[637] In an article, “The Anger of the Anglophiles,” Edward F. McSweeney of the Knights of Columbus Historical Commission discussed the “Anglo-Saxon myth.” In his discussion he ascribes to Gibbons the point of view that an “over emphasis upon Anglo-Saxonism is positively harmful to Anglo-Saxon solidarity, that it is a stimulus to the enemies among Americans of friendship with Great Britain,” [and] “that the idea that a better understanding with Great Britain can be effected by rewriting our history textbooks be abandoned.” Gibbons, however, points out means of bringing about “the better understanding” by “creating an irresistible public opinion.” Columbia, April, 1922, p. 10.

[638] Hart, Albert Bushnell, School Books and International Prejudices (International Conciliation Bulletin, January, 1911, No. 32). Professor Hart points out that a more favorable attitude toward Great Britain developed in the United States about the time of the Spanish-American War, and urges that the American Revolution be taught American and British youth as “a deep and broad Anglo-Saxon movement in which both sides had some rights and both had some wrong.”

[639] A study of the presentation of the American Revolution in history textbooks was made by Charles Altschul in 1917. See Altschul, Charles, The American Revolution in Our School Text-Books (New York, 1917). Also see Wister, Owen, A Straight Deal or the Ancient Grudge (New York, 1920).

[640] Russell, Charles Edward, “Behind the Propaganda Scenes,” Columbia, September, 1922, p. 5 et seq. Mr. Russell declares that the undertaking was financed by Andrew Carnegie.

[641] William Allen Neilson, president of Smith College, in an address before the English-Speaking Union, May 16, 1920. The Christian Science Monitor, May 17, 1920; also Bulletin No. 7, June, 1923, of the English-Speaking Union (345 Madison Avenue, New York). Agencies for Anglo-American friendship assert they have made no attempts to combat present-day efforts of anti-English groups. (Letters to the author under date of June 26, 1923, from the Secretary of the Sulgrave Institution, and under date of July 6, 1923, from the Secretary of the English-Speaking Union.)

[642] Eagleton, Clyde, “The Attitude of Our Textbooks Toward England,” Educational Review, Vol. LVI (December, 1918), pp. 424-429.

[643] Schuyler, Robert Livingston, “History and Public Opinion,” Educational Review, Vol. LV (March, 1918), pp. 181-190.

[644] Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 3, 1921.

[645] In Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 3, 1921, and October 15, 1922. The latter was not the last article written, however.

[646] Ibid., January 14, 1923.

[647] Ibid., July 3, 1921. In O’Hara’s History of the United States, thirteen lines are given to Patrick Henry’s opposition to the Stamp Act, over four of which are devoted to the words by Henry: “‘Tarquin and Caesar each had his Brutus; Charles I his Cromwell; and George III—(here cries of “Treason! Treason!” from the Speaker and others were heard)—may profit by their example. If this be treason make the most of it.’” pp. 124-125. On the other hand, six lines are allotted to a discussion of Pitt’s reaction toward the repeal of the Stamp Act, and approximately three lines to direct quotation from him. (“When the question of repeal came up in the House of Commons, Pitt ‘rejoiced that America had resisted.’ He was glad that Americans were not ‘so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves.’”) p. 126. (O’Hara, John P., History of the United States, New York, 1919). There has been only one edition of this history textbook.

[648] Ibid.

[649] Ibid., July 17, 1921.

[650] Ibid.

[651] Ibid.

[652] Ibid.

[653] Ibid.

[654] Ibid., July 24, 1921. The article is entitled “Declaration of Independence is Censored: England’s Guilt for Revolution Disputed in New United States Histories.”

[655] Ibid. This characterization of the colonials as “ignorant and superstitious” is in a chapter devoted to “Life in the Colonies” in which are discussed, among other things, “Colonial Ignorance and Superstition” and “The Salem Witchcraft.” In the paragraph on “Colonial Ignorance and Superstition,” the following sentence is indicative of the trend: “Hornets were thought to come from the decaying bodies of horses, and honey bees from cattle.” The quotation regarding Henry is as follows: “... Patrick Henry, a gay, unprosperous, and hitherto unknown country lawyer, who made his reputation by declaring with marvelous eloquence that there was a limit to the legal control which the King might exert over Colonial law-making,” page 141. McLaughlin, Andrew C., and Van Tyne, Claude Halstead, A History of the United States for Schools (New York, 1911).

[656] Ibid. In the 1911 edition of McLaughlin and Van Tyne’s textbook, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” appears on page 247. The quotation “Don’t give up the ship” is on page 248, but a footnote suggests that Lawrence’s real words seem to have been, “Fight the ship until she is sunk,” while those usually given are the words of the boy who took the message on deck.

[657] The New York Times, September 28, 1921.

[658] Ibid.

[659] Chicago Herald and Examiner, November 20, 1921.

[660] Ibid.

[661] Ibid.

[662] Ibid. Mr. Miller quotes thus: “France shut her eyes when some gallant French officers, especially Marquis De Lafayette and Baron De Kalb, went to America as volunteers, p. 136.” In Professor Hart’s book the quotation is as follows: “Agents were sent to Paris to ask help; the French secretly gave them military supplies and money and shut their eyes when some gallant young French officers, especially Marquis de Lafayette and De Kalb, went to America as volunteers.” (Hart, Albert Bushnell, School History of the United States, New York, 1920, p. 136.)

