In general, the most popular means for educating the alien population is by attendance at a night school, where, through evening classes, teachers regularly employed in the public schools seek to instruct in the English language and in an appreciation of and respect for “the civic and social institutions of the United States.” New York has tried the employers’ school to effect the same purpose, whereas “home teachers” are endorsed by California and Oregon. In the four years preceding the outbreak of the World War, 5,174,701 immigrants came to the United States, of whom 22.1 were unable to read and write any language. In 1920, nearly one and a half million, or 11 per cent, of the foreign-born whites in this country could not speak English. For this group, even more than for the native element, has it seemed wise to encourage education, because it has become a common belief that a lack of education endangers the well-being of the state.
[228] Report of the Committee on Social Studies of the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education of the National Education Association, “The Social Studies in Secondary Education,” Bulletin, 1916, No. 28, Department of the Interior (Washington, 1916).
[229] According to a statement in The New York Times, March 30, 1924, the National Security League has been partly responsible for many enactments requiring the teaching of the federal constitution.
[230] General Laws of Vermont, 1917, ch. 60, sec. 1277, p. 301.
[231] Laws of Montana, 1917, ch. 128, par. 601, p. 309; Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas, 1919, ch. 158, par. 9066, p. 547. Accepted February 20, 1917.
[232] In 1921, New Hampshire included in her curriculum the study of history and civil government in a law to reinstate foreign languages as a study in the public schools. In 1919 history and civics were required for all schools. Laws of New Hampshire, 1921, ch. 85, sec. 10(3), p. 125; ibid., 1919, ch. 106, sec. 13(1). In 1918, Connecticut carried over a law from the Revision of 1902 prescribing United States history, General Statutes of Connecticut, 1918, ch. 44, sec. 835, Vol. I, p. 308. Pennsylvania incorporated a law of 1911 prescribing instruction in general history and civil government in her Statute Law of 1920, Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania, 1920, par. 5102, p. 470. In Kentucky, United States history, state history and civil government were required in 1918, carried over from a law of 1893. Statutes of Kentucky, 1918, art. III, par. 4383, Vol. III, p. 866; Laws, 1916, ch. 24, art. III, sec. 24, p. 162. In Texas in the Compiled Statutes of 1920, was again included a law requiring the teaching of civil government and state and national history. Statutes of Texas, 1920, art. 2783, p. 467.
[233] Laws of Delaware, 1919, 2283, sec. 11, p. 356. This is found also in Laws, Special Session, 1920, 97th Assembly, sec. 12, Vol. XXXI, p. 113.
[234] General Laws of Alabama, 1919, art. 3, p. 571; Acts of Georgia, 1919, sec. 18, p. 295.
[235] Compilation of the Statutes of Tennessee, 1917, art. XV, 1453, Vol. I, p. 983, ibid., 1454.
[236] Statutes of Texas, op. cit.
[237] Laws of South Dakota, 1919, sec. 7511, p. 154.
[238] Laws of California, 1917, ch. 549, p. 728. Approved May 18, 1917. It was the same for the social studies for the elementary schools in 1921. Statutes, 1921, ch. 486, p. 739. A law of Illinois in which instruction was to be devoted to “raising the standard of good citizenship” was passed in 1909, and was still on the statute books in 1917. Revised Statutes, 1917, p. 273.
[239] Revised Code of South Dakota, 1919, par. 7660, p. 1917. Source 1918, ch. 39.
[240] Statutes of Texas, 1920, art. 2904, aa, p. 492. Acts, 1918, ch. 17, sec. 1, p. 29.
[241] Ibid., approved March 20, 1918.
[242] Laws of New York, 1918, ch. 241, art. XXVI-C, secs. 705, 706, pp. 886-887. See the discussion under Oaths of Allegiance as Teacher Requirement for a statement regarding the repeal of the Lusk Law.
[243] General Acts of Massachusetts, 1918, pp. 294-295; Acts, 1920, ch. 411, p. 418. General Statutes of Connecticut, 1918, ch. 45, sec. 852, Vol. I, p. 312. In 1903, Connecticut was a pioneer in this form of law, which was slightly changed in 1915. At this time it was prescribed that normal schools and teacher training schools should give instruction concerning methods of teaching citizenship, including the knowledge of the form of the national and local governments. Connecticut left her law of 1915 unchanged in her General Statutes of 1918.
