2. A general public lending library available to all the
ratepayers in the municipality.
3. A professional library of books on teaching, school
organization, language, and kindred subjects, available for
teachers only.
4. A library in any public institution under the control of
the municipality, for the use of the inmates, or in any county
jail, for the use of the prisoners. …
The proposal to establish the second class was however
premature; and accordingly, finding that mechanics institutes
were being developed throughout the towns and villages, the
Educational Department wisely aided the movement by giving a
small grant proportionate to the amount contributed by the
members and reaching a maximum of $200, afterwards increased
to $400 annually. In 1869 these had grown to number 26; in
1880, 74; and in 1886, 125. The number of volumes possessed by
these 125 is 206,146, or an average of 1,650. … In the
cities, however, the mechanics institute, with its limited
number of subscribers, has been found unequal to the task
assigned it, and accordingly, in 1882, the Free Libraries Act
was passed, based upon similar enactments in Britain and the
United States. … By the Free Libraries Act, the maximum of
taxation is fixed at ½ a mill on the annual assessment. …
None of the other provinces have followed Ontario in this
matter."
J. Bain,
Brief Review of the Libraries of Canada
(Thousand Islands Conference of Librarians, 1887).
"The total number of public libraries in Canada of all kinds
containing 1,000 or more volumes is 202, and of this number
the Province of Ontario alone has 152, or over three-fourths
of all, while Quebec has 27 or over one-half of the remaining
fourth, the other provinces having from 2 to 6 libraries each.
The total number of volumes and pamphlets in all the libraries
reported is 1,478,910, of which the Province of Ontario has
863,332 volumes, or almost 60 per cent, while the Province of
Quebec has 490,354, or over 33 percent; Nova Scotia, 48,250
volumes, or 3½ per cent; New Brunswick, 34,894 volumes, a
little over 2.3 per cent; Manitoba, 31,025 volumes, or 2.1 per
cent; British Columbia, 10,225 volumes, or not quite 0.7 per
cent; and Prince Edward Island, 5,200 volumes, or over 0.3 per
cent of the total number."
V. Flint,
Statistics [1891] of Public Libraries
in the United States and Canada
(United States Bureau of Education, Circular
of Information No.7, 1893).
LIBRARIES:
Mexico.
The National Library of Mexico contains 155,000 books, besides
manuscripts and pamphlets.
{2024}
LIBRARIES:
China.
The Imperial Library.
"It would be surprising if a people like the Chinese, who have
the literary instinct so strongly developed, had not at an
early date found the necessity of those great collections of
books which are the means for carrying on the great work of
civilization. China had her first great bibliothecal
catastrophe two centuries before the Christian era, when the
famous edict for the burning of the books was promulgated.
Literature and despotism have never been on very good terms,
and the despot of Tsin, finding a power at work which was
unfavorable to his pretensions, determined to have all books
destroyed except those relating to agriculture, divination and
the history of his own house. His hatred to books included the
makers of them, and the literati have not failed to make his
name execrated for his double murders of men and books. When
the brief dynasty of Tsin passed, the Princes of Han showed
more appreciation of culture, and in 190 B. C. the atrocious
edict was repealed, and the greatest efforts made to recover
such literary treasures as had escaped the destroyer. Some
classics are said to have been rewritten from the dictation of
scholars who had committed them to memory. Some robbers broke
open the tomb of Seang, King of Wei, who died B. C. 295, and
found in it bamboo tablets containing more than 100,000 peen
[bamboo slips]. These included a copy of the Classic of
Changes and the Annals of the Bamboo Books, which indeed take
their title from this circumstance. This treasure trove was
placed in the Imperial Library. So the Shoo-king is said to
have been found in a wall where it had been hidden by a
descendant of Confucius, on the proclamation of the edict
against books. Towards the close of the first century a
library had been formed by Lew Heang and his son Lew Hin. …
Succeeding dynasties imitated more or less this policy, and
under the later Han dynasty great efforts were made to restore
the library. … In the troubles at the close of the second
century the palace at Lo-Yang was burned, and the greater part
of the books destroyed. … Another Imperial collection at
Lo-Yang, amounting to 29,945 books, was destroyed A. D. 311.
In A. D. 431, Seäy Ling-Yuen, the keeper of the archives, made
a catalogue of 4,582 books in his custody. Another catalogue
was compiled in 473, and recorded 5,704 books. Buddhism and
Taouism now began to contribute largely to the national
literature. Amongst the other consequences of the overthrow of
the Tse dynasty at the end of the fifth century was the
destruction of the royal library of 18,010 books. Early in the
next century a collection of 33,106 books, not including the
Buddhist literature, was made chiefly, it is said, by the
exertions of Jin Fang, the official curator. The Emperor
Yuen-te removed his library, then amounting to 70,000 books,
to King Chow, and the building was burnt down when he was
threatened by the troops of Chow. The library of the later Wei
dynasty was dispersed in the insurrection of 531, and the
efforts made to restore it were not altogether successful. The
later Chow collected a library of 10,000 books, and, on the
overthrow of the Tse dynasty, this was increased by a mass of
5,000 mss. obtained from the fallen dynasty. When towards the
close of the sixth century the Suy became masters of the
empire they began to accumulate books. … The Tang dynasty
are specially remarkable for their patronage of literature.
