[130] This period recognized the importance of vocational training as an important function of the public school, and developed an interest in other “expression subjects.” The content subjects were also expanded and liberalized. According to Cubberley, “The modern school aims to train pupils for greater social usefulness and to give them a more intelligent grasp of the social and industrial, as well as the moral and civic structure of our modern democratic life.” Cubberley, Ellwood P., Public Education in the United States (Boston, 1919), p. 370.

[131] Only the outstanding committee reports are mentioned. Cf. Johnson, op. cit. An N. E. A. committee report appeared in 1916 but played no part in the social studies curriculum of the period. It expressed, however, the practical and social viewpoint of the time.

[132] Eighteen states.

[133] See chapter VI for a discussion of the activities of the G. A. R. in the North and of pro-Southern groups in the South to direct the content of history textbooks.

[134] Laws of Vermont, 1900, no. 25, p. 19. The law of 1912 was substantially the same as that of 1900. Laws, 1912, sec. 1016, p. 68.

[135] Laws of Vermont, 1902, no. 27, sec. 3, p. 39; ibid., 1904, no. 137, sec. 4, p. 62; Public Statutes, 1906, ch. 47, sec. 1016, p. 277.

[136] Public Statutes of Vermont, 1906, ch. 46, sec. 1003, p. 275. Cf. Laws, 1888, ch. 5, sec. 95, p. 24.

[137] Public Acts of Vermont, 1915, sec. 44, p. 131.

[138] Supplement to the Public Statutes of New Hampshire, 1901-1913, p. 17 (1901, ch. 96, sec. 4, 1903, 31:1; 1903, 118:2; 1905, 19:1).

[139] Supplement to the Public Statutes of New Hampshire, 1901-1913, ch. 92, sec. 6, p. 172. (Laws, 1903, 31:2; 1909, 49:1; 1911, 136:2.)

[140] Public Acts of Connecticut, 1903, ch. 96, p. 65; General Statutes, 1918, ch. 45, sec. 852, Vol. I, p. 312.

[141] Laws of Delaware, 1911, p. 197; Revised Statutes, 1915, ch. 71, 2289, sec. 17, p. 1102; ibid., ch. 71, 2288, sec. 16, p. 1100.

[142] Laws of Pennsylvania, 1911, sec. 1607, p. 394.

[143] Kentucky Statutes, 1909, ch. 113, par. 4421a (2), p. 1765; also Acts, 1904, p. 11. This law was on the statute books in 1909; also Acts, 1916, ch. 24, art. III, par. 24, p. 173. Code of Virginia, 1904, ch. 66, sec. 1497, p. 810; Acts, 1906, par. 1497, p. 443. Public Laws of North Carolina, 1901, ch. 4, sec. 37; 1905, ch. 533, s9; 1907, ch. 641, s853, 957; Revised Code, 1908, ch. 89, par. 4060, Vol. II, p. 2049; ibid., 1913, par. 1383, Vol. I, p. 332.

[144] Code of South Carolina, 1902, sec. 1201, Vol. I, p. 462; ibid., 1912, sec. 1731, Vol. I, p. 480. Cf. page 16.

[145] General Laws of Texas, 1905, sec. 100, p. 289; McEachon’s Annotated Civil Statutes, 1913, art. 2783, Vol. II, p. 1114. The same subjects are required through 1913.

[146] Code of Alabama, 1907, 1685 (4), Vol. I, p. 741 See page 17 for the same law in the Code of 1897.

[147] Code of Georgia, 1910, ch. 4, art. 4, sec. 3, par. 1464, Vol. I, p. 376. The law was passed in 1903.

[148] Code of West Virginia, 1916, ch. 45, par. 78, p. 578; substantially the same in Acts, 1872, ch. 123; 1881, ch. 15; 1887, ch. 3; 1891, ch. 63; 1895, ch. 36; 1908, ch. 27; 1915, ch. 56.

[149] Compiled Laws of Florida, 1914, 390, art. 4, Vol. I, p. 141; Laws, 1905, ch. 5382, sec. 6, p. 34, also Laws, 1903, p. 180.

[150] Laws of Florida, 1909, ch. 5938, p. 126 (No. 69).

