(1) Honesty—Tide
A. – | – – – –    
M. – – – – | | | |
F. | – – – – –    
H. | – – –        
Ro. | | – – – –    
Bl. | – – – – – – –
By. – – + +        
Bs. – – – – – – –  
J. – + + + + + +  
    | – + α β
A. { 2 7 11 0 4
8.4% 29.2% 45.8%   16.6%
M. { 4 11 10 1 5
12.9% 35.5% 32.3% 3.2% 16.1%
F. { 2 8 9 0 0
10.5% 42.2% 47.3%    
H. { 8 11 1 3 0
39.2% 43.5% 4.1% 13.2%  
Ro. { 10 13 3 0 0
38.4% 50.0% 11.6%    
Bl. { 15 10 0 0 0
60.0% 40.0%      
By. { 2 20 3 0 0
8.0% 80.0% 12.0%    
Bs. { 1 11 6 0 2
5.0% 55.0% 30.0%   10.0%
J. { 6 16 6 0 0
21.4% 57.2% 21.4%    
Totals { 50 107 49 4 11
22.6% 48.4% 22.2% 1.9% 4.9%

Number of subjects, 9; number of sections, 4; number of experiments, 36; number of associations, 221.

Increasing the disparateness by making the one a proper name and the other a pure abstract noun, we find the name dominates consciousness, almost to the exclusion of the abstract term. The tables confirm the conclusions that the abstract term, even when given the advantage of position, exerts little influence, for in the first group of eighteen experiments of two hundred and eighty-four associations there are 13.4 times as many associations for the first as for the second, or two hundred and fifteen words for the first (75.8%) and sixteen (5.5%) for the second.

Reversing the order, the burden of influence swings back to thirty-eight (12.8%) for the first and one hundred and fifty-six (52.7%) for the second with an amount of fusion increased to ninety-nine (33.4%).

TABLE VIII. TWO WORDS: PROPER NOUN—ABSTRACT NOUN SPOKEN

Time—50 seconds.
Characters—same as Table I.

(1) Lowell—Liberty
M. | | | | α α α | | | | | |
R. | α α | | | | | | | | | | | | |
K. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
J. | | | + + + α α α α α α α α α α α α α
S. | | | | | – | | | | | | |
Ht. – – | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

(1) Lowell—Liberty.
(2) Roosevelt—Fidelity.
(3) Eliot—Integrity.

    | – + α β
M. { 29 3 2 7 0
70.7% 7.4% 4.8% 17.1%  
R. { 30 0 17 2 0
61.2%   34.7% 4.1%  
K. { 43 2 0 0 0
95.5% 4.5%      
J. { 42 0 8 13 0
66.6%   12.7% 20.7%  
S. { 40 2 0 0 0
95.2% 4.8%      
Ht. { 31 9 3 1 0
70.4% 20.4% 6.9% 2.3%  
Totals { 215 16 30 23 0
75.8% 5.5% 10.7% 8.0%  

Number of subjects, 6; number of sections, 3; number of experiments, 18; number of associations, 284.

TABLE IX. TWO WORDS: ABSTRACT NOUN—PROPER NOUN SPOKEN

Time—50 seconds.
Characters—same as Table I.

(1) Individuality—Lincoln
M. | + | + + + + + + + + + + + +
R. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
K. – – – – – – – – – – – –
J. | – – – – – – – – – – – | | | | | | | | | |
S. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Ht. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

(1) Individuality—Lincoln.
(2) Brevity—Webster.
(3) Justice—Hanus.

    | – + α β
M. { 4 19 25 0 0
8.3% 39.6% 52.1%    
R. { 5 31 12 0 0
10.4% 64.5% 25.1%    
K. { 14 31 0 0 0
31.2% 68.8%      
J. { 13 11 44 0 0
19.1% 16.1% 64.8%    
S. { 2 40 0 0 0
4.8% 95.2%      
Ht. { 0 24 18 0 3
  53.4% 40.0%   6.6%  
Totals { 38 156 99 0 3
12.8% 52.7% 33.4%   1.1%

Number of subjects, 6; number of sections, 3; number of experiments, 18; number of associations, 296.

