Puthi’s dues in champo rebuilding, 27;
in fish-poisoning, 72
wife, accompanies Puthi in Thruven, 47;
in Amungkam, 50;
cuts first-fruits, 53
[250]
Putting the weight (olungeyen), 83
Puzzi, stone, 117 n. 1
Pyabi, heirloom, 4
Pyopsü village, 117
Pyotsoja, ceremony, 125
Python (ongam, but sosiyo if an article of diet), causes loss of way, remedy, 70;
customs as to eating, 77;
gall of, as medicine, 80
Quiver (lotsiphu), 18
Quoireng, spearing ceremony, 124
Raft, 158;
miniature bears Tchhüpfu’s offerings, 125
Rake (keya), 47
Raid: see War and Head-hunting.
Raider of enemy’s field, insignia, 13
Railway carriage, portion of, as omen, 114
Rain, compelling ceremonies, 130, 131;
fortelling, 50;
caused by Potsos, 173
Rain-shields (phuchyo), 11;
ornamentation, 43;
gift to bride, 148
Ramo “genna,” description, 108;
boy’s ears pierced at, 8
Ramphan, Lhota hero, 16;
spears a Nangkamo, 116;
“The Story of ——,” 197, 199
Ranchamo thanked for help, vi
Rangpang clan, 88;
origin of, 99
Rangendri ceremony, 129
Rangsi, deity of crops, 50, 115;
sacrifice and prayers to, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56;
critical of tunes, 85;
summoned to fill rice baskets, 126
Rangsikam or Likam, agricultural ceremony, 51;
notice of, given, 50
Rangsi’s load, 55
Rangsitsa (calling Rangsis), described, 125, 126
Rangti, breaker-off of fragment of Kezakenoma stone, 167
Rankhanda, or Rhankhantang, 3, 88;
imprisons Khyuham, 116
Rarakham wild mint, in scapegoat ceremony, 134;
in stone-dragging, 142;
worn at “gennas,” 169
Rat, jungle, offered in scapegoat ceremony, 135
Ratsen, medicine man, 79;
selection, inauguration, 164;
visited by Potsos, 113, 114;
consulted in illness, 133, 134, 135, 165;
ratsen’s stone, 164, 166;
ratsen’s familiar (sonyo), 164, 165;
food tabus of, 165, 166;
tabus connected with visits from Potsos, 114
Ratzel, division of Indonesian races, xxxii;
regarding hoes, xxvii;
bows, xxviii;
moon, 172 n. 3
Reaping ceremonies, 54–56;
method of, 55;
similarity of methods evidence of affinity, xxviii
Red, predominating skin colour among Nagas, xxii;
in head-taker’s ornaments, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19;
in women’s ear ornaments, 13;
to dream of, presages someone being wounded, 172
Red-headed Trogon, not eaten, 76
Reed, in omen-taking, xiv;
symbolical of sunny weather, 114
Reincarnation, 119
Relation, nearest present buries corpse of “apotia,” 160
Relationship, Table of, 93, 94;
special terms in certain cases, 95
Religion, 113–173;
Lhotas non-moral, 121
Remphi, feasting day in Tuku, 130
Rengma tribe, migrations, xiv, xxi, 4, 91;
dual system, xiv, xxxi;
bury dead, xxiv;
method of sowing, xxix;
monoliths, xxix;
make bands for rükhusü, 10;
weapons and tools, 17, 42;
lizard on head-taker’s cloth, 116 n. 2;
younger brother’s intercourse with wife of elder, 154
naked, branch off at Melomi, xxi;
terrace cultivation, xxviii
Rephyim, village, performance of head-taking ceremony over fellow-tribesman’s head
causes “khel” to die out, 104 n. 1;
opya ceremony in, 123
Rezüyo leaves, on horns of sacrificial mithan, 140;
on ceremonial cups, 143
Rheumatism, cure for, 166
Rhinoceros bone as fertility charm, 167
Rhisa, poison, 82
Rice: for details of cultivation see Jhum.