[151] Constitution and Revised Laws of Louisiana, 1876 to 1902 (Act 214, 1902), sec. 23, p. 612; again ibid., 1908, p. 45; Annotated Revision, 1915, 2532, sec. 16, Vol. I, p. 846. The law was unchanged in the Revisions of 1908 and of 1915.

[152] Laws of Mississippi, 1916, ch. 187 (4540), p. 277.

[153] General and Local Acts of Ohio, 1904, sec. 4007-1, p. 359.

[154] Ibid., 1910, p. 103.

[155] Code of Ohio, 1910, sec. 7648, sec. 7649, p. 1622.

[156] General and Local Acts of Ohio, 1911, sec. 7830, p. 130. Repealed February 17, 1914. Ibid., 1914, p. 109.

[157] Revised Statutes of Illinois, 1913, ch. 122, 509, p. 2267. In force July 1, 1909. Again found, Revised Statutes, 1917, ch. 122, 509, p. 2736.

[158] Statutes of Wisconsin, 1917, 40, 30, p. 375; ibid., 1915, ch. 27s. 447 (1863, c155 s55; 1866, c111 s6; 1869, c50 s1; 1871, c14 s1; R. S. 1878, s447; Suppl., 1906, s447; 1907, c118, 200; 1911, c409). Statutes of Wisconsin, 1913, ch. 27 s553 p-5, p. 335; ibid., 1917, s41.17 (1), p. 411. This law was repealed in 1917. The requirement was the same in 1915. Ibid., 1915, c275, s553, p-5, p. 335. In Wisconsin, in normal training courses in the high school, American history was required for at least one semester in the eleventh and twelfth grades.

[159] Revised Laws of Minnesota, 1915, ch. 14, 1340, p. 273. General Statutes, 1913, 2299, p. 629; General Laws, 1895, ch. 17, sec. 2, p. 138. This legislation had been preceded by legislation of 1895, prescribing civil government for county schools.

[160] Laws of Indiana, 1907, ch. 192, p. 324. Burns’ Annotated Statutes, 1914, 6582 (5984), Vol. III, p. 384, and 6584, p. 385.

[161] Ibid.

[162] Compiled Laws of South Dakota, 1903, 2378, p. 432. The teaching of civil government and United States history in the common schools.

[163] Revised Code of North Dakota, 1913, par. 1383, Vol. I, p. 332. The requirement included American history and civil government.

[164] Laws of Kansas, 1903, ch. 435, p. 672. History of United States and Kansas history. Laws, 1913, ch. 271, p. 454, added civil government. General Statutes, 1915, ch. 105, art. 5, par. 8985, p. 1818, for district schools, history of the United States and of Kansas.

[165] Revised Statutes of Nebraska, 1913, ch. 71, art. X, 6839, sec. 140, p. 1907.

[166] Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1909, par. 10852, and ibid., 1919, par. 11218, and ibid., 1909, par. 10923, Vol. III, p. 3400 respectively. The last law is also in Session Laws, 1903, p. 264; ibid., 1909, p. 770.

[167] Laws of Oklahoma, 1905, p. 378; Compiled Laws, 1909, sec. 8233, p. 1664.

[168] Revised Laws of Oklahoma, 1910, art. III, 7667, Vol. II, p. 2084; Session Laws, 1907-8, p. 14.

[169] Session Laws of Oregon, 1911, ch. 58, sec. 59, p. 96.

[170] Session Laws of Wyoming, 1913, Senate File No. 41, p. 45.

[171] Ibid., 1917, ch. 123, p. 215.

[172] Statutes of California, 1903, par. 1874: 2, p. 195; Codes and Statutes, 1905, par. 1874: 2, Vol. I, p. 451, Statutes, 1907, p. 70; Consolidated Supplement to Kerr’s Cyclopedia, 1913, par. 1665, p. 194. Cf. page 20.

[173] Revised Laws of the Territory of Arizona, 1901, 2214 (sec. 85), p. 602. This is the same as Laws of 1885, p. 157, also Revised Statutes, 1887, 1553, sec. 81, p. 284.

