FEUILLANTS, Club and Party of the.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1790, and 1791 (OCTOBER).
FEZ:
Founding of the city and kingdom.
See EDRISITES.
FIANNA EIRINN.
The ancient militia of Erin,
famous in old Irish romance and song.
T. Moore,
History of Ireland,
volume 1, chapter 7.
FIDENÆ.
An ancient city on the left bank of the Tiber, only five miles
from Rome, originally Latin, but afterwards containing a mixed
Latin and Etruscan population. It was at war with Rome until
the latter destroyed it, B. C. 426.
W. Ihne,
History of Rome,
book 2, chapter 15.
FIEFS.
See FEUDAL TENURES;
and FEUDALISM.
FIELD OF LIES, The.
Ludwig, or Louis, the Pious, son and successor of Charlemagne,
was a man of gentle character, and good intentions--too
amiable and too honest in his virtues for the commanding of a
great empire in times so rude. He lost the control of his
state, and his family, alike. His own sons headed a succession
of revolts against his authority. The second of these
insurrections occurred in the year 833. Father and sons
confronted one another with hostile armies, on the plain of
Rothfeld, not far from Colmar in Alsace. Intrigue instead of
battle settled the controversy, for the time being. The
adherents of the old emperor were all enticed away from him,
and he found himself wholly deserted and alone. To signify the
treacherous methods by which this defection was brought about,
the "Rothfeld" (Red-field) on which it occurred received the
name of "Lügenfeld," or Field of Lies.
J. C. L. de Sismondi,
The French under the Carlovingians;
translated by Bellingham, chapter 7.
{1119}
FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD, The.
The place of the famous meeting of Henry VIII. of England with
Francis I. of France, which took place in the summer of 1520
[see FRANCE: A. D. 1520-1523], is notable in history, from the
magnificence of the preparations made for it, as The Field of
the Cloth of Gold. It was at Guisnes, or between Guisnes and
Arde, near Calais (then English territory). "Guisnes and its
castle offered little attraction, and if possible less
accommodation, to the gay throng now to be gathered within its
walls. ... But on the castle green, within the limits of a few
weeks, and in the face of great difficulties, the English
artists of that day contrived a summer palace, more like a
vision of romance, the creation of some fairy dream (if the
accounts of eye-witnesses of all classes may be trusted), than
the dull every-day reality of clay-born bricks and mortar. No
'palace of art' in these beclouded climates of the West ever
so truly deserved its name. ... The palace was an exact square
of 328 feet. It was pierced on every side with oriel windows
and clerestories curiously glazed, the mullions and posts of
which were overlaid with gold. An embattled gate, ornamented
on both sides with statues representing men in various
attitudes of war, and flanked by an embattled tower, guarded
the entrance. From this gate to the entrance of the palace
arose in long ascent a sloping daïs or hall-pace, along which
were grouped 'images of sore and terrible countenances,' in
armour of argentine or bright metal. At the entrance, under an
embowed landing place, facing the great doors, stood 'antique'
(classical) figures girt with olive branches. The passages,
the roofs of the galleries from place to place and from
chamber to chamber, were ceiled and covered with white silk,
fluted and embowed with silken hanging of divers colours and
braided cloths, 'which showed like bullions of fine burnished
gold.' The roofs of the chambers were studded with roses, set
in lozenges, and diapered on a ground of fine gold. Panels
enriched with antique carving and gilt bosses covered the
spaces between the windows; whilst all along the corridors and
from every window hung tapestry of silk and gold, embroidered
with figures. ... To the palace was attached a spacious
chapel, still more sumptuously adorned. Its altars were hung
with cloth of gold tissue embroidered with pearls; cloth of
gold covered the walls and desks. ... Outside the palace gate,
on the greensward, stood a gilt fountain, of antique
workmanship, with a statue of Bacchus 'birlying the wine.'
Three runlets, fed by secret conduits hid beneath the earth,
spouted claret, hypocras, and water into as many silver cups,
to quench the thirst of all comers. ... In long array, in the
plain beyond, 2,800 tents stretched their white canvas before
the eyes of the spectator, gay with the pennons, badges, and
devices of the various occupants; whilst miscellaneous
followers, in tens of thousands, attracted by profit or the
novelty of the scene, camped on the grass and filled the
surrounding slopes, in spite of the severity of
provost-marshal and reiterated threats of mutilation and
chastisement. ... From the 4th of June, when Henry first
entered Guisnes, the festivities continued with unabated
splendour for twenty days. ... The two kings parted on the
best of terms, as the world thought."
J. S. Brewer,
Reign of Henry VIII.,
chapter 12.