Early in the eighth century the catalogue extended to 53,915
books, and a collection of recent authors included 28,469
books. Printing began to supersede manuscript in the tenth
century, plentiful editions of the classics appeared and
voluminous compilations. Whilst the Sung were great patrons of
literature, the Leaou were at least lukewarm, and issued an
edict prohibiting the printing of books by private persons.
The Kin had books translated into their own tongue, for the
benefit of the then Mongolian subjects. A similar policy was
pursued by the Yuen dynasty, under whom dramatic literature
and fiction began to flourish. In the year 1406, the printed
books in the Imperial Library are said to have amounted to
300,000 printed books and twice the number of mss. … The
great Imperial Library was founded by K'in Lung in the last
century. In response to an imperial edict, many of the
literati and book-lovers placed rare editions at the service
of the government, to be copied. The Imperial Library has many
of its books, therefore, in mss. Chinese printing, however, is
only an imperfect copy of the caligraphy of good scribes. Four
copies were made of each work. One was destined for the Wan
Yuen Repository at Peking; a second for the Wan-tsung
Repository at Kang-ning, the capital of Kiang-su province; a
third for the Wan-hwui Repository at Yang-chou-fu, and the
fourth for the Wan-lan Repository at Hong-Chou, the capital of
Cheh-Kiang. A catalogue was published from which it appears
that the library contained from ten to twelve thousand
distinct works, occupying 168,000 volumes. The catalogue is in
effect an annotated list of Chinese literature, and includes
the works which were still wanting to the library and deemed
essential to its completion. Dr. D. J. McGowan, who visited
the Hong-Chou collection, says that it was really intended for
a public library, and that those who applied for permission to
the local authorities, not only were allowed access, but were
afforded facilities for obtaining food and lodging, 'but from
some cause or other the library is rarely or never consulted.'
Besides the Imperial, there are Provincial, Departmental and
District Libraries. Thus, the examination hall of every town
will contain the standard classical and historical books. At
Canton and other cities there are extensive collections, but
their use is restricted to the mandarins. There are
collections of books and sometimes printing presses in
connection with the Buddhist monasteries."
W. E. A. Axon,
Notes on Chinese Libraries
(Library Journal, January and February, 1880).
For an account of the ancient library of Chinese classics in
stone,
See EDUCATION, ANCIENT: CHINA.
{2025}
LIBRARIES:
Japan.
"The Tokyo Library is national in its character, as the
Congressional Library of the United States, the British Museum
of Great Britain, etc. It is maintained by the State, and by
the copyright Act it is to receive a copy of every book,
pamphlet, etc., published in the empire. The Tokyo Library was
established in 1872 by the Department of Education with about
70,000 volumes. In 1873 it was amalgamated with the library
belonging to the Exhibition Bureau and two years later it was
placed under the control of the Home Department, while a new
library with the title of Tokyo Library was started by the
Education Department at the same time with about 28,000
volumes newly collected. Thus the Tokyo Library began its
career on a quite slender basis; but in 1876, the books
increased to 68,953, and in 1877 to 71,853. Since that time,
both the numbers of books and visitors have steadily
increased, so much so that in 1884 the former reached 102,350
and latter 115,986, averaging 359 persons per one day. The
library was then open free to all classes; but the presence of
too many readers of the commonest text-books and light
literature was found to have caused much hindrance to the
serious students. … This disadvantage was somewhat remedied
by introducing the fee system, which, of course, placed much
restriction to the visitors of the library. … It is very
clear from the character of the library that it is a reference
library and not a circulating library. But as there are not
any other large and well-equipped libraries in Tokyo, a system
of 'lending out' is added, something like that of Königliche
Bibliothek zu Berlin, with a subscription of 5 yen (about $5)
per annum. … The Tokyo Library now contains 97,550 Japanese
and Chinese books and 25,559 European books, besides about
100,000 of duplicates, popular books, etc., which are not
used. The average number of books used is 337,262 a year. …
The Library of the Imperial University, which is also under my
charge, comprises all the books belonging to the Imperial
University of Japan. These books are solely for the use of the
instructors, students, and pupils, no admittance being granted
to the general public. The library contains 77,991 European
books and 101,217 Japanese and Chinese books. As to other
smaller libraries of Japan, there are eight public and ten
private libraries in different parts of the empire. The books
contained in them are 66,912 Japanese and Chinese books and
4,731 European books with 43,911 visitors! Besides these, in
most of towns of respectable size, there are generally two or
three small private circulating libraries, which contain books
chiefly consisting of light literature and historical works
popularly treated."
I. Tanaka,
Tokyo Library
(San Francisco Conference of Librarians, 1891).
LIBRARIES:
India.
The first free library in a native state of India was opened
in 1892, with 10,000 volumes, 7,000 being in English. It was
founded by the brother of the Maharajah.
Library Journal,
volume 17, page 395.
----------LIBRARIES: End----------
LIBURNIANS, The.
See KORKYRA.
LIBYAN SIBYL.
See SIBYLS.
LIBYANS, The.