[663] Ibid.

[664] Chicago Herald and Examiner, May 14, 1922. Letter from William E. Borah to P. B. Arnell, Manager Oregon Teacher’s Monthly, Salem, Oregon.

[665] Ibid.

[666] Ibid.

[667] Chicago Herald and Examiner, May 21, 1922.

[668] Ibid.

[669] Ibid.

[670] Ibid.

[671] Ibid., September 10, 1922.

[672] Ibid.

[673] Ibid.

[674] Ibid.

[675] Ibid.

[676] Ibid.

[677] Ibid.

[678] Greg, Percy, History of the United States from the Foundation of Virginia to the Reconstruction of the Union. 2 v. (London, 1887), Vol. I, p. 134.

[679] Ibid., pp. 165, 168.

[680] Chicago Herald and Examiner, October 15, 1922.

[681] Ibid. According to a pamphlet of the English-Speaking Union “it is an organization based on individual membership, and is non-political and non-sectarian. It aims at no alliance, and is not connected with governments. It takes for granted that the growth of friendship between English-speaking peoples in no way implies or produces unfriendly relations between English-speaking peoples and those of other lands and tongues.”

[682] Ibid.

[683] Ibid.

[684] Ibid.

[685] Ibid.

[686] Ibid.

[687] Chicago Herald and Examiner, January 14, 1923. This article names others than educators as open to the charges of “Anglicization.” Among these are Rev. Dr. James E. Barton, George E. Roberts, a Magna Charta Day Committeeman, vice-president and publicity manager of the National City Bank, New York and “propaganda expert of the International Banking Corporation,” who, with “Henry S. Pritchett, president of the Carnegie Foundation, conducts a correspondence school in ‘Economics for Business Executives,’ another spacious channel for special privilege.”

[688] Ibid. Edwin Greenlaw’s book, Problems of Democracy, was condemned also by Mr. Miller. It is not a history textbook, however.

[689] Ibid.

[690] The New York American, November 4, 1923. The article for which apology was offered appeared in the issue of April 1, 1923, under the caption of “U. S. Histories made up of British Slanders.” The article criticized certain characterizations of heroic characters in American history as: “Englishmen of that day believed sincerely that the Revolution was the work of a group of ‘soreheads.’ George Washington, as a youth, had been refused a coveted commission in the British Army. Sam Adams’ father had been ruined by the wise British veto of a Massachusetts ‘Land Bank.’ The older Otis had failed to secure an appointment on the Massachusetts bench. Alexander Hamilton was a penniless and briefless law student with no chance for special advancement unless by fishing in troubled water.” The statement of the American follows in part: “The fact is, that the paragraph referred to immediately preceded the following qualifying paragraph: ‘All this of course as an explanation of the part played by Washington, Adams, Otis and Hamilton, was as absurd as was the view of many Americans that high-minded men like Chief Justice Oliver and Governor Hutchinson of Massachusetts were loyalists simply to cling to office and salary. But had the British charge been true, what greater condemnation could be devised for the old colonial system than that under it George Washington could not get a petty lieutenant’s appointment and that a genius like Hamilton had practically no chance for advancement unless taken up by some great gentlemen.’” West, Willis Mason, History of the American People (Boston, 1918).

[691] Chicago Herald and Examiner, April 20, 1924. According to Mr. Miller the McLaughlin and Van Tyne textbook, among other “corrections” made, included in the latest edition “Nathan Hale, who had been omitted entirely ... as one who ‘risked all for his country’s cause.’” These authors also have, according to Mr. Miller, “improved the picture of Patrick Henry” by describing him thus: “A hitherto unknown country lawyer, but a sincere lover of liberty.” “Such corrections and many others in this one book and all the innumerable corrections that have been made in five other texts can have but one significance,” concluded Mr. Miller. “The Anglicized authors have come to realize that the American people will not tolerate Anglicized histories in our public schools.”

[692] Bulletin of the Patriot League (Charles Grant Miller, Organizing Director, Rosebank, New York City, 1922).

[693] Ibid.

[694] Ibid.

[695] Miller, Charles Grant, Treason to American Tradition (New York), p. 6. The books by Ward and Greenlaw are literature textbooks. West’s History of the American People was attacked on much the same basis as other histories in the Chicago Herald and Examiner, March 5, 1922.

[696] The New York Times, November 26, 1921. Editorial “Appealing Now to Teachers.” The editorial first discussed the mailing of the pamphlet to many teachers in New York’s public schools.

[697] Griffin, Joseph T., American History Must It Be Rewritten to Preserve Our Foreign Friendships? (Knights of Columbus Historical Commission, Boston, 1922), p. 4.

[698] Ibid., p. 3.

[699] McSweeney, Edward F., America First (Boston, Mass.).

[700] Ibid., p. 4-5.

[701] Ibid., p. 5. He cites Hosmer, Samuel Adams, p. 263.

[702] Ibid., pp. 5-6.

[703] Ibid., p. 5.

[704] Ibid., pp. 6-7.

[705] These men, with the exception possibly of one, have written no history textbooks although they may have written books and articles for the general reader favorable to an Anglo-American understanding.