Methods of sowing, xxix;
of storing, 23;
of husking, 35;
of cooking, 78;
staple crop, 45;
food, 74;
interest on loans, 45;
varieties of, 56;
cutting of, after Tuku prohibited, 130;
collected by Puthi at ceremonies, 122, 129;
offered to Potsos, 114;
to Rangsis, 125, 126;
offered to souls of dead enemies, 107;
to male dead, 159
bin, offering of pork placed in, 131;
first rice placed in, 54
blades of, from granary offered to Potsos, 131
boiled, in ceremonies, 47, 48, 51, 54, 108, 109, 132, 135;
hung over grave of man, 158
husked, collected by Puthi in Tuku (kichan), 129
pounding, in Tsirotsoala, 140;
at stone-dragging, 141
seed, priority of payment of debt of, 45;
sprinkled in Thruven, 47;
six grains sown in Thruven, 48;
reaped at Mshe etak, 53
uncooked, export of, forbidden between Oyantsoa and Tuku, 125
unhusked, collected by Puthi at ceremonies, 49, 129;
laid before Rangsis, 125.
See also Thruven, Mshe etak and Reaping ceremonies
Right, males sit on, 34;
bridegroom’s place on, 150, 151, 154;
husband’s garment on, 152;
associated with number ten, 47, 49, 128
Ritsenshandre, kindred, 92
Rivers, Professor, suggested relationship table, 93
Roller, Indian, not eaten except by old people, 76
Rongorongyi, month, 226
Roof, of house, making of, 30–34;
decoration of Stone-dragger’s and Puthis’, 34;
omen “chunga” hidden in, 109;
hole cut in, at death, 157
of champo, making of, dance on, 27
of field-house, four blades of grass from, burnt in Liritang ceremony, 157
Rüho, warrior’s ornament, 14
Rükhusü (enemy-frightening-cloth), v, 10
Sachema, xxxi
Sacrifice, necessary to keep gods pleased, 113 [251]
Sacrifice, human, Major Butler’s account of, remarks thereon, 230–231;
head-hunting degenerated into, 109
of boar,
of chicken,
of cock,
of dog,
of hen,
of pig;
see under respective headings.
Saki, village, point in Lhota migration, 4;
use of term Puki, 122 n. 1
Salt, obtained by barter, 44;
interest on loan of, 45;
use of, in cooking, 74, 78;
in tempering iron, 42;
put on pig’s head at Liritang, 54;
given to mithan, 60, 140
Sambhur (sepu), hunting, 64;
big insects omen of killing, 65;
“The Story of the Sambhur and the Hanuman Monkey,” 175
Sangsu, leaves waved to keep off evil spirits, 54
Sangtam tribe, place of origin, xiv, xix;
—— blood in Semas, xviii n. 2, xix;
in Lhotas, xxxvii;
connection with Tamans, xix, xx;
bury dead, xxiv;
war drum, xxviii;
monoliths, xxix;
democratic government, xxxiii
Southern, tradition of common ancestor of ——, Lhotas, Semas and Rengmas, 4;
use of tsonak, 15;
spread culture of limes and pomelos, 58 n. 1;
disposal of enemies’ heads, 108 n. 1
Santemo, thanked for help, vi
Satami, village, sells piece of “Head,” 25
Scapegoat (chicken) ceremony, 134, 135
Scimitar Babbler, not eaten, 75
Seleku, village, vi;
meaning of name, 21;
pet pig in, 62
Sema tribe, the Irishman among Nagas, xiii;
boasts of his immoralities, 19;
migratory, xvi;
connected with Khoiraos, xviii;
Kacharis, Garos, Lynngams, Bhois, xix;
Rengmas, Sangtams, Lhotas, 4;
origins, xviii;
physical type, xxii, xxiii, 6;
dual organization, xxxii n. 2;
position of chiefs, xxxiii, xxxvii;
clan land system, 97;
adoption, 99, 100;
marriage with father’s widow, 95 n. 2;
folk-lore, xxii;
stories of fighting stones, xxxiv n. 3;
belief as to souls of the dead, xxxiv, 118;
lycanthropy, xxxiv;
belief as to lizards, 116 n. 2;
beliefs as to moon and sun, 172 n. 3;
as to meaning of false report of death, 158;
bury dead, xxiv;
use of bow, xxvii, xxviii;
story of people with inverted noses, xxvii n. 1;
reap by hand only, xxviii;
memorial posts, xxix;
houses on ground level, xxx;
armlets, 12;
ceremonial lengta, 14;
dao-holder, 16;
tsiri trap, 67;
great size of house, 30;
carving, 43;
scapegoat ceremony, 135;
cure for ophthalmia, 136;
gibbons not eaten, 77 n. 1
Sempinguli clan, 88;
descended from Sema fugitives, 90;
term used for mother, 95
Serow (tsiyo), hunting of, 64;
use of horns, 18, 81;
not eaten by young women, 77;
ghost —— of Okotso, 170
Sesame, cultivation of, 58
Settlement of disputes, 100–102
Sexes, separation of, at new house sacrifice, 34
Sexual act, effect on miraculous stone of Kezakenoma, 3 n. 2;
intercourse, see Chastity.