"The name of Africa was applied by the ancients only to that
small portion of country south of Cape Bon; the rest was
called Libya. The bulk of the population of the northern
coast, between Egypt and the Pillars of Hercules, was of the
Hamitic race of Phut, who were connected with the Egyptians
and Ethiopians, and to whom the name of Libyans was not
applied until a later date, as this name was originally
confined to some tribes of Arian or Japhetic race, who had
settled among the natives. From these nations sprung from Phut
descended the races now called Berbers, who have spread over
the north of Africa, from the northernmost valleys of the
Atlas to the southern limits of the Sahara, and from Egypt to
the Atlantic; perhaps even to the Canaries, where the ancient
Guanches seem to have spoken a dialect nearly approaching that
of the Berbers of Morocco. These Berbers—now called Amazigh,
or Shuluh, in Morocco; Kabyles, in the three provinces of
Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli; Tibboos, between Fezzan and
Egypt; and Tuariks in the Sahara—are the descendants of the
same great family of nations whose blood, more or less pure,
still runs in the veins of the tribes inhabiting the different
parts of the vast territory once possessed by their ancestors.
The language they still speak, known through the labours of
learned officers of the French army in Africa, is nearly
related to that of Ancient Egypt. It is that in which the few
inscriptions we possess, emanating from the natives of Libya,
Numidia, and Mauritania in olden times, are written. The
alphabet peculiar to these natives, whilst under the
Carthaginian rule, is still used by the Tuariks. Sallust, who
was able to consult the archives of Carthage, and who seems
more accurate than any other classical writer on African
history, was acquainted with the annals of the primitive
period, anterior to the arrival of the Arian tribes and the
settlement of the Phœnician colonies. Then only three races,
unequally distributed in a triple zone, were to be met with
throughout Northern Africa. Along the shore bordering the
Mediterranean were the primitive Libyans, who were Hamites,
descendants of Phut; behind them, towards the interior, but on
the western half only, were the Getulians … ; further still
in the interior, and beyond the Sahara, were the negroes,
originally called by the Greek name 'Ethiopians, which was
afterwards erroneously applied to the Cushites of the Upper
Nile. Sallust also learnt, from the Carthaginian traditions,
of the great Japhetic invasion of the coast of Africa. … The
Egyptian monuments have acquainted us with the date of the
arrival of these Indo-Europeans in Africa, among whom were the
Libyans, properly so called, the Maxyans, and Macæ. It was
contemporary with the reigns of Seti I. and Ramses II."
F. Lenormant,
Manual of Ancient History of the East,
book 6, chapter 5 (volume 2).
See, also, NUMIDIANS; and AMORITES.
LICINIAN LAWS, The.
See ROME: B. C. 376-367.
LICINIUS, Roman Emperor, A. D. 307-323.
LICTORS.
FASCES.
"The fasces were bundles of rods (virgæ) of elm or birchwood,
tied together round the handle of an axe (securis) with (most
likely red) straps. The iron of the axe, which was the
executioner's tool, protruded from the sticks. The fasces were
carried on their left shoulders by the lictors, who walked in
front of certain magistrates, making room for them, and
compelling all people to move out of the way (summovere),
barring Vestals and Roman matrons. To about the end of the
Republic, when a special executioner was appointed, the
lictors inflicted capital punishment. The king was entitled to
twelve fasces, the same number being granted to the consuls.
… The dictator was entitled to twenty-four lictors. …
Since 42 B. C. the Flamen Dialis and the Vestals also were
entitled to one lictor each. In case a higher official met his
inferior in the street, he was saluted by the lictors of the
latter withdrawing the axe and lowering the fasces."
E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 107, foot-note.
{2026}
LIDUS,
LEUD,
LATT, The.
See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL: GERMANY.
----------LIÈGE: Start--------
LIÈGE:
The Episcopal Principality.
"Liège lies on the borderland of the French and German
speaking races. … It was the capital of an ecclesiastical
principality, whose territory extended some distance up the
river and over the wooded ridges and green valleys of the
Ardennes. The town had originally sprung up round the tomb of
St. Lambert—a shrine much frequented by pilgrims. … The
Prince Bishop of Liège was the vassal of the emperor, but his
subjects had long considered the kings of France their natural
protectors. It was in France that they found a market for
their manufactures, from France that pilgrims came to the tomb
of St. Lambert or to the sylvan shrine of St. Hubert.
Difference of language and rivalry in trade separated them
from their Dutch-speaking neighbours. We hear, as early as the
10th century, of successful attempts on the part of the people
of Liège, supported and directed by their bishops, to subdue
the lords of the castles in their neighbourhood. A population
of traders, artizans, and miners, were unlikely to submit to
the pretensions of a feudal aristocracy. Nor was there a
burgher oligarchy, as in many of the Flemish and German towns.
Every citizen was eligible to office if he could obtain a
majority of the votes of the whole male population.
Constitutional limits were imposed on the power of the bishop;
but he was the sole fountain of law and justice. By suspending
their administration he could paralyse the social life of the
State, and by his interdicts annihilate its religious life.
Yet the burghers were involved in perpetual disputes with
their bishop. When the power of the Dukes of Burgundy was
established in the Low Countries, it was to them that the
latter naturally applied for assistance against their unruly
flock. John the Fearless defeated the citizens with great
slaughter in 1408. He himself reckoned the number of slain at
25,000. In 1431 Liège was compelled to pay a fine of 200,000
crowns to the Duke of Burgundy." The Duke—Philip the
Good—afterwards forced the reigning bishop to resign in favor
of a brother of the Duke of Bourbon, a dissolute boy of
eighteen, whose government was reckless and intolerable.
