A

• Abdomen, penetrating wounds of, 469
• Abella, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
• Abou Bekr, distinguished Arab physician in Spain, 232
• Abou Sahl el Messihy, distinguished Persian physician, 223
• Abscess, mediastinal, 229
• Abulcasis, famous Arab surgeon, 226
• Abulpharagius, 184
• Académie de Chirurgie, Paris (1731), 450
• Académie des Curieux da la Nature, 364
• Académie des Sciences, 363
• Accademia dei Lincei, Rome, 364
• Accademia del Cimento, Florence, 364
• Acrabadin Kebir, 209
• Acupressure, 143
• Adams, Frederick, 89
• Aegidius Corboliensis, 255
• Aeneas, wounded in groin, 49
• Aesculapius, 47, 49
• symbol of, 315
• temple of, at Cos, 514
• Aëtius, 194, 318
• Afflacius, John, 245, 248
• Agathinus, 142
• Agrate, Marco, 339
• Aigle, daughter of Aesculapius, 50
• Alae nasi, Galen’s comments on movements of, 173
• Albert von Bollstedt (Albertus Magnus), 269
• Alcmaeon, 73, 79
• Alderotti, Thaddeus, 272
• Alexander of Tralles, 195
• Alexander Philalethes, 115
• Alexander the Great, 100
• Alexandria, Egypt, 100, 116
• Alhazen, researches in optics, 233
• Alkaloids (quintessences of Paracelsus), 405
• Almansur, Caliph of Bagdad, 184, 203
• Almenar, Juan, 544
• Alphanus II., Abbot of Monte Cassino, 239
• Alsaharavius, 227
• Alu, 13
• Amatus Lusitanus, 484, 487
• Ambrosia, antidote for poisons, 112
• Amputation of leg (Fig.), 463
• Amrou, 116, 185
• Amulets and other magical remedies, 197
• Anaesthesia, Surgical, from employment of soporific sponges, 253, 462
• Anatomical demonstrations at Salerno, 253
• Anatomical specimens, preservation of, 356
• Anatomy and physiology, important discoveries during 16th century, 353
• Anatomy, importance of study of, 312
• Anatomy, microscopic, 360
• Anaximander, 72
• Anaximenes, 72
• Andreas of Carystus, 114
• Animism, 405, 432
• Antidotarium, early name for pharmacopoeia, 319
• Antidotarium Nicolai, 548
• Antimony, curative action of, 158, 548
• Antiochus, cured by Erasistratus, 106
• Antoninus Pius, 57
• Antrum of Highmore, 359
• Antyllus, 143, 201
• Apes, dissection of, 164
• Apollo, the god of medicine, 18, 50
• Apollonius Mus, 111
• Apothecary, 316, 319
• Apparatus magnus (operation for stone in the bladder), 474
• Apuleius, Lucius, 120, 126
• Aqua vitae, how prepared, 313
• Arabian physicians, dogmatism of, 412
• Arab renaissance, 203, 217, 233, 259
• Arantian operation, a substitute for Tagliacotian operation, 481
• Aranzio or Arantius, 349, 481
• Arceo, Francisco, 484, 486
• Archaeus influus and Archaeus insitus, 399
• Archagathus, 119
• Archigenes, 142, 174
• on ligation of larger blood-vessels before amputation of a limb, 470
• Archimathaeus, 248
• Arderne, John, 307
• Aretaeus, 144
• Aristophanes, 58
• Aristotle, 73, 102, 433
• commentary by Averroes, 229
• Arnold, of Villanova, 292–296
• Arrow, extraction of, from chest during battle (Fig.), 461
• Ars parva, of Galen, 248
• Arteries, ligaturing of divided, after an amputation, 289
• Arteriotomy, for relief of hemicrania, 470
• Artery forceps devised by Ambroise Paré, 512
• Asakku, the demon who produces fever in the head, 13
• Asclepiades, founder of a new sect at Rome, 116, 119, 122
• Asclepieia, 50, 52, 57
• Asclepieion at Cos (Figs.), 53
• at Epidaurus, 52
• Aselli, Caspar, 385
• Assyrian medicine, 11
• Astringents, 133
• Astrologer, a typical, 12
• Astrologers in Babylonia, 14
• Astruc, Jean, 548
• Athenaeus, founder of sect of Pneumatists, 141
• Athens, a great medical centre, 96
• epidemic of the Plague at, 96
• Athletic exercises as a therapeutic measure, 69
• Athotis, 17
• Augustus, Roman Emperor, cured of gout by hydrotherapy, 129
• Auricles of the heart, comments on, by H. de Mondeville, 290
• Auscultation of the chest, 20, 159
• Austrichildis, King Guntram’s wife, 240, 241
• Authors, numerous in Cordova in 12th century, 232
• Averroes, pupil of Avenzoar, 229
• Averroism, 267
• Avenzoar, 228
• Avicenna, 221