[706] Ibid., p. 9. Quoted from The [London] Times, July 4, 1919. Many of the “reformed” school-books, according to Mr. McSweeney, attempt to picture George III as a German monarch, and “consequently the fight of the colonials was against Germany,” thereby leaving an erroneous impression. Ibid., p. 10.

[707] Ibid., pp. 11-12.

[708] Ibid., p. 12.

[709] Ibid., pp. 12-13.

[710] O’Brien, Michael J., A Hidden Phase of American History. Published by Dodd, Mead and Company, 1919.

[711] O’Brien, op. cit. The chapters are entitled: Attitude of the People of Ireland toward the American Colonists, Benjamin Franklin’s Visits to Ireland, Irish Sympathy for the Revolting Colonies, Efforts to Conciliate the Irish Catholics, History by Suppression, Ireland’s Share in America’s Fight for Freedom, False Statements Refuted, Irish Names in American Muster-Rolls, The Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick, “The Line of Ireland,” More History by Suppression, Marion, Lacey, and McClure, Irishmen Flock to the Standard of Washington, Irish Immigration Prior to the Revolution, Vast Irish Immigrations to Pennsylvania, The “Scotch-Irish” Myth, Early Irish Settlements in New York, The “Irish Donation,” Early Irish Settlers in Virginia, More Light on the “Scotch-Irish” Myth, Early Irish Settlers in the Carolinas, Pre-Revolutionary Irish in Georgia, The First Census of the United States, America’s Debt to Ireland. The obscurity which envelops the Irish in American history, Mr. O’Brien believes, is because of the “premeditated suppression of facts” due to the influence of the “Anglo-Saxon cult.” Ibid., pp. 241-242.

[712] McClure, S. S., “Some Delusions about Ireland,” McClure’s Magazine, Vol. LII (June, 1922), pp. 93-103. Quoted from the Irish World, August 23, 1919.

[713] Reddin, John H., “The American History Contest,” Columbia, September, 1921, p. 12.

[714] The New York Times, May 29, 1921.

[715] The New York Times, August 1, 1921.

[716] Ibid., August 4, 1921. Remarks of Supreme Master John H. Reddin, of Denver. According to Charles Grant Miller, the Knights of Columbus took the matter up after “my first series of exposures of Anglicized alteration” proposing “to produce a new school history.” Opposition led them “to withdraw from this project,” but to issue “historical brochures to the general public.” Letter, under date of November 23, 1922, from C. G. Miller to the author.

[717] The New York Times, September 8, 1921. According to the Times other members of the Commission besides McSweeney, who were present at the meeting, were Rear Admiral William Benson, Maurice Francis Egan, Professor George Derry of Union College, and Professor Charles H. McCarthy of the Catholic University of America. All signed the statement, the Times reported. A trustworthy Catholic authority informed the author that Henry Jones Ford of Princeton and Hannis Taylor, former minister to Spain, were on the Commission. At Taylor’s death Dr. Dunne succeeded. Egan early resigned, it is said, due to his fear of anti-British tendencies.

[718] Chicago Herald and Examiner, January 1, 1922. The amount of the first prize was $2500, according to an announcement in Columbia, September, 1921, p. 12. This prize was awarded to Samuel F. Bemis, a Protestant, of Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington. According to The Fortnightly Review this work was not inspired by the Commission, for “it was practically completed when the prize was announced and would have been published this year anyhow.” The Review also states that it was “the only scientific study submitted.” The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXX (November 1, 1923), p. 422.

[719] McSweeney, Edward F., “The Anger of the Anglophiles,” Columbia, April 1, 1922, p. 10.

[720] Ibid.

[721] “The K. of C. Historical Commission,” The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXX (December 1, 1923), pp. 457-458. The Commission is reported to have spent between $80,000 and $90,000.

[722] According to a reputable Catholic authority, Mr. McSweeney’s salary was $12,000 and expenses.

[723] The Fortnightly Review, loc. cit. The writer of the article was of the opinion that “with Catholic laymen filling chairs of history and political science at Harvard, Columbia, Bryn Mawr, the Catholic University, and elsewhere, and with other Catholics engaged in library and archival work of importance, it is small wonder that the Commission, containing the name of but one engaged in the profession of history, failed to win the confidence of those interested in history.”

[724] Ibid.

[725] Hart, Albert Bushnell, op. cit., p. 120.

[726] Ibid., p. 126.

[727] Ibid., p. 145. These attacks are found in Griffin, op. cit.

[728] Griffin, op. cit., p. 5. “Others were drawn into the army by money, bounties and promise of land.” Hart, op. cit., p. 134. Mr. Griffin asks: “Is this building up or breaking down the morale of a nation? The consideration of such statements may be a painless intellectual question for the adult—but to the impressionable minds of the young the effect is unquestionably bad.”

[729] Ibid., p. 6. Quotation from McLaughlin, Andrew C., History of the American Nation (New York, 1919), p. 152. McLaughlin goes on to say that the “Revolution was justifiable because the colonists stood for certain fundamental principles that were woven into the very fabric of their lives.”

[730] Ibid., p. 7. Barnes, Everett, American History for Grammar Grades (New York, 1920).

[731] Griffin, op. cit., p. 9.

[732] Ibid., p. 11.