[244] Acts of New Jersey, 1919, ch. 125, p. 304.
[245] Laws of Pennsylvania, 1919, sec. 1607, pp. 544-545. Amends an act of May 18, 1911. In 1921 the law relating to courses of instruction for public and private elementary schools was amended but carried with it the requirement of United States history, history of Pennsylvania, and civics including “loyalty to the state and national government.” Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Public Instruction, The School Law ... 1921, sec. 1607, p. 116.
[246] Laws of Ohio, 1919, secs. 7645 and 7762, p. 542. Approved June 6, 1919. Acts of Iowa, 1919, ch. 406, p. 535. Approved April 25, 1919. Private as well as public schools were included. Laws of Kansas, 1919, ch. 257, secs. 2 and 3, p. 352; Session Laws of Washington, 1919, p. 50. Alabama in 1919 added community civics to her elementary school curriculum but merely enumerated her subjects. General Laws of Alabama, 1919, art. 3, sec. 7, p. 571.
[247] Laws of Maryland, 1920, ch. 656, p. 1248.
[248] Resolves of Maine, 1921, ch. 25, p. 27.
[249] Laws of New Hampshire, 1921, ch. 85, sec. 5(3), p. 114.
[250] Acts of Michigan, 1921, no. 209, secs. 1, 2. Cf. Iowa’s law of 1921, page 80.
[251] Wisconsin Session Laws, 1921, ch. 81, p. 152. Amends sec. 40. 30.
[252] Laws of Illinois, 1921 (House Bill, no. 483), pp. 820-821.
[253] Acts of Iowa, 1921 (S. F. 770), pp. 81-82; Laws of Nebraska, 1921, ch. 53, sec. 6924, p. 230.
[254] Acts of Oklahoma, 1921, ch. 112, secs. 1, 2, 3, 4. The state superintendent of instruction had power of enforcement. In case of a violation a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $500 or imprisonment in the county jail for not less than thirty days nor more than six months, or both, may be the penalty. A teacher is subject to discharge or removal in case of malfeasance and a college (corporation) is liable to a revocation of its charter.
[255] Laws of Colorado, 1921, ch. 216, p. 728. Approved April 5, 1921.
[256] Acts of Arizona, 1921, ch. 140, sec. 1, p. 312.
[257] Statutes of Nevada, 1921, p. 28 (Senate Bill No. 43).
[258] Laws of New Mexico, 1921, ch. 172, p. 364. See law of 1912, page 52.
[259] Statutes of California, 1921, ch. 486, p. 739. See page 43.
[260] Acts of Virginia, 1922, p. 69 (amending section 702 of the Code). Virginia School Laws, 1923, p. 41; Public Laws of Rhode Island, 1922, ch. 2195, sec. 17.
[261] Laws of Utah, 1921, ch. 95, p. 284. Approved March 5, 1921.
[262] Laws of Nevada, 1917, ch. 146, p. 245. Approved March 21, 1917. This was less than one month before the United States entered the World War, and the avowal of service in peace or in war, therefore, acquires a peculiar significance. See page 81 for Nevada’s law of 1921.
[263] Compiled Statutes of Idaho, 1919, p. 269, par. 944. From the Political Code, 1901, sec. 1067, Vol. I, p. 329. See page 21 for the first discussion of the law.
[264] “In all public schools of this state it shall be the duty of each and every teacher to teach morality, for the purpose of elevating and refining the character of school children up to the highest plane of life; that they may know how to conduct themselves as social beings in relation to each other, as respects right and wrong and rectitude of life, ...” Statutes of Wisconsin, 1917, 40. 30 (5), p. 376.
[265] Statement of the Arkansas law. Cf. Oklahoma law passed in 1921, page 80.
[266] Digest of School Laws ... of Arkansas ... 1923, p. 166. Approved March 23, 1923, this law provides that no person can graduate from high school without at least one full year’s work in American history and civics. School Laws of Mississippi, 1924, ch. 283, p. 3; School Laws of Ohio, 1923, p. 41; Public School Laws of Tennessee ... 1923, p. 35; Acts of West Virginia, 1923, ch. 10, sec. 92, p. 40; State of Kansas, Senate Bill No. 13, repealing Sec. 72-1103 of the Revised Statutes of Kansas, 1923.
