P

• Padua Medical School, 267, 352
• Pagel, 57
• Palermo, Sicily, a great centre of literary activity, 261
• Panadoes, how prepared, 443
• Panakeia, daughter of Aesculapius, 50
• Pancreas, outlet duct of, discovered in 1641, 358
• Paper, invention of, 328
• Papin, Denis, 547
• Paracelsus, 369, 401, 405, 465
• monument in honor of, at Basel, 406
• pharmaceutical preparations of, 404
• sayings of, 403
• treatises published by, 403
• Paracentesis abdominis, 110, 124
• Paramirum, title of Paracelsus’ principal treatise, 403
• Parchment invented at Pergamum in 3d century B. C., 101
• Paré, Ambroise (Figs.), 404, 499, 500, 502, 515
• abandons use of boiling oil, 503
• arrests bleeding from divided blood-vessels by use of ligatures, 512
• bitter jealousy shown by his contemporaries, 501
• charge of plagiarism against him not sustained, 514
• devises artery forceps and other surgical apparatus, 512
• exarticulation of elbow-joint performed by him, 508
• some of his sayings, 500, 501
• summary of his more important achievements in surgery, 513
• treatise on surgery not published in English until 1577, 518
• Paris Medical School, 282
• Parmenides, 73
• Parrenin, Father, Jesuit missionary, 541
• Pason (= Apollo), who invented the art of medicine, 18
• Passavant, Dean of the Collège de St. Côme at Paris, 284
• Passionarius, title of Gariopontus’ treatise, 247
• Pathology, Fernel’s scheme of, 415
• views held by Hippocrates, 86
• Pathology, internal, 389
• Patroclus dresses the wound of Eurypylus, 49
• Paul, the Apostle, bitten by a poisonous snake on the Island of Melita, 29
• Paulus Aegineta, 199, 227, 318
• Pecquet, Jean, rediscovers thoracic duct (in a dog), 384
• Pericardium, abscess in the, Avenzoar refers to its actual occurrence, 229
• Periodeuts or ambulant physicians, 75
• Persians, the ancient, medicine of, 25
• took very little interest in surgery, 26
• Peter the Great purchases Ruysch’s anatomical collection, 356
• Petroncellus, a teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
• Peyer, Johann Conrad, 359
• Pfolspeundt, Heinrich von, 458, 460
• Pharmacist, early use of the term, 316
• Pharmacology, earliest treatise on, published by Dioscorides in 77 A. D., 158
• Pharmacopoeia, modern term for antidotarium, 319
• Augsburg, compiled by Minderer, 407
• modern, beginnings of, 547
• of India, very rich, 33
• Pharmacy, in its infancy, 315
• first regularly established in the 8th century, 318
• Pharmakon, term employed by Galen for a remedial drug, 316
• Philinus of Cos, 111
• Philosophers’ stone, 321
• Philosophy, schools of, in Greece and its colonies, 72
• Physicians, consultation of (Fig.), 457
• honored publicly in ancient Greece, 98, 99, 100
• more highly esteemed than surgeons in 14th century, 304
• suffered martyrdom for their Christian faith, 180
• Physiology, human, views held by Hippocrates, 86
• Pietro d’Abano, 266
• Pineau family, lithotomists, 549
• Pini, anatomical draughtsman, 348, 392
• Pitard, Jehan, Surgeon of Louis IX., 448, 530
• Pitcairn, Archibald, 367
• Plague at Athens, history of, by Thucydides, 96
• Plague, the, avoidance of, by Galen, 164
• Plants, medicinal virtues of, 157
• Platearius, John and Matthew, teachers of medicine at Salerno, 245
• Plato, 73, 78
• views of, with regard to women physicians, 77
• Platter, Felix, 336, 396, 455
• early experiences at Montpellier, 332
• Pleurisy, Boerhaave’s manner of treating it, 444
• Pliny the Elder, 155
• Pneuma, or breath, plays the most important rôle in the mechanism of life, 108
• or vital spirit, 141
• Pneumatism not popular with the physicians of Rome, 142
• Pneumatists, the, 141
• Podalic version, 535, 537
• Podalirius, 47
• Poisonous snakes, loss of life caused by the bites of, 64
• Polybus, son-in-law of Hippocrates, 82
• Pompeii, physicians’ houses disinterred at, 315
• Pons Varolii, 350
• Pores, system of, for conveyance of tissue juices, 122
• Portal, Paul, 539
• Poultices, too free use of, condemned, 467
• Power, D’Arcy, 307
• Practica chirurgiae of Roger, 254
• Practica oculorum of Benevenutus Grapheus, 256
• Practica of Bartholomaeus, 248
• Practica of Cophon the Younger, 249
• Practitioners, improper behavior of, in the sick room, 193
• Praepositus, meaning of the term, 253
• Praxagoras of Cos, 103
• probably the first to distinguish the difference between arteries and veins, 103
• Prayer formulae employed by the Babylonians as protective remedies, 13
• Pregnant women, dietetics of, 199
• Prehistoric period of science of medicine, 4
• Pre-Homeric period of medicine in Greece, 46
• Prescription writing first employed about A. D. 1400, 320
• Printing, invention of, favored advance of science of medicine, 328
• Priscianus, Theodorus, 192
• Proksch, 543
• Przymiot, title of early Polish treatise on syphilis, 479
• Ptolemies, learning greatly prospered under their reign, 100
• Ptolemy Euergetes, or Physcon, 116
• Pulse, meaning of, according to Athenaeus, 142
• Pulsific power of arteries (Galen), 381
• Purkinje’s bone-corpuscles, 362
• Puschmann, 70, 107, 196, 232, 257, 311, 365, 394
• Pyaemia, Wuertz’s views regarding, 469
• Pythagoras, 73, 74
• medical doctrines propounded by, 147
• Python, Aesculapius represented in the presence of a, 65