P. F. Willert,
Reign of Lewis XI.,
pages 93-94.
ALSO IN:
J. F. Kirk,
History of Charles the Bold,
book 1, chapter 7.
LIÈGE: A. D. 1467-1468.
War with Charles the Bold of Burgundy
and destruction of the city.
See BURGUNDY: A. D. 1467-1468;
also, DINANT.
LIÈGE: A. D. 1691.
Bombardment by the French.
The Prince-bishop of Liège having joined the League of
Augsburg against Louis XIV., and having received troops of the
Grand Alliance into his city, the town was bombarded in May,
1691, by the French General Boufflers. There was no attempt at
a siege; the attack was simply one of destructive malice, and
the force which made it withdrew speedily.
H. Martin,
History of France: Age of Louis XIV.,
volume 2, chapter 2.
LIÈGE: A. D. 1702.
Reduced by Marlborough.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1702-1704.
LIÈGE: A. D. 1792-1793.
Occupation and surrender by the French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER);
and 1793 (FEBRUARY-APRIL).
----------LIÈGE: Start--------
----------LIEGNITZ: Start----------
LIEGNITZ, The Battle of (1241).
On the 9th of April, A. D. 1241, the Mongols, who had already
overrun a great part of Russia, defeated the combined forces
of Poland, Moravia and Silesia in a battle which filled all
Europe with consternation. It was fought near Lignitz (or
Liegnitz), on a plain watered by the river Keiss, the site
being now occupied by a village called Wahlstadt, i. e.,
"Field of Battle." "It was a Mongol habit to cut off an ear
from each corpse after a battle, so as to have a record of the
number slain; and we are told they filled nine sacks with
these ghastly trophies," from the field of Lignitz.
H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, page 144.
See MONGOLS: A. D. 1229-1294.
LIEGNITZ:
Battle of (1760).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1760.
----------LIEGNITZ: End----------
LIGERIS, The.
The ancient name of the river Loire.
LIGHT BRIGADE, The Charge of the.
See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).
LIGII, The.
See LYGIANS.
LIGNY, Battle of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1815 (JUNE).
LIGONIA.
See MAINE: A. D. 1629-1631; and 1643-1677.
LIGURIAN REPUBLIC, The.
The mediæval republic of Genoa is often referred to as the
Ligurian Republic; but the name was distinctively given by
Napoleon to one of his ephemeral creations in Italy.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (MAY-OCTOBER), and 1804-1805.
LIGURIANS, The.
"The whole of Piedmont in its present extent was inhabited by
the Ligurians: Pavia, under the name of Ticinum, was founded
by a Ligurian tribe, the Lævians. When they pushed forward
their frontier among the Apennines into the Casentino on the
decline of the Etruscans, they probably only recovered what
had before been wrested from them. Among the inhabitants of
Corsica there were Ligurians. … The Ligurians and Iberians
were anciently contiguous; whereas in aftertimes they were
parted by the Gauls. We are told by Scylax, that from the
borders of Iberia, that is, from the Pyrenees, to the Rhone,
the two nations were dwelling intermixed. … But it is far
more probable that the Iberians came from the south of the
Pyrenees into Lower Languedoc, as they did into Aquitaine, and
that the Ligurians were driven back by them. When the Celts,
long after, moving in an opposite direction, reached the shore
of the Mediterranean, they too drove the Ligurians close down
to the coast, and dwelt as the ruling people amongst them, in
the country about Avignon, as is implied by the name
Celto-Ligurians. … Of their place in the family of nations
we are ignorant: we only know that they were neither Iberians
nor Celts."
G. B. Niebuhr,
History of Rome,
volume 1.
"On the coast of Liguria, the land on each side of the city of
Genoa, a land which was not reckoned Italian in early times,
we find people who seem not to have been Aryan. And these
Ligurians seem to have been part of a race which was spread
through Italy and Sicily before the Aryan settlements, and to
have been akin to the non-Aryan inhabitants of Spain and
southern Gaul, of whom the Basques … remain as a remnant."
E. A. Freeman,
Historical Geography of Europe,
chapter 3.
ALSO IN:
I. Taylor,
Origin of the Aryans,
chapter 2, section 7.
See, also, APPENDIX A, VOLUME 1.
{2027}
----------LILLE: Start--------
LILLE: A. D. 1583.
Submission to Spain.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585
LIMITS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES.
LILLE: A. D. 1667.
Taken by the French.
See NETHERLANDS (THE SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1667.
LILLE: A. D. 1668.
Ceded to France.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1668.
LILLE: A. D. 1708.
Siege and capture by Marlborough and Prince Eugene.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1708-1709.
LILLE: A. D. 1713.
Restoration to France.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
----------LILLE: End--------
LILLEBONNE, Assembly of.
A general assembly of Norman barons convened by Duke William,
A. D. 1066, for the considering of his contemplated invasion
of England.
E. A. Freeman,
Norman Conquest,
chapter 13, section 3 (volume 3).
LILLIBULLERO.
"Thomas Wharton, who, in the last Parliament, had represented
Buckinghamshire, and who was already conspicuous both as a
libertine and as a Whig, had written [A. D. 1688, just prior
to the Revolution which drove James II. from the English
throne] a satirical ballad on the administration of Tyrconnel
[Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel, James' Lord Deputy in
Ireland.]