[174] Laws of New Mexico, 1911, ch. 41, p. 68. Approved June 8, 1912. Also Annotated Statutes, 1915, par. 4958, sec. 152, Vol. II, p. 1429.

[175] Codes of California, 1905, 1772, Vol. I, p. 426, grammar school certificates; United States history and civil government were also required for this certificate. Compiled Statutes of Idaho, 1919, par. 986, Vol. I, p. 276; first grade certificate, with a choice of medieval and modern history or English history added to American history and civics required for other certificates. Session Laws, 1911, p. 448; ibid., 1915, p. 333; repealed in session 1921, Laws, 1921, p. 473. General Laws of Oregon, 1911, ch. 58, sec. 9, p. 89; for state certificate, general history was required. Revised Laws of Minnesota, 1905, ch. 14, 1354, p. 275, for professional certificates, ancient, medieval, English, and American history. General Laws of Wisconsin, 1919, ch. 601, first grade, modern history and United States history, history of Wisconsin, rural economics. Laws of Ohio, 1919, sec. 7831-2, p. 685, modern history, general history, economics, sociology, civics, among sixteen branches from which five were to be chosen for high school certificates. Laws of Missouri, 1911, sec. 10939, p. 408, first grade certificate, giving a choice of ancient, medieval or modern or English history for examination. Laws of Texas, 1921, ch. 129, sec. 108a, p. 243, high school certificate civil government, ancient and modern history, and for elementary certificate of second class, United States history and Texas history.

[176] Compiled Statutes of Idaho, op. cit. Statutes of Nevada, 1912, ch. 114, p. 156, also Revised Laws, 1912, sec. 3263, Vol. I, p. 947, general history, United States history, civil government, current events for the first and second grade elementary certificates; sec. 3262, high school certificates; civil government, general history, United States history, with a selection of English history out of a group of subjects. Laws of Kansas, 1915, ch. 298, sec. 14, p. 392, first grade certificate, also in Laws, 1911, ch. 277, sec. 2, p. 506; ibid., 1913, ch. 268, p. 450. Statutes of Wisconsin, 1913, sec. 450-3, first grade certificate required English history, history of United States, civil government, local and national; for the third grade, the latter two were required.

[177] Code of West Virginia, 1916, ch. 45, par. 87, elementary certificates, Laws, 1919, p. 87. Annotated Revision of Louisiana, 1915, 2572 (sec. 1, art. 55, 1906, Vol. I, p. 88), state teachers’ certificate. Laws of Texas, 1905, sec. 118, p. 293, permanent certificate and first grade. Revised Statutes of Illinois, 1913, ch. 122, 541, third to first grade elementary certificate, also ibid., 1917, ch. 122, 541, Laws, 1919, p. 900. Revised Laws of Minnesota, 1905, ch. 14, 1354, p. 275, professional state certificates. Laws of Nebraska, 1919, ch. 70, sec. 3, p. 262, professional state and high school certificate; also Revised Statutes, 1913, ch. 71, art. XIII, 6859, sec. 158, professional state certificate (Laws, 1905, p. 559). Laws of South Dakota, 1919, p. 169, repeals provisions of Revised Code, 1919, sec. 3; for a life diploma, general history, economics or sociology; also general history, United States history, South Dakota history and civil government in a state certificate; Laws of 1905, sec. 2286, p. 136, and ibid., 1911, p. 170. Compiled Laws of Utah, 1907, par. 1767, pp. 684-685, and ibid., 1917, par. 4509, p. 914, state professional certificates for grammar grades and high school. Statutes of Nevada, 1912, ch. 80, p. 157, first grade elementary school certificate; ch. 114, sec. 24, high school certificates (approved bill March 17, 1913); also Statutes, 1912, high school and elementary school certificates; General Laws, 1914, sec. 7831, high school certificate general history and a choice in elective history. Session Laws of Washington, 1909, sec. 4644, p. 516, first grade elementary certificates and life certificates; ibid., 1911, ch. 16, sec. 4, p. 51, life certificates. Political Code of Idaho, 1901, ch. XXXVI, sec. 1028, Vol. I, p. 311, first, second and third grade certificates.