Q

• Quintessences of Paracelsus, 405
• Quintus, one of Galen’s teachers, 162

R

• Rabelais, François, celebrated humorous writer, was a physician, 451
• Rabisu, the demon who causes diseases of the skin, 13
• Raphael’s celebrated painting showing Plato and Aristotle, 102
• Rational system of medicine, beginnings of, in Greece, 67
• Recipes, books of, take the place of physicians in Rome, 117
• Red-hot cautery iron too freely used for arresting bleeding, 466
• Refraction, researches of Alhazen in regard to, 233
• Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, 246
• Arnold’s commentary on, 294
• Relics, saintly, universal faith in their power to heal diseases, 241
• Remedial agents, genuine, employed in Babylonia, 13
• Remedies, household, Cato’s collection of, 123
• Renaissance, influence of, upon progress of medicine in Western Europe, 259
• Renan, Ernest, 229, 231
• Renzi, de, on books written by physicians at Salerno, 246
• Repercussion, 526
• Respiration, physiology of, according to Erasistratus, 108
• according to Aretaeus, 144
• Rete Malpighi, 361
• Rhazes, illustrious Persian physician, 219, 318
• Rhinoplasty in Italy in the 15th century, 459
• Rhodion, 533
• Riolan, J., 360
• Roesslin, Eucharius, 533
• Roger’s Practica, the oldest treatise on surgery written in Italy during the Middle Ages, 254
• Rokitansky, the famous Viennese pathologist, advice of, to those about to study medicine, 3
• Roland of Parma, 254, 279
• Roman physicians, of foreign birth, awarded rights of citizenship by Julius Caesar, 130
• Romano Pane publishes first account of discovery of tobacco, 395
• Rome, state of medicine at, after the death of Asclepiades, 129
• Rosa anglica, title of treatise written by John of Gaddesden, 306
• Rousset, François, 535
• Royal Society of London, founding of, 363
• Rudbeck, Olaus, 358, 385
• Rufus of Ephesus, 145, 146
• Ruysch, Friedrich, the anatomist, 356, 358

