I, p. 136, for first grade certificates. See footnote, page 86.

[76] Compiled Laws of Florida, 1914, 365, Vol. I, p. 136.

[77] Laws of Wyoming, 1899, ch. 70, p. 136, also Revised Statutes, 1899, sec. 627, p. 228.

[78] Laws of Pennsylvania, 1895, 41, p. 155, for high schools demanded general history and civics, but no mention was made of United States history. In Digest, 1894, p. 815, United States history was required for certificate from any county, borough, or its superintendent. Laws of Delaware, 1893, sec. 5, p. 691, professional certificates; ibid., 1898, sec. 24, p. 198, professional, first, second, and third grade certificates. Acts of West Virginia, 1891, ch. 64, p. 169, “history” and civil government for primary certificates; also Acts, 1895, ch. 26, 28, p. 81, for first, second and third grade certificates; adding general history in first grade certificate, see ibid., p. 82, also Code, 1899, ch. 45, 28, 29. Public Acts of Michigan, 1893, sec. 5, p. 35, also in Compiled Laws, 1915 (5881), sec. 5, Vol. II, p. 2213. Statutes of Wisconsin, 1898, ch. 27, sec. 447, p. 363, for all grades of licenses. General Statutes of Minnesota, 1894, ch. 36, par. 3749, par. 3750, Vol. I, p. 1022, for professional state certificate by law of 1893 approved April 18, 1893. Laws of North Dakota, 1895, 52, p. 27, for all certificates, ibid., 1897, par. 741, p. 108. Laws of South Dakota, 1891, ch. 56, par. 4, p. 119, ibid., 1893, ch. 78, 105, ibid., 1895, ch. 78, p. 83, in Compiled Laws, 1913, par. 55, Vol. I, p. 572. Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1899, sec. 9798, Vol. II, p. 2277, any certificates. General Statutes of Kansas, 1897, ch. 63, par. 200, p. 671, first grade certificate, but second and third grade required only United States history. Annotated Code of General Statute Laws of Mississippi, 1892, 4022, p. 889, first grade license; professional and state in 1896, Laws, 1896, p. III, secs. 6 and 7. Laws of Texas, 1822-1897, sec. 65, first, second grades and permanent certificates (23d legislature, 1893); by laws of 1891, state certificate general history and civil government; Revised Statutes, 1895, art. 3979, p. 787. Laws of Idaho, 1897, sec. 7, p. 75, ibid., 1899, sec. 17, p. 310. Laws of Washington, 1891, ch. XCVII, sec. 4, p. 244, Code, 1891, par. 773, Vol. I, p. 281, state certificate, ibid., par. 777, p. 285, first grade certificate. Revised Statutes of Utah, 1898, 1767, p. 425, state professional certificate, ibid., 1923, p. 455, for primary and grammar certificates, United States history only, but ibid., 1924, high school certificates; both United States history and civics for territorial certificate of first grade in 1890, civics and United States history, Laws, 1890, sec. 23, p. 115; Revised Statutes, op. cit., 1767, p. 425, state professional diploma of high school grade, general history, civil government, United States history. Statutes of California, 1893, p. 260, primary county certificates. Revised Statutes of Wyoming, 1899, sec. 627, p. 228, first, second, and third grade licenses, with political economy required for first grade.

[79] Acts of Alabama, 1891, par. 2, p. 250. Approved February 4, 1891; also in Code, 1897, art. 6, Vol. I, p. 1007.

[80] See citations in footnote 52.

[81] Citation of reference in footnote 52. Also Acts of Iowa, 1896, ch. 39, p. 44, amends 1766 of Code.

[82] Digest of Statutes of Arkansas, 1894, ch. 139, sec. 7010, p. 1523, Act of April 14, 1893; Laws of Indiana, 1899, ch. CCXIV, p. 489; General Statutes of Kansas, 1897, ch. 63, par. 201, 202, p. 671; Revised Statutes of Utah, 1898, 1796, p. 432.

[83] Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska.

[84] Connecticut, Illinois, Montana, Ohio, Oregon being the states which required only history. Oregon’s requirement was modern history.

[85] Kentucky and Oregon passed laws this year.

[86] Laws of Kentucky, 1862, ch. 636, p. 265. Approved August 30, 1862. Laws, 1889, Vol. I, p. 169, par. 15. In the law for the qualifications of teachers, however, the taking of the oath was not mentioned.

[87] Acts of West Virginia, 1863, ch. 137, 35, p. 255; also Code, 1868, ch. 45, 31. p. 298; again Acts, 1866, ch. 74, 37, p. 65.

