INDEX

366. Credle v. Swindell, 63 N. C. 305; Wamsley v. Currence, 25 W. Va. 543 Accord.

See Cagney v. Cuson, 77 Ind. 494. Compare Lewis v. Jewell, 151 Mass. 345.

Representations as to matter of law, see Eaglesfield v. Londonderry, 4 Ch. D. 693, 702–703; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Phinney, 178 U. S. 327; Martin v. Wharton, 38 Ala. 637; Lehman v. Shackleford, 50 Ala. 437; McDonald v. Smith, 95 Ark. 523; Kehl v. Abram, 210 Ill. 218; Hill v. Coates, 127 Ill. App. 196; Clodfelter v. Hulett, 72 Ind. 137; Kinney v. Dodge, 101 Ind. 573; Whitman v. Atchison R. Co., 85 Kan. 150; Thompson v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 75 Me. 55; Stevens v. Odlin, 109 Me. 417; Bilafsky v. Conveyancers Ins. Co., 192 Mass. 504; Kerr v. Shurtleff, 218 Mass. 167; Rose v. Saunders, 38 Hun, 575; Unckles v. Hentz, 18 Misc. 644; Moreland v. Atchison, 19 Tex. 303; Texas Cotton Co. v. Denny, (Tex. Civ. App.) 78 S. W. 557; Gormely v. Gymnastic Ass’n, 55 Wis. 350.

Law of another state, see Travelers Protective Ass’n v. Smith, 183 Ind. 59; Schneider v. Schneider, 125 Ia. 1; Anderson v. Heasley, 95 Kan. 572; Wood v. Roeder, 50 Neb. 476.

367. “This contention assumes that the defrauded party owes to the party who defrauded him a duty to use diligence to discover the fraud. There is no such obligation. One who perpetrates a fraud cannot complain because his victim continues to have a confidence which a more vigilant person could not have.” Carpenter, J., in Smith v. McDonald, 139 Mich. 225, 229. See Barley v. Walford, 9 Q. B. 197, 209. Compare Thaler v. Neidermeyer, 185 Mo. App. 257.

368. The statement has been redrawn and only parts of the opinion are printed.

369. See Hicks v. Stevens, 121 Ill. 186.

370. The statement of the case has been abridged and only a part of the opinion is given.

371. The court decided that the answer was good.

372. In accordance with the opinion of the majority of the court see Clarke v. Postan, 6 Car. & P. 423; Stapp v. Partlow, Dudley, (Ga.) 176; Feazle v. Simpson, 2 Ill. 30 (semble); Holmes v. Johnson, Busbee, 44; Britton v. Granger, 13 Ohio Cir. Ct. Rep. 281, 291.

In accordance with the opinion of the minority see Gregory v. Derby, 8 Car. & P. 749, 750 (semble); Cooper v. Armour, 42 Fed. 215, 217; Sheppard v. Furniss, 19 Ala. 760 (semble); Davis v. Sanders, 133 Ala. 275, 278 (semble); Newfield v. Copperman, 15 Abb. Pr. N. S. 360 (semble); Lawyer v. Loomis, 3 Th. & C. 393, 395; Mitchell v. Donanski, 28 R. I. 94; O’Driscoll v. McBurney, 2 N. & McC. 54 (semble); Heyward v. Cuthbert, 4 McC. 354 (semble).

Compare Swift v. Witchard, 103 Ga. 193.

Arrest without warrant, not followed by prosecution, see Auerbach v. Freeman, 43 App. D. C. 176; McDonald v. National Art Co., 69 Misc. 325.

Search warrant issued but no arrest or seizure of property, see Gulsby v. Louisville R. Co., 167 Ala. 122; Hardin v. Hight, 106 Ark. 190; Chicago R. Co. v. Holliday, 30 Okl. 680; Olson v. Haggerty, 69 Wash. 48.

Application for a warrant, none issued, see Schneider v. Schlang, 159 App. Div. 385. But see Kashare v. Robbins, 135 N. Y. Supp. 1041.

Some jurisdictions, however, require legal process of at least prima facie validity. See Strain v. Irwin, 195 Ala. 414; Smith v. Brown, 119 Md. 236; Tiede v. Fuhr, 264 Mo. 622; Segusky v. Williams, 89 S. C. 414.

Cf. Grissom v. Lawler, 10 Ala. App. 540 (plaintiff gave bond after complaint, so no process issued).

373. Pippet v. Hearn, 5 B. & Al. 634; Rutherford v. Dyer, 146 Ala. 665; Peterson v. Hoyt, 4 Alaska, 713; Harrington v. Tibbet, 143 Cal. 78; Streight v. Bell, 37 Ind. 550; Shaul v. Brown, 28 Ia. 37; Bell v. Keepers, 37 Kan. 64; Potter v. Gjertsen, 37 Minn. 386; Stocking v. Howard, 73 Mo. 25; Hackler v. Miller, 79 Neb. 209; Dennis v. Ryan, 65 N. Y. 385; Kline v. Shuler, 8 Ired. 484; Chicago R. Co. v. Holliday, 30 Okl. 680; Ward v. Sutor, 70 Tex. 343; Strehlow v. Pettit, 96 Wis. 22; McIntosh v. Wales, 21 Wyo. 397 Accord.

Alexander v. West, 6 Ga. App. 72 Contra.

Prosecution under unconstitutional statute: Murten v. Garbe, 91 Neb. 439.

Court without jurisdiction: Calhoun v. Bell, 136 La. 149. Compare Grorud v. Lossl, 48 Mont. 274.

374. 1 Marsh. 12, S. C.

375. The statement of the case has been taken from 1 Marsh. 12; the arguments of counsel are omitted.

376. See Saville v. Roberts, 1 Ld. Ray. 374; 12 Mod. 208, S. C.

“It is difficult to see on what grounds it can be maintained that a charge of breaking the peace conveys no imputation on the character of the person charged, and it may be doubted whether the authority of the cases above mentioned (Byne v. Moore and Saville v. Roberts) would now be recognized on this point.” Clerk & Lindsell, Torts, (5 ed.) 663.

