INDEX
- Airy’s spirals, 197
- Alpine snow-field, 49
- Alum, ammonium iron, 43;
- Amethyst quartz, 222–229;
- as example of pseudo-racemism, 231, 232
- Ammonium chloride labile crystallisation, 248;
- iron alum, 43;
- NH4 group, and its isomorphism with alkalies, 82, 83, 131;
- oleate, liquid crystals of, 259–263;
- oleate, twins of, 262
- Ampère’s researches on ammonia, 83
- Anatase, crystal of, 37
- Antimony oxide, dimorphism of, 87, 88
- Apatite, crystal of, 37
- Aragonite, biaxial interference figure of, 189, 190
- Armstrong and Pope on sobrerol, 153
- Arsenic oxide, crystals of, 5, 88
- Astatic systems of molecular magnets of Lehmann, 271, 272
- Asymmetric carbon atom, 144, 145
- Axes and axial planes of crystals, 51, 55, 56
- Axial ratios, 129
- Babinet’s double-wedge quartz plate, 219
- Bacteria, destruction of one enantiomorphous form by, 149
- Barium nitrate, 152
- Barker, researches on perchlorates, 123
- Barlow, discovery of remainder of 230 point-systems, 118, 119, 140;
- and Pope’s theory, 285–292
- Bartolinus, Erasmus, 17
- Benzoic acid, screen experiment on crystallisation of, 229–231
- Bergmann and Gahn’s laws of cleavage, 18
- Berzelius and Mitscherlich, atomic weights and isomorphism, 80, 82, 83, 85
- Beudant’s researches on the vitriols, 75, 76
- Biaxial crystals, 60°-prisms and refractive indices of, 162, 163, 184;
- optic axes of, 185;
- optic axial angle of, 191
- Biot’s researches on tartaric and racemic acids, 143
- Biquartze, natural and artificial, 181, 211, 214, 216, 217
- Black band of quartz twins, 216–218
- Boisbaudran, Lecoq de, 238
- Boyle, Robert, 17
- Brauns, 254
- Bravais, 114;
- Brookite, 91
- Cæsalpinus, 15
- Cæsium alum, 42
- Calcite, crystals of, 10–13, 38;
- amount of double refraction of, 174;
- in rock sections, 177, 178;
- uniaxial interference figure of, 189, 190;
- plate perpendicular to axis of, 209;
- refractive indices of, 174;
- 60°-prism of, 165, 168
- Calcium carbonate, three habits of crystals of, 11
- Calcium dextro-glycerate, optical activity and crystal form of, 155–160
- Carangeot’s contact goniometer, 18–20
- Carbonate, calcium, 11, 87;
- Carbonates of alkaline earths, 74
- Carbon, dimorphism of, 137
- Carbon dioxide, liquid in quartz cavities, 46
- Cavendish, 23
- Chemical significance of crystallography, 73, 283, 284;
- valency and crystalline form, 285–291
- Cholesteryl benzoate, liquid crystals of, 258;
- acetate, spherical liquid crystals of, 281, 282
- Chromate, potassium, 84
- Chromates and manganates, isomorphism with sulphates, 84
- Classes, the 32 crystal, 6, 33
- Cleavage, 17;
- Cobalt sulphate, 78
- Conditions for growth of crystals, 240, 244, 245
- Constancy of crystal angles, 6, 13, 14, 17, 23, 132
- Convergent light experiments, 186, 188
- Copper sulphate, 40, 76, 78
- Coppet, de, 238
- Crookes, Sir William, 138, 208
- Crossed-axial-plane dispersion of optic axes, 89, 94, 95;
- of ethyl triphenyl pyrrholone, 106, 107, 108;
- of gypsum, 89
- Crystal, definition of, 4;
- germs and their influence on crystallisation, 236, 237
- Crystals, modes of formation of, 4, 5
- Cube and its perfection of symmetry, 38;
- Cubic system, 37
- Cyanide, potassium cadmium, crystals of, 42
- Dalton, 25
- Dark field of polariscope, 188, 202
- Davy, Sir Humphry, researches on ammonia, 82, 83
- Delafosse and morphotropy, 101
- Deville and Troost’s researches on tantalum chloride, 84, 85
- Diamond, 8, 137, 138, 207, 208
- Dibenzal benzidine, liquid crystals of, 264
- Digonal axis of symmetry, 36
- Dimensions of structural parallelepipeda, 129
- Dimorphism, 79, 87;
- of antimony oxide, 87, 88;
- of carbonate of lime, 79, 87;
- of mercuric iodide, 97;
- of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 80, 81;
- of sulphur, 86;
- of vitriols, 79
- Directive molecular force in crystallisation, 139, 269, 274–277
- Dog-tooth spar, 10–12
- Double refraction, interference colours due to, 176, 177;
- measure of, 169, 170;
- of biaxial crystals, 184;