[267] Laws of Alabama, 1923, p. 87, approved July 27, 1923; School Laws of the State of Idaho (1923), p. 57; Acts of New Jersey, 1923, ch. 17, p. 17; Laws of Oregon, 1923, ch. 7, sec. 102; Laws of Utah, 1923, ch. 4, approved January 27, 1923; Laws of New York, 1924, ch. 64, article 26-d, sec. 707, approved March 24, 1924. School Laws of Delaware, 1923, pp. 62-63. The Public School Law of North Carolina Codification of 1923, p. 120.
[268] School Legislation of the Thirty-Eighth Legislature (of Texas), pp. 36-37. The Texas requirement comes through a resolution of the Senate of the state with the House of Representatives concurring, because “the American Bar Association, the Texas Bar Association, the bar associations of various other states, as well as other patriotic societies, are advocating the teaching of the Constitutions of the United States and of the several states in the public schools.”
[269] Laws of Minnesota, 1923, ch. 291, p. 388. Approved April 17, 1923.
[270] Laws of New Mexico, 1923, ch. 148, sec. 1417, p. 325; also New Mexico School Code, 1923, p. 34.
[271] Statutes of California, 1923, ch. 176, secs. 1 and 2. Georgia School Code ... 1923, p. 70, approved August 20, 1923.
[272] The following provide that the course start not later than the eighth grade: Statutes of California, 1923, ch. 176; Laws of Alabama, 1923, p. 87, law approved July 27, 1923; School Laws of Delaware, 1923, pp. 62-63, approved March 14, 1923; School Laws of the State of Idaho (1923), p. 57; Laws of Minnesota, 1923, ch. 291, p. 388, approved April 17, 1923; Oregon School Laws, 1923, p. 39, Laws, 1923, ch. 7, sec. 102; Public School Laws of Tennessee, 1923, p. 35, Laws of Tennessee, 1923, ch. 17, sec. 1, pp. 61-62. In New Jersey, the seventh grade is prescribed for the beginning of the study. Acts of New Jersey, 1923, ch. 17, p. 17. In Arkansas, it is required that “such teaching shall commence in the lowest primary grade,” but Arkansas history may be substituted for American history in one of the grades. Digest of School Laws of Arkansas, op. cit.
[273] Congressional Record, 68th Cong., 2d Sess., Vol. LXVI, No. 77, pp. 5396-5398. The five states not enacting social study laws for the curriculum (1917 to 1924) are Florida, Maryland, Missouri, North Dakota, and South Carolina.
[274] Few states during this period have enacted new laws requiring the examination of teachers in the social studies. Nevada, by a law of 1921, has required United States history, civics and current events for elementary school certificates. Laws of Nevada, 1921, ch. 208, sec. 25, p. 302. In 1923, Tennessee prescribed that all persons applying for a certificate to become teachers or superintendents in the public schools must pass a satisfactory examination upon the provisions and the principles of the Constitution of the United States. Laws of Tennessee, 1923, ch. 17, sec. 2. Washington, likewise, by an enactment of 1923, has prescribed United States history for a standard elementary certificate. Laws of Washington, 1923, p. 579. Florida, in 1923, enacted legislation requiring United States history, including the Constitution of the United States for primary and third grade certificates, civics for second grade, and general history, in addition to the other social studies for a first grade license. Compilation of School Laws of Florida, 1923, Supplement, pp. 4-5. Maryland, in 1922, required United States and Maryland history and community civics for elementary school certificates. Maryland Public School Laws, 1922, p. 40. See pages 52-56. Iowa, in 1924, made mandatory a knowledge of “the fundamental principles of a republican form of government and the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Iowa.” Code of Iowa, 1924, ch. 193, sec. 3862. Kansas, in 1925, prescribed United States history and civil government for certification. See Senate Bill No. 13, 1925.
[275] Public Acts of Michigan, 1915, p. 13.
[276] Statutes of Nevada, 1915, ch. 274, secs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Approved March 26, 1915.
[277] Statutes of California, 1915, approved May 20, 1915. School Laws of California, 1921, p. 203. This law does not forbid aliens to teach in colleges and universities.
[278] See page 76. Laws of New York, 1917, ch. 416, par. 568, Vol. II, p. 1280.
[279] Ibid., 1919, ch. 120, 3, p. 218. Law, March 31, 1919. Ibid., 1918, ch. 158, par. 550, p. 749. Approved April 4, 1918.