Shakespear, Lt.-Col. J., v, xxx n. 1, 84 n. 1, 118, 176 n. 3
Col. L. W., on Lhotas, 19
Shamashari, chant, 106, 107, 123, 124
Shambemo, thanked for help, vi
Shans, xvii
Shelves (theka), 35
Shetri clan, 88;
origin of, 90;
corresponding clan, 92 n. 1;
term used for mother, 95
Shield (otsung), of bamboo, 18, 43;
of hide, 18;
use of, in tiger hunts, 66;
in mock fighting, 110
Shiong, Konyak village, xxiii n. 2
Shishang or Wozüyua, second Social genna, 138, 139
Shohemi clan, 92
Shotokuk, month, 226
Shovels of cattle’s shoulder-blades, 23
Shrew mouse, 120 n. 1
Shungentsore kindred, 92
Sickle (vekhua), 55;
in Mshe etak, 53;
omen-taking, 153
Silence, in ceremonies, of wife in dog purifying, 64;
of cultivator before first sowing, 46;
by makers of fishing weirs, 73;
of bride and bridegroom, 150;
household of “apotia,” 162;
by mock raiders, 129
Singeing of sacrificial animal, 50, 134, 149, 151;
prohibited, 6
Singpho tribe, affinities and connections, xv, xviii, xx;
come from direction of Nepal and Tibet, xvi, xxxvi;
burn dead, xxiii, xxiv;
use of cross-bow, xxvii
Sityingo (Angami Tsikeo), Divine owner of wild animals, 115;
snicks ears of deer, 64;
prayer to, in dog purifying, 65;
share of deer killed, 65;
“The Story of —— and Ngazo,” 183
Sityingonguli clan, 88;
origin, 90;
term for mother, 95
Six, important number, connected with males:
—— days’ “genna” for birth of a boy, 145, 146;
of a bull calf, 60;
—— beads in bull calf necklace, 60;
in omen-taking for a male, 134;
—— days’ “genna” for death of a man, 158;
—— pieces of meat over man’s grave, 158;
—— cuts on death chicken’s wings, 159;
—— pieces of meat in final offering to dead (male), 159, 160;
—— nights’ chastity before head-taking ceremony, 108;
in connection with sacrifices and ceremonies, 48, 54, 65, 128, 131, 133, 139, 151, 154, 162;
with death of tiger, 164 n. 1
Sixteen, two packets of —— pieces of cock’s flesh waved eight times before bride and bridegroom, 148
Sixty pieces of pork offered in Potsokam, 131;
in soul-calling, 134;
two offerings of thirty pieces of pork, 6, 151, 152
Sixty-four, eight bundles of eight “chungas,” 151
Skin, colour of,
in different Naga tribes, xxii, xxiii;
of Lhotas, 6
of animals eaten, 78
[252]
Skirt (sürham), described, 9;
girl’s first (khondrosü), 9, 147
Sky, spirits in, xx, xxxiv;
Potsos live in, 113, 172;
land of the dead, xxxiv;
beliefs regarding, 172
Slave (’ndri), thief sold as, 101;
treatment of, 111;
bought for slaughter, 110
Slavery, 111
Snake, sight of, proves spot unfit for a jhum, 46;
not eaten, 77;
parents must not kill, during mother’s pregnancy, 145;
as ratsen’s familiar, 164;
big —— cause of earthquakes, 172;
bite, cupping for, 81
Snares, 67
Soap, substitute for, 83
Solhima, linguistic group, xxxi, xxxii
Songs, 85;
specimens of, 200–206;
“enemy-songs,” 143;
also see Chants.