377. Only the opinion of Erle, C. J., is given.

378. Hyde v. Greuch, 62 Md. 577; Pixley v. Reed, 26 Minn. 80 (semble); Apgar v. Woolston, 43 N. J. Law, 57. 65 (semble); Bump v. Betts, 19 Wend. 421; Fortman v. Rottier, 8 Ohio St. 548 Accord.

See Brinkley v. Knight, 163 N. C. 194 (release by constable without a hearing).

379. Parker v. Langley, 10 Mod. 209; Whitworth v. Hall, 2 B. & Ad. 695; Mellor v. Baddeley, 2 Cr. & M. 675; Watkins v. Lee, 5 M. & W. 270; McCann v. Preneveau, 10 Ont. 573; Poitras v. LeBeau, 14 Can. S. C. 742; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187; Steel v. Williams, 18 Ind. 161; West v. Hayes, 104 Ind. 251; Olson v. Neal, 63 Ia. 214; Wood v. Laycock, 3 Met. (Ky.) 192; Smith v. Brown, 119 Md. 236; Hamilburgh v. Shepard, 119 Mass. 30; Wilson v. Hale, 178 Mass. 111; Pixley v. Reed, 26 Minn. 80; Lowe v. Wartman, 47 N. J. Law, 413; Clark v. Cleveland, 6 Hill, 344; Searll v. McCracken, 16 How. Pr. 262; Swartwout v. Dickelman, 12 Hun, 358; Johnson v. Finch, 93 N. C. 205; Forster v. Orr. 17 Or. 447; Scheibler v. Steinburg, 129 Tenn. 614; Luby v. Bennett, 111 Wis. 613 Accord.

Consequently, the Statute of Limitations does not run until the prosecution is terminated. Mayor v. Hall, 12 Can. S. C. 74; Printup v. Smith, 74 Ga. 157; Rider v. Kite, 61 N. J. Law, 8.

Also although discharged by a magistrate, plaintiff can not sue if the grand jury afterwards indict. Hartshorn v. Smith, 104 Ga. 235; Weglein v. Trow Directory Co., 152 App. Div. 705. See Schippel v. Norton, 38 Kan. 567; Knott v. Sargent, 125 Mass. 95. Compare Simmons v. Sullivan, 42 App. D. C. 523 (amended or substitute information, altering the charge); Mistich v. Collette, 136 La. 294 (second prosecution instituted after termination of first and still pending).

380. Everything is omitted, except the opinion of the court on the question of the termination of the prosecution.

381. Cotton v. Wilson, Minor, 203; Hurgren v. Union Co., 141 Cal. 585; Chapman v. Woods, 6 Blackf. 504; Richter v. Koster, 45 Ind. 440; Coffey v. Myers, 84 Ind. 105; Kelley v. Sage, 12 Kan. 109; Bell v. Matthews, 37 Kan. 686; Yocum v. Polly, 1 B. Mon. 358; Stanton v. Hart, 27 Mich. 539; Swensgaard v. Davis, 33 Minn. 368 (semble); Kennedy v. Holladay, 25 Mo. App. 503; Casebeer v. Drahoble, 13 Neb. 465; Casebeer v. Rice, 18 Neb. 203; Apgar v. Woolston, 43 N. J. Law, 57; Lowe v. Wartman, 47 N. J. Law, 413; Clark v. Cleveland, 6 Hill, 344 (semble); Moulton v. Beecher, 8 Hun, 100; Fay v. O’Neill, 36 N. Y. 11 (semble); Murray v. Lackey, 2 Murph. 368; Rice v. Ponder, 7 Ired. 390; Hatch v. Cohen, 84 N. C. 602; Marcus v. Bernstein, 117 N. C. 31; Douglas v. Allen, 56 Ohio St. 156; Murphy v. Moore, (Pa.) 11 Atl. 665; Driggs v. Burton, 44 Vt. 124; Woodworth v. Mills, 61 Wis. 44; Manz v. Klippel, 158 Wis. 557; McCrosson v. Cummings, 5 Hawn, 391 Accord.

Massachusetts formerly held to the contrary. Parker v. Farley, 10 Cush. 279. But see Graves v. Dawson, 130 Mass. 78, 133 Mass. 419; Langford v. Boston R. Co., 144 Mass. 431; Briggs v. Shepard Mfg. Co., 217 Mass. 446.

Indictment quashed, see Simmons v. Sullivan, 42 App. D. C. 523; Wilkerson v. McGee, 265 Mo. 574; Reit v. Meyer, 160 App. Div. 752.

Case stricken from docket because sent to wrong court, Sandlin v. Anders, 187 Ala. 473.

Termination of a previous civil action.—If a party sues for a malicious arrest or seizure of property in a civil action, a voluntary abandonment of the latter action by the plaintiff therein is equivalent to its termination in favor of his adversary. Arundell v. White, 14 East, 216; Nicholson v. Coghill, 4 B. & C. 21; Pierce v. Street, 3 B. & Ad. 397; Watkins v. Lee, 5 M. & W. 270; Ross v. Norman, 5 Ex. 359; Emery v. Ginnan, 24 Ill. App. 65; Cardival v. Smith, 109 Mass. 158; Ludwick v. Penny, 158 N. C. 104; Mayer v. Walter, 64 Pa. St. 283. Compare Hales v. Raines, 162 Mo. App. 46 (action recommenced after voluntary nonsuit).

The rule is the same as to malicious prosecutions of civil actions without arrest or attachment in jurisdictions where one is allowed to sue for malicious prosecution of a civil action, without more. Wall v. Toomey, 52 Conn. 35; Marbourg v. Smith, 11 Kan. 554; Mitchell v. Sullivan, 30 Kan. 231. See also Wilson v. Hale, 178 Mass. 111; Luby v. Bennett, 111 Wis. 613.