[280] Ibid., 1921, par. 555a, Vol. III, p. 2048.
[281] Ibid.
[282] Laws of Washington, 1919, sec. 1, p. 82; Laws of Nebraska, 1919, ch. 250, sec. 1, p. 1020; Acts of Michigan, 1919 (no. 220), sec. 1, p. 392; Laws of Tennessee, 1919, ch. 91, p. 223; Compiled Statutes of Idaho, 1919, par. 946, Vol. I, p. 270. Idaho, in her Laws of 1921, has another enactment, but it has the same purpose; Laws of 1921, sec. 77, p. 464. Laws of Montana, 1919, ch. 196, sec. 18, p. 429, amending law of 1905, by which any teacher holding a certificate and not a citizen was given time (six months) to declare his intention. Political Code, ch. 77, sec. 1912, p. 167. For California’s law see School Law of California, 1921, p. 203. North Dakota’s previous citizenship requirement is discussed on page 34. See Laws of North Dakota, 1921, ch. 111, p. 90. According to letters received from the state superintendents of Mississippi and Maryland, aliens are not permitted to teach in those states.
[283] Laws of Ohio, 1919, supplements 7852 of General Code, sec. 7852-1, p. 514. Laws of Colorado, 1921, ch. 213, sec. 1, p. 719. Laws of Oregon, 1921, ch. 115, p. 226, approved February 18, 1921.
[284] Statutes of Nevada, 1921, sec. 38, p. 303. Approved March 22, 1921. This was required of all teachers paid by the state, even those in the University.
[285] Acts of Oklahoma, 1921, ch. 15, p. 141. Approved March 24, 1921.
[286] The School Law of West Virginia, 1923, p. 44. According to the superintendents of public instruction in Rhode Island and Kansas a pledge to support the national and state constitutions is a requirement in those states for all teachers. See Teachers’ Pledge of Loyalty, Rhode Island Public Education Service, and Teachers Contract, State of Kansas.
[287] Laws of South Dakota, 1921, ch. 210, p. 317. Approved February 1, 1921. This law became effective at once, because it was “necessary for the immediate preservation of the public safety and for the support of the state government and its existing public institutions.”
[288] Oklahoma School Laws, 1923, p. 18; Acts of Oklahoma, 1921, ch. 15, sec. 2, p. 141. California Assembly Bill, No. 1329, 1923, sec. 6. “Any teacher or official of any educational institution in California who shall teach or speak before his or her pupils or public gatherings of an educational nature, or publicly, slightingly or contemptuously of the Constitution of the United States, or of the framers thereof, or of the men who founded this republic, or helped preserve and defend it, or its heroes and patriots, or shall teach un-American principles, or fail to carry out and support the spirit of this act according to its true intent and meaning, shall be deemed to have voluntarily violated his or her contract or oath of office and shall be automatically removed if the charges are proven....” See page 102 for the section of the bill relating to textbooks.
[289] 68th Congress, Public—No. 595—H. R. 12033. An act making appropriations for the government of the District of Columbia and other activities chargeable in whole or in part against the revenues of such District for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, and for other purposes. According to The World Tomorrow, “Missouri attached a rider to its last appropriation bill forbidding State colleges and schools to employ any person ‘who teaches, or advocates in public and private that the citizens of this State should not protect the government of the United States from aggression by other nations.’” The World Tomorrow, Vol. VIII (June, 1925), p. 186.
[290] Statute Law of Pennsylvania, 1920, art. XXVIII, par. 5393, p. 494. Public Laws, 1911, art. XXVIII, par. 2801, p. 309, May 18. This is quite the opposite of Arkansas’ law which prescribed that all teachers must believe in a “Supreme Being.”
[291] General Acts of Massachusetts, 1913, ch. 628, p. 556. Approved May 8, 1913.
[292] Ibid., 1917, ch. 84, p. 76. A fine of no more than fifty dollars could be imposed for violation of this law.
[293] Laws of New Jersey, 1918, ch. 44, sec. 2, p. 131. Laws have been passed in California, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Mississippi, and West Virginia.
[294] Socrates is an example of one who, in ancient times, was penalized for holding doctrines then unacceptable.
[295] Laws of Maryland, 1918, ch. 75, sec. 1, 176a, p. 121. Approved April 10, 1918.