See IRELAND: A. D. 1685-1688.
In this little poem an Irishman congratulates a brother
Irishman, in a barbarous jargon, on the approaching triumph of
Popery and of the Milesian race. … These verses, which were
in no respect above the ordinary standard of street poetry,
had for burden some gibberish which was said to have been used
as a watchword by the insurgents of Ulster in 1641. The verses
and the tune caught the fancy of the nation. From one end of
England to the other all classes were constantly singing this
idle rhyme. It was especially the delight of the English army.
More than seventy years after the Revolution, a great writer
delineated, with exquisite skill, a veteran who had fought at
the Boyne and at Namur. One of the characteristics of the good
old soldier is his trick of whistling Lillibullero. Wharton
afterwards boasted that he had sung a King out of three
kingdoms. But in truth the success of Lillibullero was the
effect, and not the cause, of that excited state of public
feeling which produced the Revolution. … The song of
Lillibullero is among the State Poems. In Percy's Relics the
first part will be found, but not the second part, which was
added after William's landing."
Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 9, with foot-note.
ALSO IN:
W. W. Wilkins,
Political Ballads of the 17th and 18th Centuries,
volume 1, page 275.
LILY OF FLORENCE, The.
See FLORENCE: ORIGIN AND NAME.
----------LILYBÆUM: Start--------
LILYBÆUM: B. C. 368.
Siege by Dionisius.
"This town, close to the western cape of Sicily, appears to
have arisen as a substitute for the neighbouring town of Motye
(of which we hear little more since its capture by Dionysius
in 396 B. C.), and to have become the principal Carthaginian
station." Lilybæum was first besieged and then blockaded by
the Syracuse tyrant, Dionysius, B. C. 368; but he failed to
reduce it. It was made a powerful stronghold by the
Carthaginians.
G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 83.
LILYBÆUM: B. C. 277.
Siege by Pyrrhus.
See ROME: B. C. 282-275.
LILYBÆUM: B. C. 250-241.
Siege by the Romans.
See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.
----------LILYBÆUM: End--------
LIMA:
Founded by Pizarro (1535).
See PERU: A. D. 1533-1548.
LIMBURG:
Capture by the Dutch (1632).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1621-1633.
----------LIMERICK: Start--------
LIMERICK: A. D. 1690-1691.
Sieges and surrender.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1689-1691.
LIMERICK: A. D. 1691.
The treaty of surrender and its violation.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1691.
----------LIMERICK: End--------
LIMES, The.
This term was applied to certain Roman frontier-roads. "Limes
is not every imperial frontier, but only that which is marked
out by human hands, and arranged at the same time for being
patrolled and having posts stationed for frontier-defence,
such as we find in Germany and in Africa. … The Limes is
thus the imperial frontier-road, destined for the regulation
of frontier-intercourse, inasmuch as the crossing of it was
allowed only at certain points corresponding to the bridges of
the river boundary, and elsewhere forbidden. This was
doubtless effected in the first instance by patrolling the
line, and, so long as this was done, the Limes remained a
boundary road. It remained so, too, when it was fortified on
both sides, as was done in Britain and at the mouth of the
Danube; the Britannic wall is also termed Limes."
T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 8, chapter 4, foot-note.
LIMIGANTES, The.
The Limigantes were a tribe occupying, in the fourth century,
a region of country between the Danube and the Theiss, who
were said to have been formerly the slaves of a Sarmatian
people in the same territory and to have overpowered and
expelled their masters. The latter, in exile, became
dependents of the warlike nation of the Quadi. At the end of a
war with the latter, A. D. 357-359, in which they were greatly
humbled, the Emperor Constantius commanded the Limigantes to
surrender their stolen territory to its former owners. They
resisted the mandate and were exterminated.
E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapters 18-19.
The Limigantes were a branch of the Iazyges or Jazyges, a
nomadic Sarmatian or Sclavonic people who were settled in
earlier times on the Palus Mæotis.
LIMISSO.
See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN: A. D. 1118-1310.
----------LIMOGES: Start--------
LIMOGES,
Origin of the town.
See LEMOVICES.
LIMOGES, A. D. 1370.
Massacre by the Black Prince.
A foul crime which stains the name of "the Black Prince."
Taking the city of Limoges, in France, after a short siege, A.
D. 1370, he ordered a promiscuous massacre of the population,
and more than 3,000 men, women and children were slain, while
the town was pillaged and burned.
Froissart,
Chronicles
(translated by Johnes),
book 1, chapters 288, 290.
See, also, FRANCE: A. D. 1360-1380.
----------LIMOGES: End--------
LIMONUM.
See POITIERS.
LIMOUSIN,
Early inhabitants of the.
See LEMOVICES.
{2028}
LINCOLN, Abraham.
Election to the Presidency.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1860 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).
LINCOLN, Abraham.
Inauguration and Presidential administration.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY-MARCH), to 1865 (APRIL).
LINCOLN, Abraham.
Gettysburg address.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (NOVEMBER).
LINCOLN, Abraham.
Reëlection to the Presidency.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY-NOVEMBER).
LINCOLN, Abraham.