Sontsoman, seventh item in marriage price, 155
Sonyo, ratsen’s familiar, 164
Soot (lire), for medicine, 80;
use in soul-calling, 134
Sorhung (meat-dividers), 126
Sotsoi (meat-eaters), village elders, 96, 97
Soul, beliefs regarding, 118 et seq.;
souls of enemies killed benefit slayers’ village, offerings to ——, 107;
soul’s passage to Land of the Dead, 118 et seq.;
final departure from old haunts, 155;
duality of, 118;
omon, the external soul, 118;
loss of, cause of illness, recalling of, 15, 79, 118, 133–136;
talks to dreamer (hahang), 120;
footmarks of, as omen of death, 130;
of tiger, 67 mongyi (stupid soul), 118
Soul-caller, Montsai, q.v.
Sowing (see also Jhum and Agricultural ceremonies), Kalyo-Kengyu break up corpses at, xxv;
diverse methods of, xxv, 49
Sparrow, not eaten, 76
Spear (otso), cultural evidence of affinity, xxvi;
description of Lhota, 16, 17;
place of keeping, 35;
ceremonial of religious officials (phui), 17, 122;
belief regarding —— broken by tiger, 66, 163;
to keep off illness, 116;
jabbed in ground to frighten evil spirits, 135;
stuck on grave, 158;
shaving off shaft thrown away in case of “apotia,” 161;
miniature —— in final offering to the dead, 160;
spears and daos scraped together in Epuetha, 132;
of bridegroom 150, 154
first, Lingta;
second, Ethung;
third, Kiwen, in head hunt, 106, 12, 14;
in deer, bear or pig hunt, 65, 66
Spider hunter, only eaten by old people, 75
Spinning, women’s work, 36, 37
Spirit, of sky, xx;
of dead, see Soul.
evil (tsandhramo), kept off by ginger, 27, 34;
by fire, 48, 54; by “madhu,” 34, 55;
by mint (rarakham), 134, 142, 169;
by burning brand and ashes, 133, 134;
exorcised, 34, 132, 151–152;
deceived by false name, 145;
illness attributed to, 99, 116, 133;
detains sick man’s soul, 133–136
Sprain, cupping for, 81
Squirrel, unlucky to meet, 150
flying, tabus regarding, 75;
soul of, shelters soul of slayer on passage to Land of the Dead, 118
Stars, beliefs regarding, 173
Stick insect, omen of childless marriage, 127
Stomach, of porcupine as medicine, 80;
Puthi eats —— of pig sacrificed, 50
ache, medicine for, 79, 80
Stone-dragger, insignia of, in dress, 13, 14;
in his house, 30, 34, 141;
must perform second sowing ceremony, 47, 48;
receives share of sacrificial meat in Amungkam, 50;
—— and household only get head of bull killed, 143
wife or widow of, qualified to be Ponyiratsen, 151
Stone-dragging ceremonies, described, 141–144;
rules as to repetition, 136, 137
Stone implements, xxvii n. 2, 163
Stones, fighting, stories of, xv, xxxiv, 117
Stools, 35
Store-room (bhuritheng), 31, 36
Stories: see Folk Tales and Legends.
Stranger (i.e. person of another village), may not enter or quit village during an emung, 26;
enter new house till earth on machan is dry, 35;
before family start for jhum at Rangsikam, 52;
of Puthi in Mshe etak, 53;
during calf-birth “genna,” 60;
at dog purifying, 64;
of intended Stone-dragger, 141;
during birth “genna,” 146;
may not help in threshing, 56;
touch meal prepared for soul, 136;
be spoken to by weir-maker, 73;
by Stone-dragger, 143;
by parents after birth, 146;
by household of “apotia,” 158;
be given “madhu” by performer of Wozütana, 138;
held to ransom for breach of emung, 101