GROUP VII

Occasional experiments of the previous groups indicated an abnormal influence of those ideas which were accentuated by the special interests of the subjects. We ask therefore: What is the relation of the newly aroused associations to the present content of consciousness? May the present content of consciousness be so varied as to reënforce or inhibit the characteristic influence of the individual impressions successively presented? In order to test this, words or a sentence were pronounced just previous to the presentation of the two starting-points related to them as follows; in the first divisions the preparatory words lead to the second, in the second divisions to the first, in the third divisions to neither, in the fourth divisions to both, and in the last we have a slight change in the marginal setting and a sentence leads to the second.

The following are examples of the first and second divisions:

Quartz—Granite—Shale.
HORN—SLATE.

SUBJECT XVIII

—slate slate
—slate ledge (Col.) slate
—Great Falls, Mont.     quartz, granite, shale
—geology quartz, granite, shale, G. F.
—Will B. geology
—State University Will B.
—Sexton James State University
—Mrs. J. Sexton James
—C. S. J. Mrs. J.
—Indian School C. S. J.
—Fort Shaw School Indian School
—Mrs. C. Ft. Shaw School
—Mrs. E. Mrs. C.
—Seattle, Wash Mrs. F.
—Miss M. Seattle, Wash.
—Everyman Miss M.
—Cousin V. Everyman
—theatre Cousin V.

Dog—Sheep—Horse.
SQUIRREL—TELEGRAM.

SUBJECT XII

hunt squirrel (and dog)
pasture sheep, horse, and hunt
yard squirrel and pasture  
Harvard yard  
Freshman Harvard  
themes Freshman and squirrel
hunting themes, dog, "
George hunting  
squirrel George  
creatures squirrel  
animals creatures  
activity " animals
agility " "
grace " "
cuteness " "
pets " "
civilisation    creatures  
vs. cats "  
enemies cats  

That one starting-point establishes itself more firmly, and offers more dominant associations with an increased degree of suggestiveness is intimated by various expressions of the subjects who state, "the preparatory words called forth associations connected with this or that starting-point"; or "there was a felt fusion of all"; "a summation of all"; or "the preparatory words had an influence throughout"; "they strengthened this or that starting-point"; "they affected one and not the other"; and many similar expressions.

The influence of these preparatory marginal settings was also indicated very often by the nature or kind of words in the series.

Turning to the tables which collectively represent in a graphic and quantitative form the notes of the subject, and which are in harmony with the above, we find they demonstrate that there is a very intimate and definite relationship. When the state of mind immediately preceding the moment of the formation of the associated series is conditioned by the preparatory words leading to the second, the amount to which that starting-point dominates consciousness in arousing associations is greater than in any previous case where the words of like nature are pronounced.

With the preparatory words leading to the second starting-point, we have 11.5% of the influence for the first, 69.2% for the second; with them leading to the first, 58.2% for first, 17.2% for second; with them leading to neither, 40.6% for first, 44.2% for second; with them leading to both, 16.1% for first, 54.8% for second; with a preparatory sentence leading to second, 12.9% for first, 59.7% for second.

A few experiments were made where one word was given as a setting and four or eight starting-points were shown, but the starting-points were so numerous that they tended to confuse the subject's introspective account.

TABLE X. TWO WORDS SHOWN: THREE PREPARATORY WORDS SPOKEN LEADING TO THE SECOND

Time—50 seconds.
Characters—same as Table I.