But an abandonment of the previous proceeding, brought about as a compromise, is not a termination in favor of the original defendant. Wilkinson v. Howel, M. & M. 495; Kinsey v. Wallace, 36 Cal. 462 (semble); Waters v. Winn, 142 Ga. 138; Emery v. Ginnan, 24 Ill. App. 65; Fadner v. Filer, 27 Ill. App. 506; Ruehl Brewing Co. v. Atlas Brewing Co., 187 Ill. App. 392; Singer Machine Co. v. Dyer, 156 Ky. 156; Marks v. Gray, 42 Me. 86; Sartwell v. Parker, 141 Mass. 405; Langford v. Boston R. Co., 144 Mass. 431; Rachelman v. Skinner, 46 Minn. 196; McCormick v. Sisson, 7 Cow. 715; Gallagher v. Stoddard, 47 Hun, 101; Atwood v. Beirne, 73 Hun, 547 (but see Reit v. Meyer, 160 App. Div. 752); Welch v. Cheek, 115 N. C. 310; Clark v. Everett, 2 Grant, (Pa.) 416; Mayer v. Walter, 64 Pa. St. 283, 287; Rounds v. Humes, 7 R. I. 535; Russell v. Morgan, 24 R. I. 134. Unless the settlement was obtained by duress of the person or the goods of the original defendant. Morton v. Young, 55 Me. 24; White v. International Textbook Co., 156 Ia. 210.

382. Only the opinion of the court is given.

383. Anon., 6 Mod. 73; Turner v. Ambler, 10 Q. B. 252; Hailes v. Marks, 7 H. & N. 56; Wheeler v. Nesbitt, 24 How. 544, 550; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187; Sanders v. Palmer, 55 Fed. 217; Jordan v. Alabama Co., 81 Ala. 220; Price v. Morris, 122 Ark. 382; Mark v. Rich, 43 App. D. C. 182; Marable v. Mayer, 78 Ga. 710; Joiner v. Ocean Co., 86 Ga. 238; Ames v. Snider, 69 Ill. 376; Barrett v. Spaids, 70 Ill. 408; Leyenberger v. Paul, 12 Ill. App. 635; Morrell v. Martin, 17 Ill. App. 336; Adams v. Lisher, 3 Blackf. 241; Green v. Cochran, 43 Ia. 544; Yocum v. Polly, 1 B. Mon. 358; Medcalfe v. Brooklyn Co., 45 Md. 198; Flickinger v. Wagner, 46 Md. 580; Stone v. Crocker, 24 Pick. 81; Coupal v. Ward, 106 Mass. 289; Hamilton v. Smith, 39 Mich. 222; Smith v. Austin, 49 Mich. 286; Webster v. Fowler, 89 Mich. 303; Cox v. Lauritsen, 126 Minn. 128; Burris v. North, 64 Mo. 426; Renfro v. Prior, 22 Mo. App. 403; Kennedy v. Holladay, 25 Mo. App. 503, 519; Harris v. Quincy R. Co., 172 Mo. App. 261; McDonald v. Goddard Grocery Co., 184 Mo. App. 432; Woodman v. Prescott, 65 N. H. 224; Heyne v. Blair, 62 N. Y. 19; Miller v. Milligan, 48 Barb. 30; Linitzky v. Gorman, 146 N. Y. Supp. 313; Dietz v. Langfitt, 63 Pa. St. 234; Emerson v. Cochran, 111 Pa. St. 619; Bartlett v. Brown, 6 R. I. 37; Welch v. Boston R. Corp., 14 R. I. 609; Stoddard v. Roland, 31 S. C. 342; Kelton v. Bevins, Cooke, (Tenn.) 90; Evans v. Thompson, 12 Heisk. 534; Johnson v. State, 32 Tex. Cr. 58; South Bank v. Suffolk Bank, 27 Vt. 505; Waring v. Hudspeth, 75 Wash. 534; Bailey v. Gollehon, 76 W. Va. 322; Reicher v. Neacy, 158 Wis. 657 Accord.

Definitions of probable cause, see Gulsby v. Louisville R. Co., 167 Ala. 122; Hanchey v. Brunson, 175 Ala. 236; Runo v. Williams, 162 Cal, 444; Redgate v. Southern R. Co., 24 Cal. App. 573; Mark v. Rich, 43 App. D. C. 182; Pianco v. Joseph, 188 Ill. App. 555; Schwartz v. Boswell, 156 Ky. 103; Indianapolis Traction Co. v. Henby, 178 Ind. 239; Banken v. Locke, 136 La. 155; Chapman v. Nash, 121 Md. 608; Gilecki v. Dolemba, 189 Mich. 107; Cox v. Lauritsen, 126 Minn. 128; Lammers v. Mason, 123 Minn. 204; Wilkerson v. McGhee, 163 Mo. App. 356, 153 Mo. App. 343; Humphries v. Edwards, 164 N. C. 154; Cole v. Reece, 47 Pa. Super. Ct. 212; Waring v. Hudspeth, 75 Wash. 534; Bailey v. Gollehon, 76 W. Va. 322.