- of uniaxial crystals, 183
- Double sulphates and selenates, 35, 79, 121, 127, 128, 132
- Dulong and Petit’s law, 84
- Electronic corpuscles, constituents of atoms, 113, 124
- Elements of a crystal, 68, 69
- Enantiomorphism and optical activity, 140;
- Epsom salts, 76, 78
- Ethyl triphenyl pyrrholone, 105, 106
- Eutropic series, definition of, 132
- External molecular compensation, 134, 234
- Extinction directions, 204, 205
- Fedorow, von, discovery of remainder of 230 point-systems, 118, 119, 140;
- Ferricyanide, potassium, 44
- Ferrocyanide, potassium, 43
- Ferrous sulphate, 76, 78
- Fletcher, indicatrix of, 184
- Fluorspar, single refraction of, 206
- Form, definition of a, 11, 60, 61
- Frankenheim on morphotropy, 101;
- discovery of space-lattices, 114
- Frankland and Frew, 155
- Fuchs, von, researches on sulphates of barium, strontium, and lead, 75, 77
- Fuess reflecting goniometer, 64–66
- Fundamentalbereich of Schönflies, 112, 113
- Gattermann, 258
- Gay-Lussac on alums, 77;
- on ammonia, 83;
- on racemic acid, 142
- Gernez, 238
- Gessner, 14
- Gmelin, researches on racemic acid, 142
- Goniometer, contact, 19, 20;
- Graphite, 137
- Groth, von, morphotropic researches, 98, 102–104
- Growth of a crystal, 1;
- Guglielmini, researches on crystal structure, 17
- Gypsum (selenite), cleavage of, 203;
- crystals of, 14;
- extinction directions of, 204;
- 60°-prism, experiment with, 163, 168;
- twins of in polarised light, 205, 206
- Habit of crystals, 12, 13
- Hardness of crystals, 255, 274
- Hatchett’s discovery of columbium, 85
- Haüy, 22;
- and Mitscherlich, 70, 75, 77, 88, 132;
- fundamental forms, 22, 23;
- law of constancy of form, 23;
- lattices, 29;
- law of rational indices, 24, 29, 30;
- modernisation of theories of, 30–32;
- molécules intégrantes, soustractives, and élémentaires, 25–28;
- structural units, 24
- Hemihedral classes of crystals, 34
- Hexagonal axes of symmetry, 36;
- Hexakis octahedron, 39;
- Hjortdahl and morphotropy, 101
- Holohedral classes of crystals, 34
- Homogeneity, 6, 16;
- Homogeneous structures, the 230 types of, 6, 111
- Hooke, Robert, 16
- Huyghens, 17;
- discovery of laws of double refraction, 17;
- investigation of calcite, 17
- Ice, crystalline form of, 47
- Iceland spar, discovery of, 17;
- Inactive tartaric acid, 144
- Inactivity, true optical, 235
- Indicatrix of Fletcher, 184
- Indices of crystal faces, 11
- Intercepts on crystal axes, 58
- Interference colours due to double refraction, 177;
- figures of biaxial and uniaxial crystals, 189–191
- Internal structure of crystals, 15, 111–120
- Iodide of mercury, dimorphism of, 97
- Isomerism, chemical and physical, 142, 143
- Isomorphism, Mitscherlich’s conferment of the term, 81;
- doctrine of, 81, 82;
- limitations of, 85;
- recent clearer definition of, 121–132
- Isotropic crystals, 206
- John of Berlin’s discovery of racemic acid, 142
- Kipping and Pope, definition of racemism and pseudo-racemism, 153, 154
- Kopp, 100
- Kundt’s powder, 149
- Labile solutions, 241
- Laurent and Nickle’s organic researches, 99
- Lavoisier, 23
- Law of rational indices, 24, 50, 57, 59
- Le Bel and van t’Hoff’s explanation of optical activity, 151
- Le Blanc, researches on alums, 77
- Lehmann, researches on liquid crystals, 256–282
- Liquid crystals, 255–282;
- and polymorphism, 138, 139;
- list of substances forming, 280, 281
- Magnesium sulphate, 76, 78
- Mallard and Le Chatelier on silver iodide, 256
- Manganate, potassium, 96
- Manganates, 84, 96
- Manganese sulphate, 78
- Marignac and isomorphism of tantalum and niobium compounds, 84;
- Mercury iodide, dimorphism of, 97
- Metastable solutions, 240
- Methyl triphenyl pyrrholone, 105, 106
- Mica-sectors plate for testing sign of optical rotation, 212, 213
- Microscope, Lehmann’s crystallisation, 256, 257, 276–280
- Miers, H. A., researches on crystallisation, 238–243;
- on red silver ores, 109;
- on vicinal faces, 248–254
- Millerian indices, 57