[178] Supplement to the Code of Iowa, 1902, sec. 2736, p. 315. Acts, 1906, ch. 122, sec. 4, p. 88, first grade certificate had been found as early as 1882. Laws of Nebraska, 1903, par. 5542, sec. 5; in 1919, political economy is not mentioned. Revised Statutes of Wyoming, 1899, sec. 627, p. 228; also Laws, 1901, ch. 57, p. 60.

[179] Compiled Laws of South Dakota, 1913, par. 13, Vol. I, p. 565, for life certificates.

[180] Statutes of Wisconsin, 1915, ch. 27s. 450-2, p. 272. Digest of Statutes of Arkansas, 1921, par. 9022, rural teachers’ certificate (Act of March 28, 1917).

[181] Compiled Laws of South Dakota, 1913, par. 55, Vol. I, p. 572; ibid., 1911, p. 413; Revised Statutes, 1919, par. 7392, p. 1847, for first grade certificate; also Laws, 1919, p. 170. Laws of Nevada, 1907, secs. 15, 16, 17, p. 383, “current news”; Statutes, 1921, ch. 208, sec. 25, elementary school certificate, first grade, “current events.”

[182] Statute Law of Pennsylvania, 1920, 5003, p. 462, professional and provisional certificates. Laws of Delaware, 1919, 2326-118, sec. 118, elementary school certificate; ibid., 1920, sec. 170, p. 190. Code of West Virginia, 1916 (all statutes in force), ch. 45, par. 87, p. 580, for elementary and first three grades of certificates; again in Laws, 1919, p. 87, ibid., 1921, sec. 104, elementary certificate. Statutes of Kentucky, 1918, ch. 113, art. XI, par. 4501, p. 941, for all certificates. Laws of Mississippi, 1916, ch. 188, 4543, p. 278, first and second grade licenses; also state licenses, Laws, 1908, p. 209. Code of Alabama, 1907, 1734, Vol. I, p. 757, the first three grades of certificates. Revised Laws of Oklahoma, 1910, 7923, Vol. II, p. 2153, the first three grades of licenses. McEachin’s Civil Statutes of Texas, 1913, articles 2799-2802, Vol. II, p. 1117, permanent certificates (also Sayles’ Civil Statutes, art. 3974, pp. 1419-20) and first, second, third grade certificates, and Laws, 1905, sec. 118, p. 293; ibid., 1921, p. 243. Laws of Wisconsin, 1919, ch. 601, 39.18 (1), 39.19 (1), and 39.20 (1), for first, second, and third grade certificates. Laws of South Dakota, 1919, p. 169, Compiled Laws of South Dakota, 1913, secs. 13 and 14, Vol. I, p. 565, life diploma, state, first, second, third grade certificates, and primary. Revised Statutes of Illinois, 1913, ch. 122, p. 2271, county certificates; ibid., 1917, ch. 122; Laws, 1919, p. 900, as well as Laws of 1903 and 1905. Laws of Kansas, 1915, ch. 298, p. 392, for the first, second and third grade certificates; ibid., 1913, ch. 268, p. 450; ibid., 1911, ch. 277, p. 506. Statutes of New Mexico, 1915, par. 4957, Vol. II, p. 1429, first and second grade certificates.

[183] Arizona prescribed for first and second grade certificates, civics and “history,” which probably meant American history. See Revised Laws, 1901, 2142 (sec. 13), p. 584.

[184] In Florida, for example, June 3 was made a holiday to “perpetuate in the minds of the people the purity of life, the intellectual ability, the heroic fortitude, and the patriotic character of Jefferson Davis.” Laws of Florida, 1891, ch. 4058, p. 99.

[185] See American History and Patriotic Program for all Schools of Oklahoma, issued by the State Department of Education, 1921, p. 7.

[186] Laws of New York, 1898, secs. 1, 2, 3, Vol. III, p. 1191; Revised Laws of Massachusetts, 1902, ch. 42, sec. 50, Vol. I, p. 474; Laws of Indiana, 1907, ch. 253, p. 537; Acts of Iowa, 1913, ch. 245, sec. 2, p. 264; Laws of Arizona, 1903, no. 19, p. 25.

[187] Burns’ Annotated Statutes of Indiana, 1914, 5852a, Vol. III, p. 385.