[733] Ibid., p. 8. Objections were lodged against John P. O’Hara’s history although he is a Catholic. In The Fortnightly Review, April 15, 1924, Mr. O’Hara protests against the criticisms directed against him: “As long as the criticisms were confined to the Hearst press and similar secular mediums of publicity I was able to follow the discussion without being greatly disturbed; but when with the blessing of the K. of C. Historical Commission the Hearst ‘authority’ was allowed a page in Columbia, the official K. C. organ, on which to spread his charge that I, among others, was a Benedict Arnold who had sold his country for British gold, and when, in addition, his stuff was widely reprinted in the Catholic press, a different situation was created.... I received letters from various persons complaining ... that a man of my name should have fallen a victim to British agencies of corruption. One such letter put me in distinguished company in this fashion:

The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXXI (April 15, 1924), pp. 156-157.

[734] The Gaelic American, March 11, 1922, p. 6. “McSweeney on the Schools.” The pamphlet by Mr. Griffin, from which the author has quoted, was published by the Hudson County Federation of the Holy Name Society (1922) “as a guide to Red-Blooded Americans with the moral fibre strong enough to believe and insist that American History, crimsoned with the blood of our martyrs, shall be maintained in its entirety and shall be elaborated upon by those authors alone, who, as Americans, still believe In the Magnificent Structure Which the Forefathers of this Republic Have Reared and Which Must Endure.”

[735] Jaegers, Albert, A Brief Sketch of the Life and Character of Baron von Steuben (Steuben Society Publication, Jacob Leisler Unit), p. 5.

In the hearings in the Senate Judiciary Committee to repeal the charter of the German-American Alliance in 1918, it was revealed that this organization had endeavored to control history textbooks. In conjunction with the Ancient Order of Hibernians in America in 1907, the Alliance had resolved “to recommend a systematic investigation of the share all races have had in the development of our country, in war and in peace, from the earliest days, as the basis for the founding and continuance of an unbiased American history.” In the testimony it was declared that it was their purpose “to give credit where credit is due” because “in all of our current school histories, and most others, ... the Anglo-Saxon has been glorified and exalted to the exclusion of those others who did so much for this country, like the Irish and the Germans and the other countries.” “Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,” 65th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Report 3529, p. 645 et seq. At the same time Professor Samuel B. Harding testified that in 1915 objection was raised to a chapter on the World War which he had written for a high school textbook and that his publishers (the American Book Company) had been warned that such would be “considered obnoxious,” and that “the organization no doubt would feel itself obliged to actively oppose the use of such a book in any school anywhere in any state.” Ibid., pp. 619-620.

[736] S. S. Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 13 (February 1, 1922), p. 1.

[737] Ibid., No. 14 (February 15, 1922).

[738] Ibid.

[739] Ibid.

[740] Ibid.

[741] Ibid.

[742] Ibid.

[743] Schrader, Frederick Franklin, “1683-1920” (New York, 1920), pp. 22-25. There are the same quotations from George Haven Putnam, Owen Wister, and Lord Northcliffe as found in the Knights of Columbus pamphlets. See page 227.

[744] Ibid., p. 25.

[745] The St. Louis Star, June 27, 1923. The resolution was adopted June 26. It is stated that three hundred delegates were present at the convention.

[746] Ibid.

[747] Ibid.

[748] S. S. Bulletin, loc. cit.

[749] Schrader, op. cit., pp. 9-10. The place of the German element in American history had been treated by Faust ten years prior to Schrader’s book. Faust, Albert B., The German Element in the United States with especial reference to its political, social and educational influence (Boston, 1909).

[750] Schrader, op. cit. Ridder, Victor, The Germans in America (New York, 1922), and Jaegers, op. cit.

[751] Schrader, op. cit., p. 19.

[752] Ibid., p. 10.

[753] Ridder, op. cit., p. 14.

In 1917, an investigation of the most commonly used textbooks in history was made by Timothy T. Lew to determine the treatment given Chinese-American relations. Mr. Lew’s conclusion was that the attitude of Americans toward the Chinese was likely to be one of indifference or prejudice because of the lack of attention given in textbooks, or because many events which would show cordial relations had been overlooked. Lew, Timothy T., “China in American School Text-Books,” Spl. Suppl. to The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, Vol. VI-VII (July, 1923).

[754] Chafee, Zechariah, “Freedom of Speech,” The New Republic, Vol. XVII (November 16, 1918), p. 67. Also Espionage Act Cases with Certain Others on Related Points, compiled and edited by Walter Nelles (New York, 1918), pp. 33-35. The case is listed as The United States vs Motion Picture Film “The Spirit of ’76.” Southern District of California, Southern Division, November 30, 1917, under Judge Bledsoe.

[755] Harré, T. Everett, “Shadow Huns and Others,” The National Civic Federation Review, Vol. IV (February 15, 1919), pp. 12-16.

[756] Ibid.

[757] Report of the Committee from the Fathers of Soldiers’ League to the Board of Education, Des Moines, Iowa, 1918. (In manuscript.)

[758] Quoted from Robinson, James Harvey, Medieval and Modern Times (New York, 1918). The committee who investigated the textbook hazarded this remark upon the excerpt quoted: “It would seem to your committee that the historian has another guess coming, and that Germany is not liable to get her colonies back or any indemnities.” Report, loc. cit.