B

• Babylonia, genuine remedial agents employed in, 13
• Babylonian astrologers, 14
• Babylonians, strange beliefs held by, in regard to human anatomy and physiology, 13
• Bacon, Francis, 338
• Bacon, Roger, 271
• Bacteriology, first studies in, 362
• Bagdad, a second great hospital founded at, in A. D. 914, 219
• Bain, Christopher, 396
• Bakhtichou ben Djordis, 205, 207
• Bakhtichou, George, 205
• Barbaric Latin, 262
• Barbers, the earliest surgeons in France, 530
• Barbers and Barber-Surgeons, 282, 369, 449, 464
• Barber-Surgeons’ Company, of London, 519
• Bartholomaeus, 245
• Baseilhac, Jean, 552
• Baseilhac, Pascal, 496
• Basel, public dissection of human body at, 455
• visited by Vesalius in 1542, 455
• Baths extensively used by ancients, 157, 323
• Baudelocque, 539
• Bede, The Venerable, believed in cures by supernatural means, 241
• Belladonna, when first used for dilating the pupils, 157
• Benedictine monastery on Monte Cassino, 238
• Beniveni, Antonio, 389, 498
• Benvenuto Cellini, 341
• Berendes, 159, 317, 322, 426
• Berengarius of Carpi, 342, 374
• Bernardo di Rapallo, 472
• Bertharius, abbot of Monte Cassino, 239
• Berthelot, on Geber, 320
• Bertrucius, 310
• Bile, black and yellow, 86
• manner of production, 109
• Bladder, tuberculous ulceration of, 200
• Blancaard, Stephen, 359
• Blood, inflammation of (Sydenham), 423
• production of, according to Erasistratus, 109
• spirituous, 373
• transfusion of, 408
• Bloodletting, comments on, by Celsus, 152
• from a vein, technique, 152
• how practice first originated, 6
• rule of Hippocrates regarding, 411
• under what circumstances advisable, 133
• Blood-vessels, Capillary, circulation in, 383
• when first injected artificially, 356, 359
• Boerhaave, Hermann, 144, 438, 441
• gives clinical instruction at Leyden, 430
• treatise on chemistry the standard for many years, 440
• Boiling of drinking water practiced by ancient Persians, 26
• Bologna Medical School, 272, 281, 332
• Boniface VIII., Pope, successfully treated for stone in the bladder, 293
• Books, great demand for, in 15th century, 329
• Borelli, Alphonso, 368
• Botallo, Leonardo, 413
• Botanical gardens, 17, 392, 393
• Bougies, urethral, 495
• Bourgeois, Louise, 536
• Boyle, Robert, a distinguished chemist, 406
• Branca, father and son, skilled in rhinoplasty, 459
• Brassavola, experimental pharmacologist, 398
• Breviarium, Arnold’s, 294
• Briggs, William, 545
• Brissot, Pierre, 411
• Bronze surgical knives, 16
• Browne, Andrew, the friend of Sydenham, 422, 424
• Brunner, Johann Conrad, 359
• Brunschwig, Hieronymus, 456
• Brunus, 277
• Bullets not hot when they enter the flesh, 513
• Burinna, name of spring on the Island of Cos, 54
• Byzantium, the new capital of the Roman Empire, 180