[188] Laws of Kansas, 1907, ch. 319, p. 493. The Iowa law, 1913, is much like this law. See Acts of Iowa, 1913, p. 264. The Grand Army of the Republic and the Woman’s Relief Corps were actively engaged in supplying schools with flags for the purpose of inculcating patriotism throughout this period.

[189] Acts of New Jersey, 1915, p. 904.

[190] Revised Statutes of Maine, 1916, ch. 16, sec. 52; Laws, 1907, ch. 182, p. 199; ibid., 1915, ch. 176.

[191] No attempt is made to treat legal holidays where the law requires observance by simply specifying the dates of such days. They are discussed only when the enactments indicate patriotic exercises to be held within the public schools, or where the purpose of teaching history through the observance of such days is stated.

[192] Laws of Kansas, 1886, ch. CXXV, p. 167. Approved February 18, 1886. Especially active in their desire for a proper observance of Memorial Day were the G. A. R., who in annual encampments frequently expressed a faith in it as a means for promoting patriotism as well as for memorializing the deeds of their comrades.

[193] Statutes of Vermont, 1894, no. 25, par. 685, p. 21; Public Statutes, 1906, ch. 46, sec. 1005, p. 275; General Laws, 1917, ch. 57, sec. 1240.

[194] Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts, 1890, ch. III, sec. 1, p. 94; Laws of New Hampshire, 1897, ch. 14, p. 16; also Laws, 1921, ch. 85, sec. 23, p. 127. The latter date in New Hampshire might indicate a reënactment. South Dakota, in 1921, specially designated Memorial Day as “Citizenship Day.” See page 98.

[195] Laws of New York, 1898, ch. 481, Vol. II, p. 1191. Laws of Arizona, 1903, no. 19, p. 25. Laws of Kansas, 1907, ch. 319, p. 493.

[196] Laws of New York, op. cit. Laws of Arizona, op. cit. Laws of Kansas, op. cit.

[197] Statutes of California, 1909, ch. 527, p. 861, approved April 13, 1909. Acts and Resolves of Maine, 1909, ch. 190, sec. 1, p. 190. Acts of New Mexico, 1909, ch. 121, sec. 7, p. 342. Acts of West Virginia, 1911, ch. 40, p. 117. Also in West Virginia Code, 1916, ch. 15, par. 1, p. 246. General Laws of Vermont, 1917, ch. 57, sec. 1241, p. 295.

[198] Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1914, ch. 1071, sec. 2, p. 110; also Acts, 1901, ch. 818, p. 55.

[199] This law was passed in 1911. Compiled Laws of Michigan, 1915, ch. 108 (5823), sec. 1, Vol. II, p. 2198. Non-compliance might cause the revocation of the teacher’s certificate by the county commissioner of schools or by the superintendent of public instruction.

[200] Laws of Maryland, 1904, sec. 47, p. 991. Acts and Resolves of Maine, 1913, ch. 195, sec. 88, p. 240.

[201] Ibid.

[202] Compiled Laws of Michigan, 1915, op. cit. General Laws of Oregon, 1921, ch. 41, p. 62. This law, although coming in 1921, possesses the characteristics of those of the earlier period. See page 93. Annotated Revision of Statutes of Louisiana, 1915, 2659, 2660, secs. 1, 2, Vol. I, p. 893. (Act 56, 1919, p. 92.) West Virginia in 1911, also, set aside October 12 for celebration in the common and graded schools. Laws, 1911, ch. 40, p. 117.

[203] Laws of New York, op. cit. Laws of Arizona, op. cit. Laws of Kansas, op. cit.

[204] Public Acts of Connecticut, 1905, ch. 146, p. 355. Approved June 16, 1905. This amended 2140 of the General Statutes.

[205] Proclamation of the Governor of New Jersey (E. C. Stokes). Laws, 1906, p. 787.

[206] Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts, 1897, p.628. This bill passed the Senate February 3, 1897, and the House on February 8, 1897.

[207] General Laws of Rhode Island, 1909, title X, ch. 64, sec. 8, p. 267.

[208] Code of South Carolina, 1912, par. 1810, Vol. I, p. 496. Laws, 1906, XXIII, 22; approved February 17, 1906.