- Mirror-image symmetry, 118, 119, 134, 135;
- illustrated by quartz, 231
- Mitscherlich, experiment with gypsum, 90–94;
- Mixed crystals, 77, 86
- Molecular compound, racemic acid a, 150
- Molecular volume and distance ratios, 129, 130
- Molecule, individuality and directive force of, 139, 269
- Monochromatic illuminator, 192, 193
- Monoclinic system, 39;
- axes and axial planes of, 53, 54
- Morphotropy, 98–104
- Muthmann, researches on permanganates, 123
- Naphthalene tetrachloride, 99
- Newton’s seven orders of spectra, 177
- Nickel sulphate, 76, 78
- Nicol prism, 174, 175, 187
- Nitrobenzenes, von Groth’s researches on, 104
- Noble, Sir Andrew, experiments on liquefaction of carbon, 138
- Optical activity and mirror-image symmetry, 141;
- antipodes, characters of, 152;
- characters of crystals, 7
- Optically active classes of crystals, 150, 151
- Optic axes of biaxial crystals, 185;
- axis of uniaxial crystals, 165;
- axial angle, 191;
- axial angle of ethyl triphenyl pyrrholone for different wave-lengths, 107, 191;
- axial angle of gypsum at different temperatures, 90–94, 191
- Ostwald’s predictions of crystallisation phenomena, 238, 240
- Oxides of arsenic and antimony, isodimorphism of, 88
- Para-azoxy-anisol, liquid crystals of, 259, 265;
- -benzoic acid, 263;
- -cinnamic acid, 263;
- -phenetol, 258, 259
- Parametral form, 56
- Pasteur’s law, 155;
- research on morphotropy of tartrates, 100;
- research on tartaric and racemic acids, 142–150
- Penfield’s diagram of spherical projection, 61, 62
- Penicillium glaucum, destruction of dextro component of racemic acid, 148
- Perchlorates and permanganates, isomorphism of, 84, 96
- Pfaff, 254
- Phases, different solid, 137
- Phenol and resorcinol, von Groth’s researches on, 103
- Phosphate, ammonium magnesium, 43;
- sodium dihydrogen, dimorphism of, 80, 81
- Phosphates and arsenates, isomorphism of, 73, 74
- Phosphorus, dimorphism of, 138
- Photomicrographs of growing crystals, mode of obtaining, 41
- Pistor’s goniometer, 89
- Planeness of crystal faces, 6, 7
- Polarisation colours due to optical activity, 179
- Polarisation, rectangular, of spectra from doubly refractive prisms, 164
- Polariscope, the, 187, 188
- Polymorphism, 133–137
- Pope and Barlow, theory of, 285–291
- Positive and negative uniaxial and biaxial crystals, 166
- Potassium bichromate, metastable and labile crystallisation of, 246, 247;
- manganate, 96;
- nickel sulphate, 35;
- selenate, 96;
- sulphate, 13
- Priestley, 23
- Primitive form of Romé de l’Isle, 20, 27
- Projection polariscope, for convergent light, 92, 186, 188, 189;
- Progressive change of crystal angles in isomorphous series, 125;
- of double refraction, 126;
- of molecular distance ratios, 130, 131;
- of position of optical ellipsoid, 128
- Propyl triphenyl pyrrholone, 106, 108
- Proustite, 109, 110
- Pseudo-racemism, 153, 154
- Pyrargyrite, 109, 110
- Pyroelectrical properties of crystals, 149
- Quartz, 170;
- crystalline form of, 171, 172;
- crystals in rock sections, polarisation colours of, 175–178;
- crystals, liquid cavities in, 45;
- crystals on sand grains, 2, 3;
- double refraction of, 174;
- interference figure in convergent polarised light, 194–196;
- optical activity of, 173, 179–181, 210;
- plates, preparation of for polariscope, 181;
- polarisation colours of due to optical activity, 209, 210;
- refractive indices of, 174;
- screw point-systems of, 151;
- 60°-prism experiment with, 165, 168;
- Steno’s research on, 16;
- twinning of, 215, 216, 219–221, 225;
- two varieties of as examples of mirror-image symmetry, 171
- Racemate, sodium ammonium, Pasteur’s researches on, 147, 148
- Racemic acid, 142–146, 233, 234
- Racemic forms and racemism, 150, 153, 233
- Rammelsberg and morphotropy, 101
- Rational indices, 24, 50, 59, 116
- Reflection of light by crystal faces, 8
- Refractive index, meaning of, 167
- Reinitzer, 258
- Reusch’s artificial quartzes, 198, 199
- Rhombic system, 39;