384. Only the opinion of the court is given.

385. Conviction reversed.—It is generally agreed that a conviction of the defendant in the criminal proceeding, although subsequently reversed, negatives the absence of probable cause, unless it is also made to appear that the conviction was procured by the fraud of the instigator of the criminal proceeding. Accordingly, a declaration alleging the conviction and its reversal, but not alleging any such fraud, is bad on demurrer. Reynolds v. Kennedy, 1 Wils. 232; Crescent Co. v. Butcher’s Co., 120 U. S. 141; Knight v. Internat. R. Co., 61 Fed. 87; Blackman v. West Co., 126 Fed. 252; Casey v. Dorr, 94 Ark. 433; Carpenter v. Sibley, 153 Cal. 215; Goodrich v. Warner, 21 Conn. 432 (semble); McElroy v. Catholic Press Co., 254 Ill. 290; Dahlberg v. Grace, 178 Ill. App. 97; Adams v. Bicknell, 126 Ind. 210; Moffatt v. Fisher, 47 Ia. 473; Bowman v. Brown, 52 Ia. 437; Olson v. Neal, 63 Ia. 214; Barber v. Scott, 92 Ia. 52; White v. International Text Book Co., 156 Ia. 210; Ross v. Hixon, 46 Kan. 550, 555; Spring v. Besore, 12 B. Mon. 551; Kaye v. Kean, 18 B. Mon. 839; Duerr v. Ky. Co., 132 Ky. 228; Witham v. Gowen, 14 Me. 362; Payson v. Caswell, 22 Me. 212; Sidelinger v. Trowbridge, 113 Me. 537; Whitney v. Peckham, 15 Mass. 243; Dennehey v. Woodsum, 100 Mass. 195, 197; Phillips v. Kalamazoo, 53 Mich. 33 (see Spalding v. Lowe, 56 Mich. 366); Boogher v. Hough, 99 Mo. 183; Nehr v. Dobbs, 47 Neb. 863; Burt v. Place, 4 Wend. 591; Palmer v. Avery, 41 Barb. 290; Francisco v. Schmeelk, 156 App. Div. 335; Root v. Rose, 6 N. D. 575; Thienes v. Francis, 69 Or. 165; Herman v. Brookerhoff, 8 Watts, 240 (semble); Welch v. Boston R. Co., 14 R. I. 609; Hull v. Sprague, 23 R. I. 188; Memphis Co. v. Williamson, 9 Heisk. 314; Saunders v. Baldwin, 112 Va. 431; Topolewski v. Plankinton Packing Co., 143 Wis. 52. Compare Carpenter v. Hood, 172 Mich. 533; Platt v. Bonsall, 136 App. Div. 397.

As to fraudulently procured plea of guilty, see Johnson v. Girdwood, 7 Misc. 651; Holtman v. Bullock, 142 Ky. 335.

In a few jurisdictions the conviction, although set aside, is treated as conclusive evidence of probable cause, proof of fraud in its procurement being inadmissible. Hartshorn v. Smith, 104 Ga. 235; Clements v. Odorless Co., 67 Md. 461, 605 (Bryan, J., diss.); Parker v. Huntington, 7 Gray, 36; Griffis v. Sellars, 4 Dev. & B. 176.

In Virginia, on the contrary, a count alleging a conviction and its reversal is sufficient without any allegation in regard to fraud. Jones v. Finch, 84 Va. 204 (semble); Blanks v. Robinson, 1 Va. Dec. 600; Va. L. J. (1886) 398 (overruling Womack v. Circle, 32 Grat. 324). See Hale v. Boylen, 22 W. Va. 234.

Commitment for grand jury.—The holding of the defendant for the grand jury is prima facie evidence of probable cause. Miller v. Chicago Co., 41 Fed. 898; Ewing v. Sanford, 19 Ala. 605; Price Mercantile Co. v. Cuilla, 100 Ark. 316; Ganea v. Southern Co., 51 Cal. 140; Diemer v. Herber, 75 Cal. 287; Ritchey v. Davis, 11 Ia. 124; Ross v. Hixon, 46 Kan. 550; Danzer v. Nathan, 145 App. Div. 448; Giesener v. Healy, 86 Misc. 16; Ricord v. Central Co., 15 Nev. 167; Ash v. Marlow, 20 Ohio, 119; Raleigh v. Cook, 60 Tex. 438; Hale v. Boylen, 22 W. Va. 234.

Finding of indictment.—The finding of an indictment is prima facie evidence of probable cause. Garrard v. Willet, 4 J. J. Marsh. 628; Sharpe v. Johnston, 76 Mo. 660; Peck v. Chouteau, 91 Mo. 138; Wilkerson v. McGhee, 153 Mo. App. 343, 163 Mo. App. 356.

Failure of the prosecution.—The failure of the original prosecution is in some jurisdictions regarded as prima facie evidence of want of probable cause. Miller v. Chicago R. Co., 41 Fed. 898; Hanchey v. Brunson, 175 Ala. 236; Tucker v. Bartlett, 97 Kan. 163; Straus v. Young, 36 Md. 246; Whitfield v. Westbrook, 40 Miss. 311; Bostick v. Rutherford, 4 Hawks, 83; Downing v. Stone, 152 N. C. 525; Barhigh v. Tammany, 158 Pa. St. 545; McKenzie v. Canning, 42 Utah, 529 (but compare Smith v. Clark, 37 Utah, 116); Jones v. Finch, 84 Va. 204; Waring v. Hudspeth, 75 Wash. 534; Saunders v. First Nat. Bank, 85 Wash. 125; Brady v. Stiltner, 40 W. Va. 289; Fetty v. Huntington Loan Co., 70 W. Va. 688; Winn v. Peckham, 42 Wis. 493; Lawrence v. Cleary, 88 Wis. 473; Manz v. Klippel, 158 Wis. 557. In others there is no such presumption. Incledon v. Berry, 1 Camp. 203 n; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187, 195; Thompson v. Beacon Co., 56 Conn. 493; Plummer v. Collins, 1 Boyce, 281; Skidmore v. Bricker, 77 Ill. 164; Bitting v. Ten Eyck, 82 Ind. 421; Prine v. Singer Machine Co., 176 Mich. 300; Williams v. Vanmeter, 8 Mo. 339; Boeger v. Langenberg, 97 Mo. 390; Eckerle v. Higgins, 159 Mo. App. 177 (distinguishing nol. pros. and discharge on preliminary examination—see also Smith v. Glynn, (Mo.) 144 S. W. 149); Harris v. Quincy R. Co., 172 Mo. App. 261; Scott v. Simpson, 1 Sandf. 601; Central Light Co. v. Tyron, 42 Okl. 86; Eastman v. Monastes, 32 Or. 291; Bekkeland v. Lyons, 96 Tex. 255; McIntosh v. Wales, 21 Wyo. 397. See also Grorud v. Lossl, 48 Mont. 274.