[88] Acts of West Virginia, 1869, pp. 56, 104. For the law prescribing the oath, Code of West Virginia, 1868, ch. 45, 32, p. 299; Acts, 1863, ch. 106, p. 138. Constitution, ibid., ch. IX, p. 76. On February 7, 1870, this law was reënacted and amended. Code, op. cit., ch. 14, 32, p. 739 of Appendix.

[89] Laws of Missouri, 1865-6, par. 89, p. 189.

[90] Acts of Arkansas, 1868, sec. 61, p. 182. Again in Acts, 1873, sec. 64, p. 412. Repealed by an act of 1875.

[91] Code of Oregon, 1862, sec. 9, p. 40.

[92] Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1865, pp. 126-127. The Twentieth Annual Report on the Public Schools in Rhode Island made to the General Assembly at the January Session, A.D. 1865.

[93] Laws of Arizona, 1883, pp. 41 and 157, ibid., 1885, p. 146. The law made it a duty of superintendents of public instruction or county superintendents of schools to administer the following oath, but there was no separate law prescribing that a teacher take such an oath: “I, ——, do solemnly swear that I will support the constitution of the United States and the laws of the territory of Arizona; that I will true faith and allegiance bear to the same, and defend them against all enemies whatsoever, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge the duties of the office (name of office) according to the best of my ability, so help me God.”

[94] Laws of North Dakota, 1897, par. 742, p. 109; ibid., 1901, p. 99; ibid., 1905, p. 206. This statute was in the School Laws published in 1923. In 1900, North Dakota’s total population was 319,146 with a foreign population of 113,091.

[95] Laws of Idaho, 1897, sec. 17, p. 85, ibid., 1899, p. 310; Code, 1901, ch. XL, Vol. I, p. 330. This law is found as late as 1921. Also Compiled Statutes, 1919, par. 946, Vol. I, p. 270. In 1900, Idaho’s population was 161,772, of which 24,604 were foreigners.

[96] Laws of Nevada, 1907, ch. CLXXXII, sec. 30, p. 386; also Revised Statutes, 1912, sec. 3277, also Revised Laws, 1861-1912, 370, sec. 2, Vol. I, p. 113. Out of a total population, in 1900, of 42,335 Nevada’s foreign population was 10,093.

[97] New Hampshire, Virginia and Louisiana.

[98] General Statutes of Vermont, 1862, ch. 22, sec. 1, p. 169. The selection of the book was to be made as soon as possible, and was to be binding upon all teachers and boards of education until January, 1867. The law appeared in later statute books. Revised Laws of Vermont, 1880, ch. 33, sec. 558, p. 169; Vermont Statutes, 1894, sec. 700, p. 189.

[99] Laws of Vermont, 1872, no. 14, sec. 1, p. 54. “Hall’s Geography and History of Vermont now in use by the authority of law, in the schools of Vermont, or such revised editions of the same as may be issued, shall be continued as a textbook for the term of five years from the first day of November, A.D., 1873.” Approved November 26, 1872. Legislation of this character is found also in 1888 and in 1890. Laws, 1888, no. 9, sec. 171, and 172, ibid., 1890, no. 7, p. 25.

[100] Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1865, p. 153. Report of the Superintendent of Public Education.

[101] Laws of North Carolina, 1879, ch. 93, p. 177. Approved March 1, 1879. John W. Moore, author of textbook.

[102] Code of West Virginia, 1868, 55, p. 308. For Holmes’ History of the United States, Laws, 1873, 58, p. 419. For geography, Knote’s Geography of West Virginia, Mitchell’s New Revised Geographies, Macy-Howe-Smith’s Lessons on the Globe, by laws of 1873 and again in 1891. Laws, 1891, p. 313. Laws of West Virginia, 1895, ch. 37, p. 63. For the General History by Myers, contract price $1.10, contract exchange price 82 cents; for the Leading Facts of American History, contract price 65 cents, exchange price 50 cents; Beginner’s American History, contract price 43 cents, exchange price 35 cents. Lewis’ History and Government of West Virginia, in fixing 80 cents as the contract price, and Dole’s The American Citizen with 65 cents as the exchange price were likewise named in the law.

[103] Code of Virginia, 1887, sec. 1501, p. 404. By a law of 1883-4.

[104] Laws of Indiana, 1889, ch. L, sec. 1, p. 75.

[105] Ibid., 1891, ch. LXXX, sec. 1, p. 100.

[106] General Statutes of Minnesota, 1881, ch. 36, par. 156, 157, p. 498. Contract for books let to D. D. Merrill, St. Paul. Laws of Kansas, 1897, ch. 179, sec. 4, p. 378. Laws of Montana, 1889, sec. 4, p. 211.

[107] Laws of Kansas, op. cit.