Corn, Wheat, Oats. (1) MOB—HAY
M. + + + – + + – – – –
R. – – – | + + α + β – – – – –
K. – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
S. + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – –
J. + + + + + + β β – – – – – – –
Ht. – + + + + β β β β β β β β

(1) Corn, Wheat, Oats. MOB—HAY.
(2) Cloud, Mist, Dew. ORATION—CANOE.
(3) Turtle, Fish, Frog. KEY—NET.
(4) Quartz, Granite, Shale. HORN—SLATE.
(5) Geometry, Plane, Rectangle. CASE—CUBE.

    | - + α β
M. { 10 41 17 0 7
13.3% 54.7% 22.7%   9.3%
R. { 15 37 21 1 4
19.3% 47.4% 26.9% 1.2% 5.2%
K. { 0 55 0 0 0
  100.0%      
S. { 8 64 4 0 0
10.5% 84.2% 5.3%    
J. { 17 69 6 0 2
18.1% 73.4% 6.3%   2.2%
Ht. { 2 45 17 0 8
2.8% 62.5% 23.6%   11.1%
Totals { 52 311 65 1 21
11.5% 69.2% 14.4% .2% 4.7%

Number of subjects, 6; number of sections, 5; number of experiments, 29; number of associations, 449.

TABLE XI. TWO WORDS SHOWN. THREE PREPARATORY WORDS SPOKEN LEADING TO THE FIRST

Time—50 seconds.
Characters—same as Table I.

Dog, Sheep, Horse. (1) SQUIRREL—TELEGRAM
M. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
R. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
K. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
S. | | – – – – – – – – – –
J. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ht. | | | | | | | | | – – – – – – – –

(1) Dog, Sheep, Horse. SQUIRREL—TELEGRAM.
(2) Pineapple, Banana, Orange. FRUIT-STAND—ELECTRIC LIGHT.
(3) Justice, Truth, Beauty. CHARITY—PHOTOGRAPH.
(4) Gold, Copper, Silver. DIME—SKULL.

    | - + α β
M. { 28 3 15 0 8
51.8% 5.5% 27.9%   14.8%
R. { 16 9 23 0 11
27.2% 15.3% 38.9%   18.6%
K. { 56 2 0 0 0
96.5% 3.5%      
S. { 36 24 0 0 0
60.0% 40.0%      
J. { 38 4 24 1 7
51.4% 5.4% 32.4% 1.4% 9.4%
Ht. { 37 20 0 0 0
64.9% 35.1%      
Totals { 211 62 62 1 26
58.2% 17.2% 17.2% .2% 7.2%

Number of subjects, 6; number of sections, 4; number of experiments, 24; number of associations, 362.

TABLE XII. TWO WORDS SHOWN. THREE PREPARATORY WORDS SPOKEN LEADING TO NEITHER

Time—50 seconds.
Characters—same as Table I.

Botany, Statue, Postal. (1) CHOCOLATE—BANNER
M. | | – – – – – – – – – – – – – |
R. – | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
K. | – | | | – | – | – | – |
S. | | – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
J. | | | | | | | – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Ht. – – + + + – – – – – – – – – – –

(1) Botany, Statue, Postal. CHOCOLATE—BANNER.
(2) Idea, Proposition, Syllogism. SILVER—GAME.

    | - + α β
M. { 3 28 0 0 0
9.6% 90.4%      
M. { 22 1 2 0 14
56.5% 2.5% 5.2%   35.8%
K. { 28 5 0 0 0
84.8% 15.2%      
S. { 13 20 0 0 0
89.4% 60.6%      
J. { 17 22 0 0 0
43.6% 56.4%      
Ht. { 0 14 8 7 0
48.3% 27.6% 24.1%  
Totals { 83 90 10 7 14
40.6% 44.2% 4.9% 3.4% 6.9%

Number of subjects, 6; number of sections, 2; number of experiments, 12; number of associations, 204.

TABLE XIII. TWO WORDS SHOWN. THREE PREPARATORY WORDS SPOKEN LEADING TO BOTH

Time—50 seconds.
Characters—same as Table I.

Tree, Shrub, Grass.   (1) TEA—FERN
M. + + α α α α α α α – –
R. + + + + + + + + + + + +
K. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
S. – – – – – – – – – – – –
J. | – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Ht. + + α α α α α α | | | | |

(1) Tree, Shrub, Grass. TEA—FERN.
(2) Fox, Wolf, Moose. DEER—DOVE.