[759] California State Board of Education, Special Bulletin No. 4. Series of 1918. The committee included E. D. Adams, Arley B. Show, W. A. Morris, E. I. McCormac, W. J. Cooper.

[760] The Seattle Star, September 30, 1918, Editorial.

[761] Harré, loc. cit.

[762] Bulletin of the Montana State Council of Defense, April 22, 1918. West, Ancient World (Boston, 1913), p. 570.

[763] Forty-Ninth Annual Report of the State Board of Education ... of Rhode Island, January, 1919, pp. 77, 81. The history textbooks were not named.

[764] Information gained through a questionnaire sent to the superintendent of public instruction in each state. All states but South Carolina replied.

[765] A Syllabus of the World War for Use in the High Schools of The City of New York adopted by the Board of Superintendents (Department of Education of the City of New York, 1918), p. 5.

[766] “Accepted Fable,” The Freeman, Vol. VII (June 27, 1923), pp. 366-367.

[767] See page 248. Professor West is author of Modern Progress (Boston, 1920) but not of The Story of Human Progress. The quotation was not verified.

[768] “War in the Textbooks,” The Nation, Vol. CXIX (Sept. 17, 1924), p. 277.

[769] Ibid. See Hazen, Charles Downer, Modern Europe (New York, 1920), p. 690.

[770] Barnes, Harry Elmer, “Seven Books of History against the Germans,” The New Republic, Vol. XXXVIII (March 19, 1924), part II, pp. 10-15. Also see Professor Hazen’s letter in The New Republic, Vol. XXXVIII (May 7, 1924), pp. 284-285. On the question of the origin of the War a series of articles by Professor Barnes appeared in The Christian Century for October, November, December, 1925. See also Barnes, Harry Elmer, in Current History, Vol. XXII (May, 1924), on the origin of the War; also Fay, Sidney B., “New Light on the Origins of the World War,” The American Historical Review, Vol. XXVI (October, 1920), pp. 37-53; Fay, Sidney Bradshaw, “The Black Hand Plot that led to the World War,” Current History, Vol. XXIII (November, 1925), pp. 196-207.

[771] The Nation, loc. cit. Robinson, James Harvey, and Beard, Charles A., History of Europe Our Own Times (Boston, 1921), pp. 543-544.

[772] The Nation, loc. cit. See Hayes, Carlton J. H., and Moon, Thomas Parker, Modern History (New York, 1923).

[773] Taft, Donald R., “Historical Textbooks and International Differences” (Chicago, 1925). Guitteau, William Backus, Our United States (New York, 1923). Long, William J., America (Boston, 1923).

[774] Kendig-Gill, Isabel, “War and Peace in United States History Text-Books,” National Council for Prevention of War, Washington, p. 10. The author quotes passages to prove her contention from Mace’s Beginner’s History, Muzzey’s An American History, and Guitteau’s Our United States. Also “Drugging the Young Idea,” The Freeman, Vol. VII (August 22, 1923), pp. 556-557.

[775] The [Ottumwa, Iowa] Daily Courier, March 2, 1919, “With the persistency of a fanatic and the illogical deduction of a demagogue, Professor Muzzey makes the tariff and the trusts the principal defendants in the case which he brings against the United States of America.... His book is a clearly conceived and a closely written argument for socialism treating the various steps in the country’s history from the standpoint of the socialist instead of the unbiased historian....” As a result of this opposition, Muzzey’s textbook was excluded from the Ottumwa schools. For the same reason the use of this history was discontinued in Leonia, New Jersey.

[776] Iowa Legionnaire, April 15, 1921.

[777] A pamphlet entitled Muzzey’s School History written by Wallace McCamant, Chairman of the Committee on Patriotic Education of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, July 27, 1922. See also Official Bulletin of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Vol. XVII (October, 1922), Washington, D. C.

[778] Ibid., p. 1. An examination of the textbook reveals the distasteful quotation marks in the following passage: “Letters, pamphlets, petitions, came in an uninterrupted stream from the Massachusetts ‘patriots,’ Hancock, Warren, Otis, and the Adamses.”

[779] Pamphlet, op. cit., p. 2. See Muzzey, op. cit., p. 115.

[780] Pamphlet, op. cit.

[781] Ibid., pp. 5-16.

[782] Ibid., p. 13.

[783] Pamphlet entitled “The Sons of the American Revolution and the Histories in Use in Our Schools,” p. 8.

[784] Ibid., p. 1. Also “Report of Committee on Patriotic Education” published separately and obtained from Judge Wallace McCamant, Portland, Oregon.

[785] Ibid.

[786] Ibid., pp. 2-3.

[787] Ibid., p. 3.

[788] Ibid.

[789] Ibid., p. 6. Guitteau’s Our United States and Halleck’s History of Our Country are designed primarily for the junior high school, and not for the senior high school.

[790] Ibid., p. 5. Cf. statement of Charles Grant Miller, page 211.

[791] Pamphlet, “The Sons of the American Revolution and the Histories in Use in Our Schools,” p. 7. At their meeting at Swampscott, Massachusetts, in May, 1925, Judge McCamant again called the attention of the Sons of the American Revolution to the textbook situation, and urged them to use pressure to have the right kind of textbooks in the schools of their states. Boston Herald, May 19, 1925.