- axes and axial planes of, 52, 54
- Rhombohedron and its axes, 10, 11, 54, 55, 172
- Rings and brushes, optic axial, 190, 191
- Rock-salt, cube of in quartz cavity, 45;
- 60°-prism experiment with, 162, 168
- Romé de l’Isle, 18–20;
- Roozeboom, 238
- Rotation of plane of polarisation by quartz of two varieties and different thickness, 180, 210, 211
- Royal Institution experiment with diamonds, 8
- Sal-ammoniac, 82, 83
- Salol and betol, Miers’ researches on, 242, 243
- Sand grains with quartz crystals, 3
- Scalenohedron of calcite, 11
- Scheele’s discovery of tartaric acid, 142
- Schlippe’s salt, 45
- Schönflies, discovery of remainder of 230 point-systems, 118, 119, 140
- Seebeck, researches on ammonia, 82, 83
- Selenates, isomorphous with sulphates, 96;
- Selenic acid, 95
- Selenite, polarisation colours of films of, 203
- Selenium, discovery by Berzelius, 96
- Sella’s warning against hasty generalisation, 102
- Senarmontite, 88
- Silver iodide, 256, 292
- Single refraction of cubic crystals, 162, 183
- Snow crystals, 49
- Sobrerol, 153
- Sodium chlorate, 151;
- Sohncke, regular point-systems, 117;
- mirror-image molecular arrangement, 141;
- two point-systems of quartz, 151
- Sollas, crystal structure, theory of, 292
- Solubility and supersolubility, 238–241;
- Solutions, optical activity of, 151;
- metastable and labile, 240, 241
- Space-lattices, 50, 114–116;
- triclinic illustration of, 115
- Specific gravity, importance of determinations of, 129
- Spheres of influence of atoms, 113
- Steno, 16
- Stereographic projection, 34, 62, 67;
- of topaz, 68;
- of double sulphates, 35
- Stereometric arrangement of atoms in molecule, 124, 136
- Story Maskelyne, 34
- Strain, polarisation colours of glass and diamond due to, 207, 208
- Structural units of crystals, 24, 111–113
- Sulphantimoniate of sodium, 45
- Sulphate, ammonium magnesium, 44
- Sulphates of alkalies, 121;
- of barium, strontium and lead, 74
- Sulphur, dimorphism of, 86, 87, 137;
- monoclinic form of, 4, 86
- Symbol of a face or form, 57
- Symmetry, axes and planes of, 34, 36, 41, 55;
- Systems, the crystal, 6, 7, 33
- Tartaric acid, 142–148;
- dextro, 143, 146–148;
- lævo, 144, 146–148;
- pyro-electrical properties of, 149
- Tartrate, hydrogen potassium, 43
- Tetartohedral classes of crystals, 34
- Tetragonal system, 37;
- axes and planes of, 36, 52
- Thallium, relation of to alkali metals, 131
- Thénard and Gay-Lussac, research on ammonia, 83
- Thomson, J. M., 238
- Thomson, Sir J. J., discovery of composition of atoms, 112
- Topaz, crystal of, 40;
- stereographic projection of, 68
- Transition tint, 180
- Triclinic bipyramid, 56;
- system, 40;
- axes and planes of, 53, 54
- Trigonal system, 37;
- axes and planes of, 37, 53, 55
- Triphenyl pyrrholone derivatives, 105–108
- Triple tartrate of sodium, potassium, and ammonium, 91
- Tutton, fixed positions of atoms in crystals, 122–124;
- law of progression of crystal properties in isomorphous series, 121–123, 129;
- nature of structural units, 134, 135;
- research on calcium dextro-glycerate, 157, 160;
- researches on simple and double sulphates and selenates, 121;
- researches on triphenyl pyrrholones, 105–108
- Uniaxial crystals, optic axis of, 165;
- 60°-prisms of, 164;
- two refractive indices of, 166, 183
- Valentinite, 88
- Vanadium family group of elements, 85
- Vauquelin, researches on alums, 77
- Vicinal faces, 248–254
- Vitriols, the, 15, 76, 78
- Von Lang, 23, 34
- Vorländer, 263;
- nature of molecules forming liquid crystals, 273
- Water, exceptional thermal dilatation of, 47
- Water flowers in ice, 47
- Water of crystallisation, 76, 78, 79
- Wave-length of most luminous part of spectrum, 179
- Werner’s fundamental form, 20
- Westfeld, 18
- Weyberg, 250
- White of higher orders, 178
- Wollaston’s reflecting goniometer, 63, 81;
- work on carbonates and sulphates of barium, strontium and lead, 74, 75
- Wulff, 250, 252, 253
- Zinc sulphate, 76, 78
- Zone of crystal faces, 63;