Visit to Richmond.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (APRIL: VIRGINIA).
LINCOLN, Abraham.
Assassination.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (APRIL 14TH).
LINCOLN, General Benjamin,
in the War of the American Revolution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1778-1779 THE WAR CARRIED INTO THE SOUTH;
1779 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER);
1780 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).
LINCOLN, Battle of.
See LAMBETH, TREATY OF.
LINCOLN, Origin of.
See LINDUM.
LINDISWARA,
LINDESFARAS.
"Dwellers about Lindum," or Lincoln; a name given for a time
to the Angles who seized and settled in that English district.
J. R. Green,
The Making of England.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 547-633.
LINDSEY, Kingdom of.
One of the small and transient kingdoms of the Angles in early
England.
W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 7, section 70 (volume 1).
LINDUM.
The Roman city from which sprang the English city of Lincoln.
T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5.
LINGONES, The.
A tribe in ancient Gaul whose territory embraced parts in the
modern French departments of the Haute-Marne, the Aube, the
Yonne and the Côte-d'Or.
Napoleon III.,
History of Cæsar,
book 3, chapter 2, foot-note (volume 2).
See, also, ROME: B. C. 390-347.
LINKÖPING, Battle of (1598).
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1523-1604.
LION AND THE SUN, The Order of the.
A Persian order, instituted in 1808.
LION OF ST. MARK, The Winged.
The standard of the Venetian republic. "Historians have failed
or omitted to fix the precise time when this ensign of the
lion was first adopted by the Republic. But when the two
granite columns ['trophies of a successful raid in the
Archipelago'], still the conspicuous ornaments of the Piazetta
of St. Mark, were erected, in or about 1172, a winged lion in
bronze was placed on one of them, and a statue of St.
Theodore, a patron of earlier standing, on the other."
The Republic of Venice
(Quarterly Review, Oct., 1874),
page 423.
See, also, VENICE: A. D. 829.
LIPAN, Battle of (1434).
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.
----------LISBON: Start--------
LISBON:
Origin and early history.
See PORTUGAL: EARLY HISTORY.
LISBON: A. D. 1147.
Capture from the Moors.
Made the capital of Portugal.
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.
LISBON: A. D. 1755.
The great Earthquake.
"On the morning of the 1st of November in this year, at the
same period, though in less or greater degree a far-spreading
earthquake ran through great part both of Europe and Barbary.
In the north its effects, as usual with earthquakes in that
region, were happily slight and few. Some gentle vibrations
were felt as far as Dantzick. … In Madrid a violent shock
was felt, but no buildings, and only two human beings,
perished. In Fez and in Morocco, on the contrary, great
numbers of houses fell down, and great multitudes of people
were buried beneath the ruins. But the widest and most fearful
destruction was reserved for Lisbon. Already, in the year
1531, that city had been laid half in ruins by an earthquake.
The 1st of November 1755 was All Saints' Day, a festival of
great solemnity; and at nine in the morning all the churches
of Lisbon were crowded with kneeling worshippers of each sex,
all classes, and all ages, when a sudden and most violent
shock made every church reel to its foundations. Within the
intervals of a few minutes two other shocks no less violent
ensued, and every church in Lisbon—tall column and towering
spire—was hurled to the ground. Thousands and thousands of
people were crushed to death, and thousands more grievously
maimed, unable to crawl away, and left to expire in lingering
agony. The more stately and magnificent had been the fabric,
the wider and more grievous was the havoc made by its ruin.
About one fourth, as was vaguely computed, of all the houses
in the city toppled down. The encumbered streets could scarce
afford an outlet to the fugitives; 'friends,' says an
eye-witness, 'running from their friends, fathers from their
children, husbands from their wives, because every one fled
away from their habitations full of terror, confusion, and
distraction.' The earth seemed to heave and quiver like an
animated being. The sun was darkened with the clouds of lurid
dust that arose. Frantic with fear a headlong multitude rushed
for refuge to a large and newly built stone pier which jutted
out into the Tagus, when a sudden convulsion of the stream
turned this pier bottom uppermost, like a ship on its keel in
the tempest, and then engulphed it. And of all the living
creatures who had lately thronged it,—full 3,000, it is
said,—not one, even as a corpse, ever rose again. From the
banks of the river other crowds were looking on in speechless
affright, when the river itself came rushing in upon them like
a torrent, though against wind and tide. It rose at least
fifteen feet above the highest spring tides, and then again
subsided, drawing in or dashing to pieces every thing within
its reach, while the very ships in the harbour were violently
whirled around. Earth and water alike seemed let loose as
scourges on this devoted city. 'Indeed every clement,' says a
person present, 'seemed to conspire to our destruction … for
in about two hours after the shock fires broke out in three
different parts of the city, occasioned from the goods and the
kitchen fires being all jumbled together.' At this time also
the wind grew into a fresh gale, which made the fires spread
in extent and rage with fury during three days, until there
remained but little for them to devour. Many of the maimed and
wounded are believed to have perished unseen and unheeded in
the flames; some few were almost miraculously rescued after
being for whole days buried where they fell, without light or
food or hope. The total number of deaths was computed at the
time as not less than 30,000."
Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope),
History of England, 1713-1783,
chapter 32 (volume 4).
LISBON: A. D. 1807.
Occupied by the French.