S

• Sabour ben Sahl, 209
• Sage femme, possible origin of the term, 247
• Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 524
• Saint Basil, founder of a hospital at Caesarea, 236
• Saint Côme, Collège de, 490
• Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian, Brotherhood of, 530
• Saladin of Ascolo, author of first modern treatise on materia medica, 320
• Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, 225
• Salamanca, University of, 346
• Salerno Medical School, 243, 244, 265
• women teachers at, 245
• Saliceto, William of, 277
• Salmouïh ben Bayan, a distinguished pupil of the Djondisabour school, 210
• Salvino degli Armati of Florence, reputed inventor of spectacles, 297
• Sanctorius Sanctorinus, 368
• Sandwith, Dr. F. M., concerning the most ancient surgical implements thus far discovered, 9
• Sanguification, Galen’s theory of, 385
• Sanitary science in the 15th century, 314
• Sapienza, University of, at Rome, 391
• Sarsaparilla, 395
• Savonarola, Giovanni Michele, 313
• Schielhans, nickname of Hans von Gerssdorff, 460
• Schneider, Conrad Victor, 359
• School of Salerno, title of poem, 250
• Schools, significance of the term, 74
• Scotus or Scottus, 262
• Scribonius Largus, 155, 413
• Sects in Medicine, 101, 147, 149
• Septicaemia, Wuertz’s views regarding, 470, 471
• Serapion the Elder, 210
• Serapis or Osiris, 19
• Serpent, significance of the, in the statues and votive tablets exposed to view in the Aesculapian temples, 62
• Servetus, Michael, 375
• on the circulation of the blood, 376
• Shoulder, dislocation of, cured by Gabriel Bakhtichou, 207
• Simon Januensis, 261
• Sismondi, the historian, 116
• Skull, fractures of, 286, 476
• Slaves sold by Romans when they became old and feeble, 235
• Sleep-walking, instance of, narrated by Alderotti, 273
• Small-pox described by Herodotus, 142
• earliest treatise upon, 220
• Gaddesden’s successful treatment of, 306
• prophylactic inoculation against, 43
• Smith, Sir William, 103
• Snake, poisonous, treatment of bite by, 110
• Snakeroot, an antidote for poisoning by the bite of a snake, 7
• Sobieski, King of Poland, purchases Ruysch’s second anatomical collection, 358
• Social hygiene, the Mosaic laws relate particularly to, 26
• Socrates, 73
• Soporific sponges, 253
• Soranus of Ephesus, 138, 139, 159
• rational obstetric methods of, 139
• Soul, spirit of the, 291
• Soul, the, is the blood, according to Servetus, 376
• Spain, medicine flourished in, during the 10th century, 226
• Spanish surgeons of the 16th century, 484
• Specialization in medicine, 114
• Spectacles, use of, first mentioned by Gordonius (A. D. 1285), 297
• Speculum, aural, employed by Jean de Vigo, 473
• majus, of Vincent Beauvais, 270
• vaginal, of Paulus Aegineta, 201
• Spine, curvature of, 313
• Spirit, the, 291, 374
• disorders of, 141
• of Mindererus, 407
• Splenia, 526
• Splints made with bundles of straw, 304
• Sprengel, Kurt, 342
• Springs, European, in 16th century, 323
• Stahl, Georg Ernst, 431
• doctrine of animism, 432
• his “phlogiston,” 433
• treatise on “theoria medica vera,” 432
• Steno, Nicholas (Niels Stensen), 359
• Stibium, 158
• Stoics, the, 102
• Stone in the bladder, cutting for, 494
• Gaddesden’s peculiar method of treating, 306
• method of operating kept a secret by lithotomists, 447
• Strangulated hernia, Franco’s operation for, 492
• Straton, a skilful gynaecologist, 115
• Straw splints, for use in fractures, 304
• Strictum and laxum, terms employed by the Methodists, 130
• Boerhaave adopts the doctrine, 442
• Styrus, one of Galen’s teachers, 162
• Suggestion, power of, over the human mind, 241
• Superstitious beliefs constitute one of the most extraordinary characteristics of the human race, 10
• Surgeon, characteristics which he should possess, 285
• Surgeons of the long robe, a name given to members of the Collège de St. Côme, 448
• Surgery, considered a menial occupation during the Renaissance (Fig.), 306, 447
• early, in Great Britain, 516, 523
• strong prejudice against among French physicians of the 15th century, 300
• systematic instruction in, first given at Montpellier in 1597, 448
• Surgical operations in the age of primitive medicine, 8
• Susruta, celebrated East Indian medical author, 31
• Swammerdam, John, 356
• Sydenham, Thomas, 418
• a great sufferer from gout, 421
• describes an “inflammation of the blood,” 423
• experience with the great epidemic of the Plague, 421
• on the nature of fever, 423
• treatises published by, 419
• Sylvius (Franz de le Boë), 367, 427
• clinical instruction cultivated by him at Leyden, 428, 429
• treatises published by him, 428
• Sylvius, the anatomist, 340
• Syphilis, 473, 542
• poem relating to, 391
• Syriac ulcer (known to-day as pharyngeal diphtheria), 144
• Syringe, earliest reference to use of, to be found in Abulcasis’ treatise on surgery, 227
• Syringotome, 313
• Szandalani, Arabic name for pharmacists, 318