[792] Ibid., p. 3.

[793] District of Columbia Board of Education Piney Branch Citizens’ Association against Muzzey’s School History (Washington, D. C., April 25, 1923), p. 2. [Washington, D. C.] Sunday Star, June 4, 1922. Muzzey’s defense is criticized by the chairman of the Piney Branch Historical Committee in an issue of the Star, June 18, 1922.

[794] The [Washington, D. C.] Star, April 26, 1923.

[795] Ibid.

[796] Ibid. The activities of the Patriot League for the Preservation of American History are treated in the section devoted to Charles Grant Miller and the Hearst newspapers.

[797] Ibid.

[798] Ibid.

[799] Hathaway, Carson C., “Is Muzzey’s American History Revolutionary?” The Dearborn Independent, October 20, 1923, p. 2.

[800] Louisville Times, November 9, 1922. Institutions to which the request was sent were the high schools of Owensboro, Ashland, Dayton, Maysville, Louisville, Collegiate School, Bowling Green, Kentucky State University, Hamilton College, Lexington, and Berea College, Berea.

[801] Ibid.

[802] Louisville Courier-Journal, November 12, 1922.

[803] This is the statement of Charles Grant Miller in the Chicago Herald and Examiner, March 5, 1922.

[804] The report is signed “September 8, 1922.” The investigating committee were George Clark Sargent, E. L. Magee, E. J. Mott, W. P. Humphreys and Donozel Stoney. The adoption of the report “engendered a heated discussion” according to the San Francisco Chronicle of November 24, 1922.

[805] “Minority Report upon Muzzey’s History of the United States to the Board of Managers of the California Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.” (In manuscript.)

[806] Report of the Committee of Five on American History Text-Books now in Use in California High Schools (Sacramento, 1922). (In manuscript.) The committee appointed in April, 1922, reported in June. It was made up of E. D. Adams (chairman), Professor of American History, Stanford University; E. I. McCormac, Professor of American History, University of California; J. A. Nowell, Head of the History Department, Fresno Teachers’ College; W. W. Mather, Head of the History Department, Ontario; A. H. Abbott, Professor of History, College of the Pacific, San José. They examined many of the commonly used American history textbooks.

[807] The Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 2, 1923.

[808] Pamphlet “Should the ‘History of the American People’ by Willis Mason West be used as a School Text Book?” p. 4. (Obtained by the author from A. H. Conner, Attorney-General of Idaho.) This attack of West’s textbook was first published in the Idaho Statesman.

[809] Ibid., pp. 3-4.

[810] Ibid.

[811] Idaho Statesman, December 9, 1922.

[812] Letter under date of July 20, 1923, to the author. However, textbooks in Tennessee are selected by a board appointed by the governor.

[813] Letter under date of August 20, 1923, from Judge Wallace McCamant. A letter under date of July 11, 1923, from H. C. Weber, Superintendent of Schools at Nashville, Tennessee, stated that he was not informed regarding the results of a complaint against a textbook used in the Nashville schools which had been presented to the legislature. In Nashville, Tennessee, the High School used James and Sanford’s American History for the past two years according to a statement from the Superintendent of Schools. In Adrian, Michigan, West’s History of the American People was the textbook according to a “Directory of Adrian Public Schools, 1923-1924.” W. F. Weisand, Superintendent of Schools of Nampa, Idaho, informed the author in a letter of November 19, 1923, that for the years 1923 and 1924, Beard and Bagley, History of the American People and Beard, History of the United States were used. Muzzey’s history was still in use in November, 1923, according to the superintendents of schools at Burley, Idaho, and in Idaho Falls, Idaho. This information was obtained in personal letters from the Superintendent of Schools. It does not agree with Captain Conner’s statement.

[814] Letter under date of September 8, 1923, from A. H. Conner.

[815] Letter under date of August 20, 1923, from Judge Wallace McCamant.

[816] Report of Committee on Patriotic Education (S. A. R.), op. cit., p. 7.

[817] Report of the Historian of Passaic Valley Chapter, S. A. R., on Muzzey’s American History, December 15, 1922. (In manuscript.) Schuyler M. Cady historian. The report was approved by the chapter, February 12, 1923.

[818] Official Bulletin of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, December, 1922.

[819] Report of Roy F. Britton to St. Louis Society of Sons of Revolution on American History Text-Books Used in St. Louis Schools, December 16, 1922. (In manuscript.) Major Britton quoted from Charles Edward Russell’s article “Behind the Propaganda Scenes” which appeared in Columbia, September, 1922.

[820] Ibid.

[821] St. Louis Times, December 18, 1922.

[822] St. Louis Daily Globe Democrat, December 18, 1922.

[823] Quoted in a pamphlet of The Patriot League for the Preservation of American History.

[824] Hirshfield, David, Report on Investigation of Pro-British History Text-Books in Use in the Public Schools of the City of New York (N. P.), p. 71.

[825] Ibid., p. 72.

[826] Ibid.

[827] The New York Times, September 15, 1921. The “school history” is not named.

[828] Ibid., October 1, 1923. The unity of opinion of various patriotic organizations was discussed in the New York American, November 4, 1923.

[829] Statement obtained from Charles F. Horne, New York City, December, 1923. See Appendix for complete statement of principles.