C

• Cabanès, 402
• Cacao, 395
• Caelius Aurelianus, 132, 159
• Caesar, Julius, liberality of, toward foreign physicians settled in Rome, 119
• Caesalpinus, Andreas, 372, 375, 394
• Caesarian section, 396, 534
• Cairo physicians distinguished ophthalmologists, 225
• Calcar, Vesalius’ draughtsman, 344
• Calculus in the bladder may not be dissolved by internal remedies, 498
• Callidum innatum of Hippocrates, 415
• Calvin, John, visited by Felix Platter, 335
• Cancer of breast, sculptured in marble (Fig.), 68
• Cancer, ulcerated, not to be cauterized, 285
• Cannani, 378
• Canon, the, of Avicenna, 222
• Capsicum, 395
• Caraka, East Indian medical author, 31
• Carbonic acid, nature of, expounded by Van Helmont, 400
• Carbonous oxide, 434
• Carcano Leone, 475, 476
• Case histories recorded on tablets, 67
• Cassiodorus, 238
• Castor oil, perfected by Apollonius Mus, 111
• Cataract operations of Pierre Franco, 494
• Cato, Marcus Porcius, 117, 235
• Caustics, too freely used as haemostatics, 466
• Cauterization of ulcerated cancer not approved by Lanfranchi, 285
• Cauterizing instruments, 279
• Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 150, 151, 155
• Cerebral nerves, crossing of, in relation to paralysis of one side of the body, 144
• Cermisone, Antonio, 313
• Chamberlen, Hugh, 538
• Chaldean doctrine of numbers, 74
• Charcoal, fumes of burning, 435
• Chaucer’s account of a clever physician, 308
• Chemical element defined, 407
• Chemistry in ancient Egypt, 17
• modern, developed gradually from alchemy, 320
• Chicory an effective remedy in abdominal diseases, 109
• Chinese conceptions concerning human physiology, 41
• Chinese medicine, 38, 39
• Chiron, 48
• Christianity, influence of, upon evolution of medicine, 179
• Chrysippus, 141
• Chyle, distribution of, after it leaves the stomach, 109
• Chyle ducts, discovery of, 385
• Cicero’s interpretation of the expression “gods” as employed by the ancients, 18
• Cinchona, discovery of, 408
• Circa instans, the title commonly given to treatise of Matthew Platearius, 253
• Circulation of blood, Galen’s physiology of, 373
• de Mondeville’s comments, 289
• Citizenship, rights of, bestowed by Julius Caesar on all foreign physicians practicing in Rome, 119, 130
• Civitas Hippocratica, 243
• Claudius, Roman Emperor, merciful action of, toward slaves, 235
• Clemens, of Alexandria, Egypt, 17
• Clement IV., Pope, protects Roger Bacon, 272
• Clement V., Pope, removes papal seat from Rome to Avignon, 293
• Clinical instruction at Leyden Hospital, 429
• Clowes, William, 519
• Cnidian school of medicine, 81
• Cnidus, in Caria, Asia Minor, 51
• Coca, 395
• Cold, exposure to, unusual treatment of, 489
• College of Physicians, London, 417
• College of Saint Cosmas, Paris, 283, 284, 448
• Colliget, title of treatise written by Averroes, 229
• Colot, Laurent, famous French lithotomist, 474
• Columbus, Realdus, 349
• experiments relating to physiology of heart, 377
• Côme, Frère, 550
• Communities, term employed by the Methodists for designating the two conditions “laxum” and “strictum,” 130
• Compendium aromatariorum, the first modern treatise on materia medica, 320
• Compendium Salernitanum, 246
• Conciliator, title of one of Pietro d’Abano’s great works, 266, 267
• Constantinople, taking of, by the Turks, an important aid to the advance of medicine, 328
• Constantinus the African, 239, 248, 260
• Contagion, innate, 220
• Contagious diseases, Fracastoro’s classification of, 390
• Continens, title of Rhazes’ great work, 220, 262
• Contraria contrariis, principle of, in therapeutics, 132
• Cosmas and Damian, 282, 449
• Copaiva, Balsam of, 395
• Cophon, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
• Cordova, Spain, centre of great intellectual activity, 218, 232
• Corpse, the touching of a, believed by the Persians to produce a special contamination, 25
• Cos, Island of (Figs.), 53
• Costa ben Luca, 215, 216
• Costanza Calenda, 245
• Cowper, William, 360
• Croke, A., 250
• Cronos, 19
• Crotona, Italy, 51
• Cullen, William, 432
• Curtis, John G., 72, 140
• Cyrene, in Lybia, Africa, 51
• Cystotomy, hypogastric, 495