T

• Tagliacotian operation, the so-called, 478, 480
• Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, 478
• Talismans, amulets, etc., as means of protection against evil spirits, 9, 13
• Teissir, the, Avenzoar’s great medical work, 228, 230
• Telesphorus, son of, Aesculapius, 50
• Temple priests in ancient Egypt, 17
• Temple sleep at the Asclepieia, 57
• Temples, Aesculapian, their chief purpose, 51
• Tents, practice of employing, in the treatment of wounds, condemned, 466
• Tesrif, the, written by Abulcasis (= Alsaharavius), 227
• Tetanus, traumatic, Lanfranchi’s treatment of, 285
• Thaddeus Alderotti, 272
• Thales, of Miletus, 72
• Themison, founder of the sect of the Methodists, 130
• the first to mention the employment of leaches, 133
• Theodoric of Lucca, 276
• Theodorus, a disciple of Athenaeus, 142
• Thessalus, son of Hippocrates, 82, 133
• Thessalus, of Tralles, in Asia Minor, a prominent Methodist, 133
• Thierry de Héry, 499
• Thigh, amputation of, probably performed in early part of Christian era, 470
• fractures of, 304
• Thirty Years’ War, the, 426
• Thomas Aquinas, a believer in the art of the magician, 321
• Thoracic duct, 384
• Thot or Thoüt (Hermes), the god, author of the hermetic books, 18, 19
• Thucydides, 96
• Tiraboschi, 338, 378
• Tobacco, 395
• Toledo, Spain, richly stocked with manuscript treasures of Arabic literature, 261
• Tolet, François, 550
• Tolu, balsam of, 395
• Torcular Herophili, 105
• Torricella, 546
• Tosorthos, 17
• Touching, for the “King’s evil,” 527, 528
• Tracheotomy performed by Asclepiades (90 B. C.), 124
• revived by Antonio Beniveni in the 15th century, 498
• Transfusion of blood, 408
• Transmutation of baser metals into gold, 321
• Trautmann, of Wittenberg, 535
• Trephine, circular pattern of, 473
• Trephining the skull a very ancient surgical operation, 9
• Wuertz slow in resorting to the operation, 467
• Trikka, Thessaly, 51
• Trotula, a teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
• Tuberculosis, virus of, long-lived, according to Fracastoro, 390
• Turquet de Mayerne, 547
• Tydides, who smote Aeneas, 49

U

• Ulcers, treatment of, according to the method of Thessalus, 135
• Uroscopy eagerly adopted by charlatans in 16th century (Fig.), 412
• strongly denounced by Scribonius, Botallo and others, 413
• Utukku, the demon who causes diseases of the throat, 13

V

• Vagbhata, a celebrated East Indian medical author, 31
• Valerius Cordus, 318
• Valves, discovery of, in the larger veins, 378
• Van Helmont, 398
• “archaeus influus” and “archaeus insitus,” 399
• characteristic sayings, 400
• remarkable remedies manufactured by him, 399
• Van Swieten introduces clinical instruction at the University of Vienna, 431
• Varolius, 349
• Vein should be opened longitudinally in venesection, 286
• Vena portae, 385
• Venesection, Celsus’ description of technical details, 152
• quantity of blood that may be withdrawn, 413
• spot from which blood should preferably be taken, 411
• Venous artery (pulmonary vein), 371
• Venous blood, function of, 373
• Versification employed in medical treatises, 251
• Version, podalic, 535
• Vesalius, 340, 342, 345, 347, 370, 374, 456
• Vicq d’Azyr, 532
• Victor III., Pope, 239
• Vidus Vidius, 340
• Vieussens, Raymond, 364
• Villalobos, 542
• Vincent of Beauvais, 270
• encyclopaedia of, 263
• Vindicianus, 192
• Viper, cases of persons bitten by, 488, 507
• Vis conservatrix et medicatrix naturae (Stahl), 432
• Vital force, Stahl’s, 405
• Vital spirit, Galen’s, 376
• Vivisection of criminals utilized at Alexandria, Egypt, for scientific purposes, 107
• Vizir Ali ben Issa founds a great hospital at Bagdad in A. D. 914, 219
• Volcher Koyter, 349

W

• Water, contaminated, purification of, by distillation, 305
• of river Choaspes, ready boiled for use and stored in flagons of silver, carried by King Cyrus on his campaigns, 26
• Wecker, Johann Jacob, 521
• Weight-and-pulley treatment of thigh fractures, Guy de Chauliac’s, 304
• Wharton, Thomas, 359, 546
• William of Saliceto, 277
• William the Conqueror a patient at Salerno, 245
• Willis, Thomas, 360, 367, 546
• Wine, Galen’s use of, in dressing wounds, 163
• proper employment of, according to Asclepiades, 125
• Thalassite, 126
• Winter, of Andernach, 340
• Wirsung, George, discovers outlet duct of human pancreas, 358
• Wiseman, Richard, 524
• Women instructors in medicine highly esteemed at Salerno, 246
• Women physicians among the Arabs in Spain, during the 12th century, 232
• Woodall, John, 522
• Wounds, dry method of treating, 275, 285
• too frequent probing of, condemned, 466
• Wren, Sir Christopher, 408
• Wuertz, Felix, 465
• condemns universal employment of chemical caustics and the red-hot iron for arresting bleeding, 466
• remarks on pyaemia, hospital gangrene and septicaemia, 469, 471
• remarks on treatment of penetrating wounds of abdomen, 469
• Wundaerzte, 369