Order vacating attachment as prima facie evidence of want of probable cause in action for malicious attachment, see Petruschke v. Kamerer, 131 Minn. 320.

386. The statement of the evidence, the argument for the defendant, and the concurring opinion of Holroyd, J., are omitted.

387. Snow v. Allen, 1 Stark. 502; Abrath v. North Eastern Co., 11 Q. B. Div. 440, 11 App. Cas. 247; Scougall v. Stapleton, 12 Ont. 206; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187; Blunt v. Little, 3 Mason, 102; Cuthbert v. Galloway, 35 Fed. 466 (semble); Miller v. Chicago Co., 41 Fed. 898; Coggswell v. Bohn, 43 Fed. 411; Staunton v. Goshorn, 94 Fed. 52; McLeod v. McLeod, 73 Ala. 42; Jordan v. Alabama Co., 81 Ala. 220; Lemay v. Williams, 32 Ark. 166; Bliss v. Wyman, 7 Cal. 257; Jones v. Jones, 71 Cal. 89; Brooks v. Bradford, 4 Col. App. 410; Mark v. Rich, 43 App. D. C. 182; Joiner v. Ocean Co., 86 Ga. 238; Baker v. Langley, 3 Ga. App. 751; Ross v. Innis, 26 Ill. 259; Ames v. Snider, 69 Ill. 376; Barrett v. Spaids, 70 Ill. 408; Brown v. Smith, 83 Ill. 291; Roy v. Goings, 112 Ill. 656; Aldridge v. Churchill, 28 Ind. 62; Paddock v. Watts, 116 Ind. 146; Adams v. Bicknell, 126 Ind. 210; Mesher v. Iddings, 72 Ia. 553; Schippel v. Norton, 38 Kan. 567; Dyer v. Singer Machine Co., 164 Ky. 538; Carrigan v. Graham, 166 Ky. 333; Stevens v. Fassett, 27 Me. 266; Soule v. Winslow, 66 Me. 447; Cooper v. Utterbach, 37 Md. 282; Hyde v. Greuch, 62 Md. 577; Torsch v. Dell, 88 Md. 459; Stone v. Swift, 4 Pick. 389; Monaghan v. Cox, 155 Mass. 487; Stanton v. Hart, 27 Mich. 539; Perry v. Sulier, 92 Mich. 72; Moore v. Northern Co., 37 Minn. 147; Boyd v. Mendenhall, 53 Minn. 274; Alexander v. Harrison, 38 Mo. 258; Burris v. North, 64 Mo. 426; Whitfield v. Westbrook, 40 Miss. 311; Grorud v. Lossl, 48 Mont. 274; Jonasen v. Kennedy, 39 Neb. 313; Magowan v. Rickey, 64 N. J. Law, 402; Hall v. Suydam, 6 Barb. 83; Richardson v. Virtue, 2 Hun, 208; Turner v. Dinnegar, 20 Hun, 465; Beal v. Robeson, 8 Ired. 276; Ash v. Marlow, 20 Ohio, 119; El Reno Gas Co. v. Spurgeon, 30 Okl. 88; Sims v. Jay, 53 Okl. 183; Walter v. Sample, 25 Pa. St. 275; Smith v. Walter, 125 Pa. St. 453; Bartlett v. Brown, 6 R. I. 37; Jackson v. Bell, 5 S. D. 257; Kendrick v. Cypert, 10 Humph. 291; St. Johnsbury Co. v. Hunt, 59 Vt. 294; Forbes v. Hagman, 75 Va. 168; Saunders v. Baldwin, 112 Va. 431; Hightower v. Union Trust Co., 88 Wash. 179; Sutton v. McConnell, 46 Wis. 269; Manz v. Klippel, 158 Wis. 557 Accord.

But see Brewer v. Jacobs, 22 Fed. 217; Stewart v. Mulligan, 11 Ga. App. 660; Smith v. Glynn, (Mo.) 144 S. W. 149; Downing v. Stone, 152 N. C. 525; Ramsey v. Arrott, 64 Tex. 320; Glasgow v. Owen, 69 Tex. 167; Shannon v. Jones, 76 Tex. 141; Tiedeman’s Note, 21 Am. L. Reg. N. S. 582.

The advice must be that of a lawyer, and not a layman. Murphy v. Larson, 77 Ill. 172; McCullough v. Rice, 59 Ind. 580; Olmstead v. Partridge, 16 Gray, 381; Beal v. Robeson, 8 Ired. 276. Even though the layman be a justice of the peace. Stephens v. Gravit, 136 Ky. 479; Coleman v. Heurich, 2 Mack. 189; Straus v. Young, 36 Md. 246; Monaghan v. Cox, 155 Mass. 487 (semble); Gee v. Culver, 12 Or. 228; Brobst v. Ruff, 100 Pa. St. 91; Sutton v. McConnell, 46 Wis. 269. But see Ball v. Rawles, 93 Cal. 222; Sisk v. Hurst, 1 W. Va. 53. Compare Marks v. Hastings, 101 Ala. 165.

The lawyer must have no personal interest in the controversy. Smith v. King, 62 Conn. 515; White v. Carr, 71 Me. 555.

In Hazzard v. Flury, 120 N. Y. 223, the Court of Appeals held that mistaken advice of counsel upon a point of law would not justify the client, since every one is presumed to know the law. Surely that much-abused fiction has seldom been so glaringly perverted in behalf of injustice. See Singer Machine Co. v. Dyer, 156 Ky. 156.