[830] Ibid.

[831] Ibid.

[832] Horne, Charles F., The Story of Our American People (2 v., New York, 1925), p. 1. The work is not issued for general publication as yet, according to a foreword.

[833] Ibid., Chapter I. In connection with this last statement the text-book adds that “some of the convicts sent here were indeed evil-minded rascals; but many were men we would have applauded for their so-called crimes.” Ibid., p. 10. Illustrations of a “Divine Purpose” in American events are found elsewhere, for example Burgoyne’s surrender, 1777, “brought to our people a sense of awe, of direct aid from Heaven.” (Vol. I, p. 377.) See also Vol. I, p. 439.

[834] Ibid., pp. 365, 371, 390, 394, 396, 404, Vol. II, p. 94.

[835] Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 80-118; 348-358; 415-444.

[836] The New York Times, July 24, 1925. Professor Van Tyne also said: “I have noticed many manifest errors and dubious statements as I ran hastily over the part devoted to the American Revolution, but the main trouble is in its organization, and its sense of proportion.... One virtue it has which I had not expected. It is not bitterly anti-British.”

[837] Personal correspondence, December, 1925, with Frank C. Cross, National Director of the Americanism Commission, American Legion. Mr. Cross gave this information because of an inquiry as to the extent and manner in which the Legion had become interested in the teaching of American history and the Constitution. See Appendix.

[838] The Des Moines Register, February 27, 1923.

[839] The Christian Science Monitor, August 31, 1923.

[840] Communication of the Ethical Society to the School Board, Davenport, Iowa, May 24, 1923. (In manuscript.) The communication refers to Charles Grant Miller’s pamphlet Treason to American Tradition for details.

[841] Hirshfield, Report, p. 74.

[842] Report of Special Committee on School Histories and Text Books Adopted by Grand Lodge Knights of Pythias September 20, 1923. It was also recommended that a copy be sent to the State Board of Education and that the Supreme Representatives be instructed to present the matter before the Supreme Lodge.

[843] “Concerning School Histories,” The New Age, March, 1923, pp. 156-157.

[844] This bill is discussed on page 104.

[845] “Patriotic Organizations Appeal for School History Bill,” The New Jersey Unit, The Patriot League (Newark, New Jersey, February 22, 1924), p. 12. This pamphlet sets forth the criticisms commonly raised against the histories.

[846] The Des Moines Register, April 24, 1923.

[847] The Christian Science Monitor, June 27, 1923.

[848] The New York Times, December 3, 1921. Charles Grant Miller at this time is reported by the Times to have said that Hart’s history contained nothing objectionable to Americans, but that the preface was bad.

[849] Ibid., December 10, 1921. In this section not all the places in which history investigations have been carried on have been mentioned. Only typical and outstanding cases are given. See pages 253, 259, 265, 273.

[850] Report on History Text-Books used in the Public Schools of the City of New York, p. 6. An abbreviated form of this report was published in The Historical Outlook, Vol. XIII (October, 1922), pp. 250-255.

[851] Report, op. cit., p. 14. The “General Principles” are set forth in more detail in the Appendix of this study.

[852] Ibid., p. 20.

[853] Ibid., p. 25.

[854] Ibid., p. 25.

[855] Ibid., p. 26.

[856] Ibid., p. 23.

[857] Ibid., p. 170. Willis Mason West is mentioned. Ibid., p. 160.

[858] The New York Times, December 7, 1921. Hirshfield, op. cit., p. 7.

[859] Ibid., p. 8.

[860] The New York Times, December 11, 1921.

[861] Ibid., December 8, 1921. Mr. Hirshfield is alleged to have said that the investigation had been planned for several months but had been “postponed to forestall the cry that it was to get Irish votes.” Ibid.

[862] Hirshfield, op. cit.

[863] Joseph T. Griffin, the author of American History Must It be Rewritten to Preserve Our Foreign Friendships? Cited in the discussion of the Knights of Columbus movement.

[864] Haym Salomon, mentioned in the diary of Robert Morris as “my little Jew friend on Front Street,” is credited with lending $400,000 to the colonists, becoming bankrupt. Aser Levi, a Dutch Jew, was not permitted by Peter Stuyvesant to serve in the militia, but by an appeal to Holland finally, was able to do so. The New York Times, February 4, 1922.

[865] Ibid.; also The Standard Union [Brooklyn, New York], February 3, 1922. The negro killed in the Boston riot was Crispus Attucks. Among others who appeared at the hearings were Charles Grant Miller, Charles Edward Russell, Warren B. Fisher of the United American War Veterans, Thomas P. Tuite of the Vanderbilt Post G. A. R. and of the Star Spangled Banner Association, Judge Wallace McCamant, Mrs. Marie J. Stuart of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and Major David Banks of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

[866] Hirshfield, op. cit., p. 9.

[867] Ibid., p. 10.

[868] Ward’s edition of Burke’s Speech on Conciliation with America was also examined. The latest editions of the textbooks were reviewed.

[869] Ibid.

[870] Ibid., p. 67. Mr. Hirshfield charged certain financial leaders of the country like George E. Roberts and Frank A. Vanderlip with abetting movements for Anglo-American concord. The National Security League in its program for “‘the special training of school teachers to interpret the United States Constitution in the public schools’” and to “secure legislation in the various states which will make this teaching compulsory throughout the country” was described as another agency under pro-British influence.