[296] Ibid., 1920, ch. 381, sec. 1, p. 665. Approved April 16, 1920. In Michigan all applicants for an eighth grade diploma have been required to pass an examination on “the first verse of the Star Spangled Banner and the words of America.” General School Laws of Michigan, 1923, p. 107, am. 1919, act 72 (275), par. 5824, sec. 2.
[297] Acts of Oklahoma, 1921, ch. III, p. 137. Approved March 24, 1921.
[298] Laws of Minnesota, 1917, ch. 108, sec. 1, p. 135. Approved March 26, 1917.
[299] General Laws of Alabama, 1919, no. 733, p. 1083. See page 62 for a law of Oregon passed in 1921.
[300] Public School Law of North Carolina, pt. XIII, art. 38, sec. 367.
[301] School Laws of Oklahoma, 1923, p. 69; Session Laws, 1921, sec. 342.
[302] Laws of Washington, 1921, ch. 56, p. 171. “Victory and Admission Day.” California added Armistice Day to her legal holidays in 1921, likewise including “Admission Day” on September ninth. Statutes of California, 1921, ch. 350, p. 481. School Law of West Virginia, 1923, p. 32.
[303] Laws of Maryland, 1920, pp. 1448-1449.
[304] Laws of Wisconsin, 1923, ch. 337, amending section 40.28 of the statutes.
[305] Educational Laws of North Dakota, 1923, ch. 282, p. 45. See page 62 for Oregon’s law of 1921 setting aside Columbus Day for observance.
[306] General School Laws of Michigan, 1923, p. 107.
[307] Laws of South Dakota, 1921, ch. 144, secs. 1, 2, pp. 235-236. The certificates were to be presented with proper ceremony at some place where there were patriotic addresses and music. Approved March 8, 1921. In South Dakota an observance of “Frances Willard Day,” besides the recognition of the benefits of prohibition, had the additional duty of stimulating “patriotism and civic improvements.” Revised Code, 1919, par. 7662. Washington set aside January sixteenth as “Temperance and Good Citizenship Day” for studying the biographies of great leaders in “temperance and good citizenship.” Session Laws of Washington, 1923, ch. 76, p. 236.
[308] Acts of Georgia, 1919, sec. 18, p. 295; Laws of Florida, 1917, ch. 7374 (no. 116), p. 230, added to United States history, history of the state and civil government, Laws of 1911-12, for high schools American history and civil government, English history, and general history; General Laws of Alabama, 1919, art. 23, p. 634; Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas, 1921, par. 9066, p. 2330, also Laws, 1921, act 285, p. 328 for regular grade work; Compilation of Laws of Tennessee, 1917, art. XVII, 1461a 24, Vol. I, p. 993, also Laws, 1919, ch. 142, sec. 3, p. 525, Sen. Bill no. 506; Code of West Virginia, 1916, ch. 45, par. 155a, p. 594. General history was also included. Public School Law of North Carolina, 1923, p. 87, art. 30, sec. 322.
[309] Laws of Georgia, 1918, p. 919 (no. 60). This is probably an outgrowth of the movement found in the previous period to teach history and government from a pro-Southern viewpoint.
[310] Laws of New York, 1918, 674, p. 892, approved April 17, 1918.
[311] Laws of New Hampshire, 1921, ch. 85, sec. 13, p. 125.
[312] Acts of Georgia, 1919, p. 295; General Laws of Alabama, 1919, p. 634; Compilation of Laws of Tennessee, 1917, 1461a 24, Vol. I, p. 993; Statutes and Amendments Code of California, 1917, ch. 552, 1607, p. 736.
[313] For a full discussion see chapter VII.
[314] “..., the state superintendent shall fix a time for a public hearing upon such a complaint, which shall not be more than thirty days from the date of filing said complaint, and shall be conducted by the state superintendent or the assistant state superintendent, or by one of the state inspectors of schools, to be designated by the superintendent, and which hearing shall be held at the county seat of the county where the complainants reside. Notice of such hearing shall be given at least ten days prior to the date thereof through the public press and by registered mail to the complainants, the school board interested and to the publishers of such textbooks.” Laws of Wisconsin, 1923, ch. 21, sec. 40.30. Massachusetts House Bill No. 718. “An Act relative to Certain Textbooks in the Public Schools.”
[315] Oregon School Laws, 1923, ch. III, sec. 571, p. 169.