388. Vann v. McCreary, 77 Cal. 434; Boyd v. Mendenhall, 53 Minn. 274; Acton v. Coffman, 74 Ia. 17; Johnson v. Miller, 82 Ia. 693; Sharpe v. Johnston, 76 Mo. 660; Ames v. Rathbun, 37 How. Pr. 289; Laird v. Taylor, 66 Barb. 139; Davenport v. Lynch, 6 Jones, (N. C.) 545; Powell v. Woodbury, 85 Vt. 504 Accord.

Withholding facts from or unfairstatement to counsel. Fowlkes v. Lewis, 10 Ala. App. 543; Rothschach v. Diven, 97 Kan. 38; Indianapolis Traction Co. v. Henby, 178 Ind. 239; Lammers v. Mason, 123 Minn. 204; Bowers v. Walker, 192 Mo. App. 230; Lathrop v. Mathers, 143 App. Div. 376; Baer v. Chambers, 67 Wash. 357; Rogers v. Van Eps, 143 Wis. 396; Boyer v. Bugher, 19 Wyo. 463.

Must state facts which might have been ascertained with reasonable diligence. Weddington v. White, 148 Ky. 671; Virtue v. Creamery Mfg. Co., 123 Minn. 17; Duffy v. Scheerger, 91 Neb. 511. Contra—enough to make full and fair disclosure of known facts, Roby v. Smith, 40 Okl. 280.

389. The statement of facts is taken from 3 L. J. K. B. N. S. 35. The arguments of counsel and the concurring opinions of Patteson and Taunton, JJ., are omitted.

390. Willans v. Taylor, 6 Bing. 183; Busst v. Gibbons, 30 L. J. Ex. N. S. 75; Brown v. Hawkes, [1891] 2 Q. B. 718; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187; Brown v. Selfridge, 224 U. S. 189; Sanders v. Palmer, 55 Fed. 217; Staunton v. Goshorn, 94 Fed. 52; Gulsby v. Louisville R. Co., 167 Ala. 122; Louisville R. Co. v. Stephenson, 6 Ala. App. 578; Ball v. Rawles, 93 Cal. 222; Johnson v. Southern R. Co., 157 Cal. 333; Smith v. King, 62 Conn. 515; Carroll v. Perry, 43 App. D. C. 363; Boyd v. Mendenhall, 53 Minn. 274; Helwig v. Beckner, 149 Ind. 131; Indianapolis Traction Co. v. Henby, 178 Ind. 239; Lawrence v. Leathers, 31 Ind. App. 414; Henderson v. McGruder, 49 Ind. App. 682; Atchison Co. v. Allen, 70 Kan. 743; Michael v. Matson, 81 Kan. 360; Metrop. Co. v. Miller, 114 Ky. 754; Moser v. Fable, 164 Ky. 517; Medcalfe v. Brooklyn Co., 45 Md. 198; Thelin v. Dorsey, 59 Md. 539; Campbell v. Baltimore R. Co., 97 Md. 341; Bishop v. Frantz, 125 Md. 183; Good v. French, 115 Mass. 201; Bartlett v. Hawley, 38 Minn. 308; Shafer v. Hertzig, 92 Minn. 171; Williams v. Pullman Co., 129 Minn. 97; Harris v. Quincy R. Co., 172 Mo. App. 261; McNulty v. Walker, 64 Miss. 198; Cohn v. Saidel, 71 N. H. 558; Magowan v. Rickey, 64 N. J. Law, 402; Hartdorn v. Webb Mfg. Co., (N. J.) 75 Atl. 893; Heyne v. Blair, 62 N. Y. 19; Fagnan v. Knox, 66 N. Y. 525; Anderson v. How, 116 N. Y. 336; L. I. Union v. Seitz, 180 N. Y. 243; Viele v. Gray, 10 Abb. Pr. 1; McCarthy v. Barrett, 144 App. Div. 727; Galley v. Brennan, 156 App. Div. 443; Stanford v. Grocery Co., 143 N. C. 419; Humphries v. Edwards, 164 N. C. 154; Dunnington v. Loeser, (Okl.) 149 Pac. 1161; Leahey v. March, 155 Pa. St. 458; Roessing v. Pittsburgh R. Co., 226 Pa. St. 523; McCoy v. Kalbach, 242 Pa. St. 123; Cooper v. Flemming, 114 Tenn. 40; Landa v. Obert, 45 Tex. 539; Finigan v. Sullivan, 65 Wash. 625; Bailey v. Gollehon, 76 W. Va. 322 Accord. But see Wilson v. Thurlow, 156 Ia. 656; Griffin v. Dearborn, 210 Mass. 308.

391. Abrath v. North Eastern Co., 11 Q. B. Div. 440, 448, 455; Wiggin v. Coffin, 3 Story, 1; Johnson v. Ebberts, 11 Fed. 129, 6 Sawy. 538, S. C.; Brewer v. Jacobs, 22 Fed. 217; Gulsby v. Louisville R. Co., 167 Ala. 122; Hammond v. Rowley, 86 Conn. 6; Coleman v. Allen, 79 Ga. 637; South Western Co. v. Mitchell, 80 Ga. 438; Stewart v. Mulligan, 11 Ga. App. 660; McElroy v. Catholic Press Co., 254 Ill. 290; White v. International Text Book Co., 156 Ia. 210; Foltz v. Buck, 89 Kan. 381; Metrop. Co. v. Miller, 114 Ky. 754; Pullen v. Glidden, 66 Me. 202; Wills v. Noyes, 12 Pick. 324; Mitchell v. Wall, 111 Mass. 492; Ross v. Langworthy, 13 Neb. 492; Callahan v. Kelso, 170 Mo. App. 338; Gee v. Culver, 13 Or. 598; Squires v. Job, 50 Pa. Super. Ct. 289; Culberston v. Cabeen, 29 Tex. 247, 256; Sebastian v. Cheney, (Texas) 24 S. W. 970; Barron v. Mason, 31 Vt. 189, 198; Forbes v. Hagman, 75 Va. 168; Spear v. Hiles, 67 Wis. 350; Boyer v. Bugher, 19 Wyo. 463 Accord.