[871] Hirshfield, op. cit., pp. 38-40.

[872] Ibid., pp. 18-19.

[873] Ibid., p. 20.

[874] Ibid., p. 44. Guitteau’s history was criticized for his discussion of the League of Nations in addition to other points objectionable to Mr. Hirshfield. It was held that such discussions are inappropriate, inasmuch as it is still an “unsettled political question” which will be “an issue in some form or other in the coming presidential campaign.” Ibid., p. 47.

[875] Ibid., pp. 57-58.

[876] This is entitled “Propaganda seeks to Distort American History. British Workers are Being Backed by a Heavily Financed Machine. Purpose of the Changes in Textbooks Range All the Way from Cultivation of ‘More Friendly Relations’ to the Fulfillment of the Carnegie Prophecy of the Reunited States, the British-American Union and the Cecil Rhodes Design.” The articles in the Chicago Herald and Examiner in which the McLaughlin and Van Tyne history was criticized appeared July 24, 1921, and January 14, 1923. The Hirshfield report adopts the same phraseology. Guitteau’s textbook was attacked in an article of November 20, 1921, and the Barnes histories in an article of July 17, 1921.

[877] New York Tribune, November 5, 1923. The Tribune published this statement from Miller: “The printed Hirshfield report is substantially as I wrote it except for illiteracies and pictures.” The Tribune asserted that it had possession of fac-similes of special pay roll vouchers signed “David Hirshfield, Commissioner of Accounts” for Charles Grant Miller and Joseph Devlin, for expert work.

[878] Ibid.

[879] Ibid.

[880] Ibid., November 6, 1923.

[881] Ibid.

[882] Ibid., November 11, 1923. The O’Hara history was criticized in an article by Charles Grant Miller in the Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 3, 1921. See page 210.

[883] Ibid. These histories, according to the Tribune, were not on the authorized list for use in the New York City schools.

[884] Ibid., November 5, 1923.

[885] Ibid., November 23, 1923.

[886] Ibid., November 5, 1923. Devlin was paid $2000 for his work, and Miller received $562.50 for his work from February to May, 1923, as a “special expert in history text-book investigation,” according to the Tribune.

[887] The New York Times, November 6, 1923.

[888] Ibid., June 5, 1923. An American History by David S. Muzzey was the eighth history in the Hirshfield list. At the time of the investigation under the auspices of the schools there had been no complaint against this book according to Superintendent Ettinger.

[889] The Atlanta Journal, June 27, 1923.

[890] Ibid.

[891] Ibid. The Baltimore Sun is also quoted by The Atlanta Journal.

[892] The News Sentinel, June 6, 1923. Editorial.

[893] The Milwaukee Journal, June 9, 1923. Editorial.

[894] Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, June 14, 1923.

[895] Adams, James Truslow, “History and the Lower Criticism,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXXXII (September, 1923), pp. 308-317.

[896] City of Boston, Proceedings of School Committee, December 18, 1922, p. 180.

[897] Ibid.

[898] Ibid.

[899] Ibid.

[900] Ibid.

[901] Ibid.

[902] Ibid., p. 181. Signed by David D. Scannell and Frances G. Curtis.

[903] Ibid. Signed by Richard J. Lane.

[904] Ibid., p. 191. The Report is given in part in the Appendix.

[905] Letter from S. G. Reinertson, Superintendent of Schools, Jackson, Minnesota, and formerly Superintendent at Alta, Iowa, under date of March 25, 1923.

[906] Chicago Herald and Examiner, March 5, 1922.

[907] The New York Times, May 1, 1923. Also The Survey, Vol. L (April 15, 1923), p. 68.

[908] The New York Times, September 12, 1921.

[909] The [New York] Evening Globe, February 22, 1922.

[910] The Dearborn Independent, October 20, 1923.

[911] Adopted May 5, 1923. Columbia University, New York.

[912] Adopted October 25, 1925.

[913] The American Historical Review, Vol. XXIX (April, 1924), p. 428.

[914] Giddings, Franklin, “Are we getting better text-books?” The Independent, Vol. I (June 3, 1922), pp. 5-9.

[915] Ibid. The following comment on the attitude of historians and educators toward the censorship of histories appeared in the New York American, November 4, 1923: “It has been insolently asserted by speakers for foreign propaganda agencies and by some college professors and school men that the interpretation of American patriotism should be left to ‘higher historical scholarship’ and that ‘ignorant’ and narrowly nationalistic American patriotic organizations should keep their hands off. We contend, on the contrary, that we who have followed the flag for American ideals know what these ideals are; we cherish them for what they are and will maintain them in our schools as zealously as we have maintained them in battle-line.”

[916] Dr. Payson Smith in an address on “Schools should be Uninfluenced,” The Christian Science Monitor, November 2, 1921.

Doubtless it is pertinent to call attention to the work of peace organizations in the analyses of history textbooks by which it has been shown that heroes and achievements of war have received much more space than heroes and achievements of peace. See War and Peace in United States History Text-Books by the National Council for Prevention of War, Washington, D. C., and An Analysis of the Emphasis upon War in Our Elementary School Histories, by the Association for Peace Education, Chicago.