[209] Code of Georgia, 1910, art. 7, par. 1528, Vol. I, p. 395. See page 96 for North Carolina’s law setting aside October twelfth for commemoration. The next chapter continues the discussion for laws passed after 1917.

[210] Digest of Arkansas Statutes, 1916, sec. 9654, p. 2166.

[211] Laws of Maryland, 1904, sec. 47, p. 991.

[212] Laws of Minnesota, 1911, ch. 81, sec. 1, p. 97. The day known as Minnesota Day was designated by the superintendent of public instruction by proclamation, the governor concurring.

[213] Laws of Montana, 1913, ch. XIV, 1400, p. 263. In this year the first Monday in November was named. A previous law, 1903, provided for an observance on the last Friday in May. (Laws, 1903, ch. LXXXVIII, p. 161.)

[214] Laws of Missouri, 1915, p. 301.

[215] Laws of Illinois, 1919, Sen. Bill, no. 238, p. 894. In a case such as this the law has been discussed here rather than in the following chapter. The chronological limits of the chapters have not always been strictly adhered to.

[216] Approved March 11, 1904. The law also prohibited “partisan” books. Laws of Mississippi, 1904, ch. 86 (S. B. no. 51), p. 116. Also Code, 1906, ch. 125, 4595, p. 1246. Cf. chapter VI for the activities of pro-Southern groups in this period.

[217] Ratified March 4, 1905, Laws of North Carolina, 1905, ch. 707, p. 863.

[218] Laws of Florida, 1915, ch. 6939 (no. 133), Vol. I, p. 311. Approved June 3, 1915. The appropriation was not available until each of eleven ex-Confederate states, or a majority of them, did likewise. The governor of Florida was appointed to communicate with other Southern governors about carrying out the act.

[219] Laws of Texas, 1907, ch. IX, p. 449. Approved May 14, 1907. The law of 1911 added general history to the list of books. Laws, 1911, ch. 11, sec. 4, p. 90.

[220] Code of Georgia, 1910, art. 1, sec. 2, par. 1439, Vol. I, p. 367. Also Laws, 1903, sec. 2, p. 54. Laws of Alabama, 1903, sec. 1, p. 167. Code of Mississippi, 1906, ch. 125, 4595, p. 1246. Laws of Kansas, 1915, ch. 297, p. 383.

[221] Annotated Revision of the Statutes of Louisiana, 1915, 2519, Vol. I, p. 841 (sec. 3, act 214, 1912, p. 465). The books were to remain unchanged for a period of six years. Laws of Indiana, 1913, ch. 58, p. 115. Laws of Kansas, 1915, ch. 297, p. 383. In Indiana, the price of the history of the United States to be used in the common schools, could not exceed 65 cents. Burns’ Annotated Statutes of Indiana, 1914, 6338 (5867), Vol. III, p. 253.

[222] Laws of Nevada, 1901, p. 50. Approved March 8, 1901.

[223] Revised Code of Idaho, 1908, sec. 574, Vol. I, p. 370; Laws of 1907, sec. 3, p. 477. (Sen. Bill no. 84. Approved March 14, 1907.) There was also found on the statute books Idaho’s previous stipulation prohibiting political documents in the schools. Compiled Statutes, 1919, Vol. I, p. 297.

[224] General Laws of California, 1913, ch. 482, art. 4542, p. 1713.

[225] Laws of Ohio, 1892, p. 241; also Code, 1910, sec. 7719, p. 1635.

[226] Statutes of New Mexico, 1915, par. 4959, sec. 153, Vol. II, p. 1429. Act of June 8, 1912. Legislation in West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin included the stereotyped restriction regarding “matter of a partisan character.” See Laws of West Virginia, 1909, ch. 23, sec. 4, p. 346; General Statutes of Oklahoma, 1908, sec. 6324, p. 1313, Laws of 1907, ch. 77, p. 681; Statutes of Wisconsin, 1913, ch. 27, sec. 553m-12, p. 319, ibid., 1915, ch. 27 s 553m-12, p. 330.

[227] Code of West Virginia, 1916, ch. 45, par. 165a, p. 599 (Acts of 1901, ch. 141).