D

• Damascus, an active medical centre in the 13th century, 225, 232
• Daremberg, 50, 75, 240, 420
• Darius I., King of the Persians, 26, 75
• David’s harp-playing, effect of, on King Saul’s melancholia, 27
• Da Vinci, Leonardo, 339
• Daza Chacon, 484
• De le Boë, Franz, 427
• De Marchettis, Domenico, 359
• Demetrius, of Apamea, 114
• Democedes, 73, 75
• Democritus, 82
• Demosthenes, of Marseilles, 115
• Denys, of Paris, 408
• Desiderius, Abbot of Monte Cassino, 239
• Dezeimeris, 341, 400
• Dietetics of pregnant women, 199
• Dieting and athletic exercises, 69
• Dietz, Reinhold, discoverer of an early Greek manuscript of Soranus, 138
• Digestion, physiology of, according to Erasistratus, 108
• according to Aretaeus, 144
• Diocles, of Carystos, 103
• Dionis, Pierre, distinguished French anatomist, 41, 364, 383, 540
• Dioscorides, Pedanius, 157, 317
• Diphtheria, genuine, recognized by Paracelsus, 405
• Diphtheria, pharyngeal, known in 2d century as Syriac ulcer, 144
• Diseases mentioned in the papyrus Ebers, 20
• Dislocation of shoulder, successfully reduced by Gabriel Bakhtichou, 207
• Dissecting of human bodies, early attempts, 309, 327, 331
• practice approved by University of Salamanca, 346
• practice made obligatory in the medical schools early in 18th century, 364
• Distempers of the stiff and elastic fibres (Boerhaave), 442
• Divine water of the alchemists, 321
• Djondisabour, early establishment of a medical school at, 184, 204
• Doctor, when first employed as a title, 280
• Dodoens, Rembert (Dodonaeus), 395
• Dogmatists, sect of the, 101, 103, 149
• Donato, Marcello, 396
• Don Carlos, of Spain, skull severely injured, 485
• Dorveaux, Paul, 548
• Douglas, James, 361
• Drachma, value of, 207
• Draco, son of Hippocrates, 82
• Dracunculus medinensis, 233
• Drugs, enumerated by Homer in the Odyssey, 18
• enumerated by Dioscorides, 18
• remedial effects of, 398
• Dry treatment of wounds, 275, 285
• DuBois, Jacques (Sylvius), the anatomist, 340, 345
• Dysentery, East Indian treatment of, 409

E

• Ear, cherry pit in, 396
• fatal disease of, 489
• East Indian surgeons performed suprapubic cystotomy before the Christian era, 497
• Eben el Khammar, a distinguished Persian physician, 222
• Ebers papyrus, the, 20
• Eclectics, the, 142, 149
• Egypt, ancient, practice of medicine in, 16, 17
• process of embalming in, 17
• temples were used as hospitals and as medical schools, as well as for purposes of worship, 19
• Egyptians, the ancient, surgical instruments used by, 21
• surgical methods employed by, 21
• therapeutics of, 20
• they were good sanitarians, 23
• they were the originators of many of the Mosaic laws, 27
• Eleatic school of philosophy, 73
• Elbow-joint, exarticulation of, 508
• Electric ray, shocks communicated by, utilized in treatment of severe headache, 155
• Elisha the prophet cures Naaman’s so-called leprosy, 27
• Embalming, Egyptian process of, 17
• Emir Adhad Eddoula founds a great hospital at Bagdad, 219
• Empedocles (444 B. C.) places the seat of the hearing in the labyrinth of the temporal bone, 80
• Empirics, sect of the, 101, 111, 149
• Encyclopaedists, the, 156
• Epicureans, the, 102
• Epidaurus, in Argolis, Greece, 51
• Epione, wife of Aesculapius, 50
• Erasistratus, 104, 106, 110
• teachings of, with regard to nature of the blood and the circulation, 371
• Erasmus, on Linacre, 418
• Étienne, Robert, 197
• Euenor, 99
• Euler, Leonhard, 360
• Euporista, title of Oribasius’ treatise, 192
• Euporiston, title of treatise by Priscianus, 193
• Eustachius, Bartholomaeus, 345, 348, 358, 384
• Evil spirits, part played by, in producing disease, 8
• Exercise, physical, not absolutely necessary to persons in normal health, 125
• Experience, great value attached to, by Hippocrates, 148