In Abrath v. North Eastern Co., supra, malice was defined by Brett, M. R., p. 448, as “a malicious intention in the mind of the defendant, that is, not with the mere intention of carrying the law into effect,” and by Bowen, L. J., as “a malicious spirit, that is, an indirect and improper motive, and not in furtherance of justice.” See also especially Pullen v. Glidden, and Johnson v. Ebberts, cited supra in this note; Magowan v. Rickey, 64 N. J. Law, 402; Peterson v. Reisdorph, 49 Neb. 529; Nobb v. White, 103 Ia. 352; Brooks v. Bradford, 4 Col. App. 410; Jackson v. Bell, 5 S. D. 257.

Definitions of “malice” in this connection, see Fowlkes v. Lewis, 10 Ala. App. 543; Redgate v. Southern R. Co., 24 Cal. App. 573; Cincinnati R. Co. v. Cecil, 164 Ky. 377; Lammers v. Mason, 123 Minn. 204; Downing v. Stone, 152 N. C. 525; Wright v. Harris, 160 N. C. 542.

392. Farmer v. Darling, 4 Burr. 1971; Busst v. Gibbons, 30 L. J. Ex. N. S. 75; Coulter v. Dublin Co., 60 L. T. 180; Hicks v. Faulkner, 46 L. T. Rep. 127 (affirming S. C. 8 Q. B. D. 167); Wheeler v. Nesbitt, 24 How. 544; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 191; Wiggin v. Coffin, 3 Story, 1; Burnap v. Albert, Taney, 244; Benson v. McCoy, 36 Ala. 710; Lunsford v. Dietrich, 93 Ala. 565; Bozeman v. Shaw, 37 Ark. 160; Levy v. Brannan, 39 Cal. 485; Harkrader v. Moore, 44 Cal. 144; Porter v. White, 5 Mackey, 180; Harpham v. Whitney, 77 Ill. 32; Krug v. Ward, 77 Ill. 603; Boyd v. Mendenhall, 53 Minn. 274; Frankfurter v. Bryan, 12 Ill. App. 549; Gardiner v. Mays, 24 Ill. App. 286; Newell v. Downs, 8 Blackf. 523; Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132; Ritchey v. Davis, 11 Ia. 124; Atchison Co. v. Watson, 37 Kan. 773; Gourgues v. Howard, 27 La. Ann. 339; Humphries v. Parker, 52 Me. 502; Medcalfe v. Brooklyn Co., 45 Md. 198; Mitchell v. Wall, 111 Mass. 492; Bartlett v. Hawley, 38 Minn. 308; Greenwade v. Mills, 31 Miss. 464; Sharpe v. Johnston, 59 Mo. 557; Finley v. St. Louis Co., 99 Mo. 559; March v. Vandiver, 181 Mo. App. 281; McKown v. Hunter, 30 N. Y. 625; Farnam v. Feeley, 56 N. Y. 451; Heyne v. Blair, 62 N. Y. 19; Thompson v. Lumley, 50 How. Pr. 105; Voorhes v. Leonard, 1 Th. & C. 148; Johnson v. Chambers, 10 Ired. 287; Gee v. Culver, 12 Or. 228, 13 Or. 598; Schofield v. Ferrers, 47 Pa. St. 194; Dietz v. Langfitt, 63 Pa. St. 234; Gilliford v. Windel, 108 Pa. St. 142; Bell v. Graham, 1 N. & M’C. 278; Campbell v. O’Bryan, 9 Rich. 204; Willis v. Knox, 5 S. C. 474; Caldwell v. Bennett, 22 S. C. 1; Evans v. Thompson, 12 Heisk. 534; Stansell v. Cleveland, 64 Tex. 660; Shannon v. Jones, 76 Tex. 141; Barron v. Mason, 31 Vt. 189; Carleton v. Taylor, 50 Vt. 220; Scott v. Shelor, 28 Grat. 891; Forbes v. Hagman, 75 Va. 168 Accord.

But see, contra, Wilson v. Bowen, 64 Mich. 133.

393. The statement of facts and the argument for the defendant are abridged; the concurring opinions of Coleridge, Wightman, and Erie, JJ., are omitted.

394. In Exch. Ch. 1 T. R. 510, reversing the judgment of the Court of Exchequer in Sutton v. Johnstone, 1 T. R. 493. Judgment of Exch. Ch. affirmed on error, in Dom. Proc. 1 T. R. 784. S. C. 1 Bro. P. C. 76 (2d ed.).

396. The case alluded to is perhaps Broad v. Ham, 5 B. N. C. 722. By the report of S. C. in 8 Scott, 40, the cause appears to have been tried before Maule, B. (Reporter’s note.)

397. Broad v. Ham, 5 B. N. C. 722; Turner v. Ambler, 10 Q. B. 252; Roret v. Lewis, 5 D. & L. 371; Hinton v. Heather, 14 M. & W. 131; Williams v. Banks, 1 F. & F. 557; Chatfield v. Comerford, 4 F. & F. 1008; Shrosbery v. Osmaston, 37 L. T. Rep. 792; Steed v. Knowles, 79 Ala. 446; Harkrader v. Moore, 44 Cal. 144; Ball v. Rawles, 93 Cal. 222; Galloway v. Stewart, 49 Ind. 156; Donnelly v. Burkett, 75 Ia. 613; Humphries v. Parker, 52 Me. 502, 505; Mitchell v. Wall, 111 Mass. 492; Bartlett v. Hawley, 38 Minn. 308; Peck v. Chouteau, 91 Mo. 138; Chicago Co. v. Kriski, 30 Neb. 215; Howard v. Thompson, 21 Wend. 319; Burlingame v. Burlingame, 8 Cow. 141; Fagnan v. Knox, 66 N. Y. 525; Anderson v. How, 116 N. Y. 336; Wass v. Stephens, 128 N. Y. 123; Wilson v. King, 39 N. Y. Super. Ct. 384; Linitzky v. Gorman, 146 N. Y. Supp. 313; Thienes v. Francis, 69 Or. 165; King v. Colvin, 11 R. I. 582; Scott v. Shelor, 28 Grat. 891; Forbes v. Hagman, 75 Va. 168; Spear v. Hiles, 67 Wis. 350; Baker v. Kilpatrick, 7 Br. Col. L. R. 150; Harcourt v. Aiken, 22 N. Zeal. L. R. 389; Clift v. Birmingham, 4 W. Aust. L. R. 20 Accord.