Departure of the Royal Family for Brazil.
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1807.
----------LISBON: End--------
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LISLE.
See LILLE.
LISSA, Battle of (1866).
See ITALY: A. D. 1862-1866.
LIT DE JUSTICE.
See BED OF JUSTICE.
----------LITHUANIA: Start--------
LITHUANIA: A. D. 1235.
Formation of the Grand Duchy.
"From 1224 [when Russia was prostrated by the Mongol conquest]
to 1487 … is a period of obscuration in Russian history,
during which Russia is nothing in the Slavonian world. The
hour of Russia's weakness was that in which the Lithuanians,
formerly a mere chaos of Slavo-Finnish tribes, assumed
organization and strength. Uniting the original Lithuanian
tribes into one government, and extending his sway over those
territories, formerly included in the Russian Empire, which
the Mongolian destruction of the Russian power had left
without a ruler, a native chief, named Ringold, founded (1235)
a new state called the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania. The limits of
this state extended from the Baltic coast, which it touched at
a single point, across the entire continent, almost to the
Black Sea, with Lithuania proper as its northern nucleus, and
the populations along the whole course of the Dnieper as its
subjects. The Lithuanians, thus made formidable by the extent
of their dominion, were at this time still heathens."
Poland: Her History and Prospects
(Westminster Review, January, 1855),
page 119.
See, also, RUSSIA: A. D. 1237-1480.
LITHUANIA: A. D. 1386. Union with Poland under the Jagellon
kings.
See POLAND: A. D. 1333-1572.
----------LITHUANIA: End--------
LITHUANIANS.
LETTS.
"They and the Slavonians are branches of the same Sarmatian
family; so, of course, their languages, though different, are
allied. But next to the Slavonic what tongues are nearest the
Lithuanic? Not the speech of the Fin, the German, or the Kelt,
though these are the nearest in geography. The Latin is liker
than any of these; but the likest of all is the ancient sacred
language of India—the Sanskrit of the Vedas, Puranas, the
Mahabharata, and the Ramayana. And what tongue is the nearest
to the Sanskrit? Not those of Tibet and Armenia, not even
those of Southern India. Its nearest parallel is the obscure
and almost unlettered languages of Grodno, Wilna, Vitepsk,
Courland, Livonia, and East Prussia. There is a difficult
problem here. … The present distribution of the Lithuanian
populations is second only in importance to that of the
Ugrians. Livonia is the most convenient starting-point. Here
it is spoken at present; though not aboriginal to the
province. The Polish, German, and Russian languages have
encroached on the Lithuanian, the Lithuanian on the Ugrian. It
is the Lett branch of the Lithuanian which is spoken by the
Letts of Livonia (Liefland), but not by the Liefs. The same is
the case in Courland. East Prussia lies beyond the Russian
empire, but it is not unnecessary to state that, as late as
the sixteenth century, a Lithuanian tongue was spoken there.
Vilna, Grodno, and Vitepsk are the proper Lithuanian
provinces. There, the original proper Lithuanic tongue still
survives; uncultivated, and day by day suffering from the
encroachment of the Russian, but, withal, in the eyes of the
ethnologist, the most important language in Europe."
R. G. Latham,
Ethnology of Europe,
chapter 6.
LITTLE BIG HORN, Battle of the.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1876.
LITTLE BRETHREN.
See BEGUINES, &c.
LITTLE ROCK, Federal occupation of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-OCTOBER: ARKANSAS-MISSOURI).
LITTLE RUSSIA.
See RUSSIA, GREAT.
LITTLE YAHNI, Battle of (1877).
See TURKS: A. D. 1877-1878.
LITURGIES.
"It was not only by taxation of its members that the
[Athenian] State met its financial needs, but also by many
other kinds of services which it demanded from them, and
which, though not, like the former, producing an income, yet
nevertheless saved an expense. Such services are called
Liturgies [i. e.; properly, services for the
people.'—Footnote]. They are partly ordinary or 'encyclic'—
such, that is, as occurred annually, even in times of peace,
according to a certain order, and which all bore some relation
to worship and to the celebration of festivals—and partly
extraordinary, for the needs of war. Among the former class
the most important is the so-called Choregia, i. e., the
furnishing of a chorus for musical contests and for festivals.
… A similar though less burdensome Liturgy was the
Gymnasiarchy for those feasts which were celebrated with
gymnastic contests. The gymnasiarch, as it seems, was
compelled to have all who wished to come forward as
competitors trained in the gymnasia, to furnish them with
board during the time of training, and at the games themselves
to furnish the necessary fittings and ornaments of the place
of contest. … More important and more costly than all these
ordinary or encyclic Liturgies was the extraordinary Liturgy
of trierarchy, i. e., the equipment of a ship of war."
G. F. Schumann,
Antiquity of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapter 3.
"The Liturgiæ, which are sometimes considered as peculiar to
the Athenians, … were common to all democracies at least [in
the Greek states], and even to certain aristocracies or
oligarchies. … The Liturgiæ of the Greeks were distinguished
by a much more generous and noble characteristic than the
corresponding services and contributions of the present day.