[108] Laws of Kansas, 1899, ch. 176, p. 357. It was required that the general history textbook must equal Myers’ General History and the English history must equal Montgomery’s English History.

[109] Laws of Montana, op. cit.

[110] Laws of South Dakota, 1891, par. 11, p. 239.

[111] Laws of Missouri, 1897, sec. 5, p. 23. Approved March 31, 1897.

[112] Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas, 1894, ch. 139, sec. 6975, p. 1519. Act of December 7, 1875. Also in Digest, 1904, sec. 7531, p. 1543; ibid., 1916, sec. 9379, p. 2132.

[113] Laws of Arkansas, 1899, sec. 5, p. 148.

[114] Laws of Idaho, 1884-85, p. 185; Laws of California, 1883-84, ch. VIII, sec. 1, p. 6.

[115] Laws of Texas, 1822-1897, sec. 1, Vol. X, p. 145; Code of Alabama, 1897, art. 18, 1810.

[116] Indeed, as early as 1842, New Hampshire had prescribed that “no book shall be directed to be used as a school book which is calculated to favor any particular religious or political sect or tenet.” Revised Statutes of New Hampshire, 1842, ch. 73, sec. 12, p. 151; Compiled Statutes, 1853, sec. 13, p. 178; General Laws, 1878, ch. 89, sec. 12, p. 217.

[117] Laws of Mississippi, 1890, ch. 74, p. 88. The state superintendent, governor, and attorney-general were made a committee “to examine the various textbooks upon United States history and recommend with their approval such works as accord with their best judgment.”

[118] Acts of Alabama, 1896-7, p. 204. County School Book Board for the county of Winston; ibid., for the county of Limestone; ibid., p. 637, for the counties of Sumter and Madison.

[119] Acts of Georgia, 1866, p. 222. The same series were endorsed by Mississippi.

[120] Laws of Maryland, 1868, ch. IX, sec. 1, p. 756; ibid., 1870, ch. 10, sec. 1, p. 547; Laws of South Carolina, 1870, sec. 10, p. 341.

[121] Laws of Virginia, 1849, ch. 113, p. 66.

[122] Revised Statutes of North Carolina, 1872-3, sec. 59, p. 583. This provided that “no sectarian or political textbooks or influences shall be used in any public school.” In Georgia the law prescribed that “the county board of education shall not be permitted to introduce into the schools any text-book or miscellaneous books of a sectarian or sectional character.” Code of Georgia, 1882, part 1, title XIII, ch. V, par. 1274, p. 270; also Acts of 1872, sec. XXXIII, p. 75; also Laws, 1887, sec. XXIII, p. 74.

[123] Code of Georgia, 1895, sec. 5, par. 1365, Vol. I, p. 376. Legislation continued from 1872. Acts, 1872, sec. XXXIII, p. 75; also Code, 1882, part I, title XIII, ch. V, par. 1274, p. 270.

[124] General Statutes of South Carolina, 1881-82, sec. 987, p. 294. Also Laws, 1870, sec. 10, p. 341. Code, 1902, sec. 1175, p. 452; Code, 1912, sec. 1699, Vol. I, p. 472.

[125] Code of Alabama, 1897, art. 18, 1811; ibid., 1907; Session Laws of Kansas, 1897, ch. 179, sec. 4, p. 378; Revised Statutes of Arizona, 1887, 1530, sec. 58, p. 281, Laws, 1885, p. 153; Code of Washington, 1891, par. 791, 10, Vol. I, p. 292; Laws, 1883, p. 13; Codes and Statutes of California, 1876, sec. 1672, Vol. I, p. 235; ibid., 1905, Vol. I, p. 408.

[126] Revised Statutes of Idaho Territory, 1887, ch. IX, sec. 705, p. 135. Also Laws, 1866, p. 27; Laws, 1870, p. 13; Laws, 1879, p. 24; Laws, 1890, p. 148; Laws, 1893, p. 211; Code, 1908, sec. 668, Vol. I, p. 406. This last forbade “sectarian and partisan instruction.” Compiled Statutes of Montana, 1885, sec. 1893, p. 1185. The term “partisan” in some states may have referred to the teaching of religious or political doctrines. Laws of Texas, 1822-1897, sec. 1, Vol. X, p. 145. Passed in 1891.

[127] Acts of Kentucky, 1893, art. VI, par. 61, p. 1439. Approved July 13, 1893.

[128] Compiled Laws of Dakota Territory, 1887, par. 1798, p. 401; Revised Code, 1883, p. 597, Session Laws, 1883, ch. 44, par. 130.

[129] Dakota Territory, Montana, Idaho, Washington excluded from their schools “partisan” textbooks.