[316] Assembly Bill (California) No. 1329, introduced by Mr. Ball.
[317] State of New York, 3d Rdg. 652, Nos. 602, 1781, 1997, Int. 581. In Senate, February 7, 1923.
[318] State of New York: No. 1186, Int. 1086. In Senate, March 5, 1924. Introduced by Mr. Higgins.
[319] The New York Times, March 19, 1924.
[320] Assembly, No. 14 (with Amendments), State of New Jersey. Introduced January 8, 1924, by Mr. Williams. (For the Speaker.) The bill provided also that any forty citizens of a school district could file complaints against histories and a public hearing should be held within thirty days.
[321] The New York Times, February 12, 1924. The endorsement given this bill by patriotic and fraternal groups is treated on pages 275-276.
[322] Ibid., April 19, 1923, The Freeman, Vol. VII (May 2, 1923), p. 170. The Oklahoma legislature of 1923 forbade the use of textbooks teaching the “‘Materialistic Conception of History’ (i.e.) The Darwinian Theory of Creation vs. the Bible Account of Creation.” Approved March 24, 1923. House Bill No. 197. The use of the term “materialistic conception of history” is interesting in this connection.
[323] Among the states which have Americanization laws that have no specific statement prescribing the teaching of American citizenship are Alabama, Connecticut, Iowa, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Virginia and West Virginia. Most of these laws were enacted in 1919, some prescribing the establishment of classes for uneducated adults, others specifying Americanization courses. In North Carolina, there is a law to remove illiteracy, and in New Mexico the schools are to give “nocturnal courses of instruction.” These laws are not discussed because they do not provide for the teaching of citizenship. One of the earliest evening schools was in Massachusetts, 1886, where United States history was one of the prescribed subjects. Supplement to Public Statutes of Massachusetts, 1882-1888, ch. 174, p. 117, “An Act for the Establishment and Maintenance of Evening Schools.”
[324] Statutes of California, 1917, ch. 552, p. 742.
[325] Ibid., 1919, ch. 605, sec. 4, p. 1049.
[326] Ibid., 1921, ch. 489, p. 742. Approved May 27, 1921.
[327] Laws of New York, 1918, ch. 415, pp. 1257-1258.
[328] Ibid., 1921, ch. 327, Vol. II, p. 1037.
[329] General Laws Relating to Education, Massachusetts, 1923, p. 18. “Education and Protection of Aliens,” 1917, 321, par. 2; 1919, 350, par. 59; 1920, 72.
[330] Acts of Arizona, 1918, ch. 10, sec. 1, p. 29 (Sen. Bill No. 19). In 1921 a bill for the education of foreigners in the public schools was passed.
[331] Laws of Maine, 1919, ch. 148, p. 148. Revision of ch. 116, sec. 137. Approved April 1, 1919.
[332] Laws of New Hampshire, 1919, ch. 106, secs. 5 and 30, pp. 157, 165. Also Laws, 1921, ch. 85, sec. 5, p. 113.
[333] Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1919, ch. 1802, sec. 2, p. 212.
[334] Laws of Pennsylvania, 1919, no. 311.
[335] Laws of Delaware, 1919, ch. 158, sec. 1, p. 452; also by a similar law approved April 7, 1921, Laws, 1921, ch. 165, p. 550. For California, see page 106.
[336] General Laws of Minnesota, 1919, for ch. 356 of General Laws, 1917.
[337] Session Laws of Oklahoma, 1919, ch. 135, p. 467. Approved March 10, 1919.
[338] Laws of Utah, 1919, ch. 93, sec. 4, p. 285. Approved March 20, 1919. This law was added to in 1921 with a provision for fees.
[339] Laws of Montana, 1919, ch. 38, sec. 1, p. 91. Approved February 21, 1919.
[340] Acts of New Jersey, 1920, ch. 197, p. 387.
[341] General Laws of Ohio, 1921, sec. 7761-3, p. 101; General Laws of Idaho, 1921, p. 418; Session Laws of Wyoming, ch. 127, sec. 1, p. 188; General Laws of Oregon, 1921, ch. 87, sec. 1, p. 139 (S. B. 171).
[342] Ibid. New York and Arizona also have laws in 1921. See page 106.
[343] State of Michigan, Department of Public Instruction, Explanation of School Laws of Michigan, Supplement to Bulletin No. 13. Published 1921, p. 7.