They were considered honorable services. … Niggardliness in
the performance of them was considered disgraceful. The state
needed no paid officer, or contractors to superintend or
undertake their execution. … The ordinary Liturgiæ … are
principally the choregia, the gymnasiarchia, and the feasting
of the tribes [or hestiasis]. … The lampadarchy, if not the
only kind, was certainly the most important and expensive kind
of gymnasiarchy. The race on foot with a torch in the hand was
a common game. The same kind of race was run with horses for
the first time at Athens in the time of Socrates. The art
consisted, besides other particulars, in running the fastest,
and at the same time not extinguishing the torch. … Since
the festivity was celebrated at night, the illumination of the
place which was the scene of the contest was necessary. Games
of this kind were celebrated specially in honor of the gods of
light and fire. … The expenses of the feasting of the tribes
were borne by a person selected for this purpose from the
tribe. … The entertainments, the expenses of which were
defrayed by means of this liturgia, were different from the
great feastings of the people, the expenses of which were paid
from the treasury of the theorica. They were merely
entertainments at the festivals of the tribes."
A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of the Athenians
(translated by Lamb),
book 3, chapters 1 and 21-23.
ALSO IN:
E. G. Bulwer-Lytton,
Athens,
book 5, chapter 2.
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LITUS, The.
In the Salic law, of the Franks, the litus appears as
representing a class in that Germanic nation. He "was no doubt
identical with the serf whom Tacitus represents as cultivating
the soil, and paying a rent in kind to his lord. That the
litus was not free is evident from the mention of his master
and the fact that he could be sold; though we find a weregild
set upon his life equal to that of a free Roman."
W. C. Perry,
The Franks,
chapter 10.
LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, The.
See STEAM LOCOMOTION ON LAND.
LIVERPOOL MINISTRY, The,
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1812-1813.
LIVERY, Origin of the term.
"After an ancient custom, the kings of France, at great
solemnities, gave such of their subjects as were at court
certain capes or furred mantles, with which the latter
immediately clothed themselves before leaving the court. In
the ancient 'comptes' (a sort of audits) these capes were
called 'livrées' (whence, no doubt, our word livery), because
the monarch gave them ('les livrait') himself."
J. F. Michaud,
History of the Crusades,
book 13.
LIVERY COMPANIES.
See GUILDS, MEDIÆVAL.
LIVERY OF SEIZIN.
See FEUDAL TENURES.
LIVINGSTON MANOR, The.
Robert Livingston, "secretary of Albany," son of a Scotch
clergyman, began to acquire a landed estate, by purchases from
the Indians, soon after his arrival in America, which was
about 1674. "The Mohegan tribes on the east side of the Hudson
had become reduced to a few old Indians and squaws, who were
ready to sell the lands of which they claimed the ownership.
Livingston's position as clerk of Indian affairs gave him
exceptional opportunities to select and to purchase the best
lands in desirable localities. … In 1702, Lord Bellomont
[then governor of New York] writes, 'I am told Livingston has
on his great grant of 16 miles long and 24 broad, but four or
five cottages, occupied by men too poor to be farmers, but are
his vassals.' After the close of the war [Queen Anne's War],
Livingston made more rapid progress in his improvements. He
erected flour and timber mills, and a new manor-house." In
1715 Livingston obtained from Governor Hunter a confirmatory
patent, under an exact and careful survey of his estate.
"Although it does not give the number of acres, the survey
computes the area of the manor to contain 160,240 acres. It
was now believed to be secure against any attack. … Philip,
the second proprietor, was not disturbed as to title or
limits. He was a merchant, and resided in New York, spending
his summers at the Manor House. … His son, Robert, succeeded
him as the third proprietor, but he had hardly come into
possession before he began to be harassed by his eastern
neighbors, the people of Massachusetts. … Massachusetts, by
her charter, claimed the lands lying west of her eastern
boundary to the Pacific Ocean. She had long sought to make
settlements within the province of New York. Now as her
population increased she pushed them westward, and gradually
encroached on lands within the limits of a sister province. In
April, 1752, Livingston wrote to Governor Clinton, and entered
complaint against the trespassers from Massachusetts. A long
correspondence between the governors of the two provinces
followed, but settled nothing. The trouble continued," for a
number of years, and frequent riots were incident to it, in
which several men were killed. At length, "the boundary
between New York and Massachusetts was finally settled, and
the claimants ceased their annoyance. … The Revolution was
approaching. The public mind was occupied with politics. …
Land titles ceased to be topics of discussion. The proprietors
of the old manor, and all bearing their name, with a few
unimportant exceptions, took a decided stand in favor of
independence. During the war that followed, and for some years
after its close, their title and possession of their broad
acres were undisputed. But in 1795 another effort was made to
dispossess them. The old methods of riots and arrests were
abandoned. The title was now attacked by the tenants, incited
and encouraged by the envious and disaffected. A petition,
numerously signed by the tenants of the manor, was sent to the
Legislature. … The committee to which the petition was
referred reported adversely, and this was approved by the
House on March 23, 1795. … After the failure of 1795 to
break the title, there was a season of comparative quiet
continued for nearly forty years. Then a combination was
formed by the tenants of the old manorial estates, including
those of large landed proprietors in other parts of the State,
termed 'anti-renters.' It was a civil association with a
military organization. It was their purpose to resist the
payment of rents. The tenants of the Van Rensselaer and the
Livingston Manors, being the most numerous, were the
projectors and leaders, giving laws and directions. …