398. Only the opinion of the court is given.

399. Brown v. Hawkes, [1891] 2 Q. B. 718; Grant v. Book, 25 Nova Scotia, 266 Accord.

Malice may be inferred from want of probable cause. Hanchey v. Brunson, 175 Ala. 236; Hawkins v. Collins, 5 Ala. App. 522; Fowlkes v. Lewis, 10 Ala. App. 543; Price v. Morris, 122 Ark. 382; Redgate v. Southern R. Co., 24 Cal. App. 573; Stewart v. Mulligan, 11 Ga. App. 660; Holliday v. Coleman, 12 Ga. App. 779; McElroy v. Catholic Press Co., 254 Ill. 290; Pontius v. Kimball, 56 Ind. App. 144; Singer Machine Co. v. Dyer, 156 Ky. 156; Mertens v. Mueller, 119 Md. 525; Griffin v. Dearborn, 210 Mass. 308; Moscob v. Frank Ridlon Co., 216 Mass. 193; Krzyszke v. Kamin, 163 Mich. 290; Bowers v. Walker, 192 Mo. App. 230; Grorud v. Lossl, 48 Mont. 274; Galley v. Brennan, 156 App. Div. 443; Kellogg v. Ford, 70 Or. 213; Cole v. Reece, 47 Pa. Super. Ct. 212; Keener v. Jeffries, 54 Pa. Super. Ct. 553; Tufshinsky v. Pittsburgh R. Co., 61 Pa. Super. Ct. 121; Fetty v. Huntington Loan Co., 70 W. Va. 688.

It is not a necessary inference. Hanowitz v. Great Northern R. Co., 122 Minn. 241; Smith v. Glynn, (Mo.) 144 S. W. 149; Chicago R. Co. v. Holliday, 30 Okl. 680; Boyer v. Bugher, 19 Wyo. 463.

It is not inferred from failure to prosecute, Malloy v. Chicago R. Co., 34 S. D. 330, nor from discharge or acquittal. Waring v. Hudspeth, 75 Wash. 534.

Want of probable cause is not to be inferred from malice. Runo v. Williams, 162 Cal. 444; Redgate v. Southern R. Co., 24 Cal. App. 573; Plummer v. Collins, 1 Boyce, 281; McElroy v. Catholic Press Co., 254 Ill. 290; Shadden v. Butler, 164 Ia. 1; Hudson v. Nolen, 142 Ky. 824; Chapman v. Nash, 121 Md. 608; Griffin v. Dearborn, 210 Mass. 308; Callahan v. Kelso, 170 Mo. App. 338; Motsinger v. Sink, 168 N. C. 548; Kellogg v. Ford, 70 Or. 213; McCoy v. Kalbach, 242 Pa. St. 123; Boyer v. Bugher, 19 Wyo. 463; McIntosh v. Wales, 21 Wyo. 397. But see Squires v. Job, 50 Pa. Super. Ct. 289.

400. Only a portion of the opinion is given.

401. Whitehurst v. Ward, 12 Ala. 264; Shannon v. Simms, 146 Ala. 673; Whipple v. Gorsuch, 82 Ark. 252; Adams v. Lisher, 3 Blackf. 241; Bruley v. Rose, 57 Ia. 651; Parkhurst v. Masteller, 57 Ia. 474; White v. International Text Book Co., 156 Ia. 210; Lancaster v. McKay, 103 Ky. 616, 624; Bacon v. Towne, 4 Cush. 217, 241; Threefoot v. Nuckols, 68 Miss. 116; Morris v. Corson, 7 Cow. 281; Turner v. Dinnegar, 20 Hun, 465; Bell v. Pearcy, 5 Ired. 83; Johnson v. Chambers, 10 Ired. 287; Thurber v. Eastern Ass’n, 118 N. C. 129 Accord. See Indianapolis Traction Co. v. Henby, 178 Ind. 239.

402. Watson v. Norbury, Sty. 3, 201; Brown v. Chapman, 1 W. Bl. 427; Cotton v. James, 1 B. & Ad. 128; Whitworth v. Hall, 2 B. & Ad. 695; Hay v. Weakley, 5 Car. & P. 361; Farley v. Danks, 4 E. & B. 493; Johnson v. Emerson, L. R. 6 Ex. 329; Metropolitan Bank v. Pooley, 10 App. Cas. 210; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187; Wilkinson v. Goodfellow Co., 141 Fed. 218; McDonald v. Goddard Grocery Co., 184 Mo. App. 432; Lawton v. Green, 5 Hun, 157; Cohen v. Nathaniel Fisher & Co., 135 App. Div. 238; King v. Sullivan, (Tex. Civ. App.) 92 S. W. 51; Carleton v. Taylor, 50 Vt. 220 (semble) Accord.

Similarly an action will lie without proof of special damage for a malicious and unfounded presentation of a petition to wind up a trading company. Quartz Co. v. Eyre, 11 Q. B. Div. 674; Wyatt v. Palmer, [1899] 2 Q. B. 106 (semble).

Malicious inquisition of lunacy, see Lockenour v. Sides, 57 Ind. 360; Dordoni v. Smith, 82 N. J. Law, 525.

Malicious proceeding for suspension or removal of an officer. Fulton v. Ingalls, 165 App. Div. 323.

Malicious prosecution of unfounded claim for a patent. Strelitzer v. Schnaier, 135 App. Div. 384.