ALSO IN:
Lady Jackson,
The Court of France in the 16th Century,
volume 1, chapters 11-12.
Miss Pardoe,
The Court and Reign of Francis I.,
volume 1, chapter 14.
FIESCO, Conspiracy of.
See GENOA: A. D. 1528-1559.
FIESOLE.
See FLORENCE: ORIGIN AND NAME.
FIFTEEN, The (Jacobite Rebellion),
See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1715.
FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1869-1870.
FIFTH MONARCHY MEN.
One of the most extremely fanatical of the politico-religious
sects or factions which rose in England during the
commonwealth and the Protectoral reign of Cromwell, was that
of the so-called Fifth Monarchy Men, of whom Major-General
Harrison was the chief. Their belief is thus described by
Carlyle: "The common mode of treating Universal History, ...
not yet entirely fallen obsolete in this country, though it
has been abandoned with much ridicule everywhere else for half
a century now, was to group the Aggregate Transactions of the
Human Species into Four Monarchies: the Assyrian Monarchy of
Nebuchadnezzar and Company; the Persian of Cyrus and ditto;
the Greek of Alexander; and lastly the Roman. These I think
were they; but am no great authority on the subject. Under the
dregs of this last, or Roman Empire, which is maintained yet by
express name in Germany, 'Das heilige Römische Reich,' we poor
moderns still live. But now say Major-General Harrison and a
number of men, founding on Bible Prophecies, Now shall be a
Fifth Monarchy, by far the blessedest and the only real
one,--the Monarchy of Jesus Christ, his Saints reigning for
Him here on Earth,--if not He himself, which is probable or
possible,--for a thousand years, &c., &c.--O Heavens, there
are tears for human destiny; and immortal Hope itself is
beautiful because it is steeped in Sorrow, and foolish Desire
lies vanquished under its feet! They who merely laugh at
Harrison take but a small portion of his meaning with them."
T. Carlyle,
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,
part 8, speech 2.
The Fifth Monarchy fanaticism, sternly repressed by Oliver
Cromwell, gave some signs of turbulence during Richard
Cromwell's protectorate, and broke out in a mad way the year
after the Restoration. The attempted insurrection in London
was headed by one Venner, and was called Venner's
Insurrection. It was easily put down. "It came as the expiring
flash of a fanatical creed, which had blended itself with
Puritanism, greatly to the detriment of the latter; and, dying
out rather slowly, it left behind the quiet element of
Millenarianism."
J. Stoughton,
History of Religion in England,
volume 3, chapter 4.
ALSO IN:
D. Masson,
Life of John Milton,
volume 5, page 16.
"FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT."
See OREGON: A. D. 1844-1846.
FILI.
A class of poets among the early Irish, who practiced
originally certain rites of incantation. Their art was called
Filidecht. "The bards, who recited poems and stories, formed
at first a distinct branch from the Fili. According as the
true Filidecht fell into desuetude, and the Fili became simply
a poet, the two orders practically coalesced and the names
Fili and bard became synonymous. ... In Pagan times and during
the Middle Ages the Irish bards, like the Gaulish ones,
accompanied their recitation of poems on a stringed instrument
called a crut. ... The bard was therefore to the Fili, or
poet, what the Jogler was to the Troubadour."
W. K. Sullivan,
Article, Celtic Literature,
Encyclopedia Brittanica.
{1120}
FILIBUSTER.
"The difference between a filibuster and a freebooter is one
of ends rather than of means. Some authorities say that the
words have a common etymology; but others, including
Charlevoix, maintain that the filibuster derived his name from
his original occupation, that of a cruiser in a 'flibote,' or
'Vly-boat,' first used on the river Vly, in Holland. Yet
another writer says that the name was first given to the
gallant followers of Dominique de Gourgues, who sailed from
Finisterre, or Finibuster, in France, on the famous expedition
against Fort Caroline in 1567 [see FLORIDA: A. D. 1567-1568].
The name, whatever its origin, was long current in the Spanish
as 'filibustero' before it became adopted into the English. So
adopted, it has been used to describe a type of adventurer who
occupied a curious place in American history during the decade
from 1850 to 1860."
J. J. Roche,
The Story of the Filibusters,
chapter 1.
See, also,
AMERICA: A: D. 1639-1700.
FILIBUSTERING EXPEDITIONS OF LOPEZ AND WALKER.
See CUBA: A. D. 1845-1860;
and NICARAGUA: A. D. 1855-1860.
FILIOQUE CONTROVERSY, The.
"The Council of Toledo, held under King Reccared, A. D. 589,
at which the Visigothic Church of Spain formally abjured
Arianism and adopted the orthodox faith, put forth a version
of the great creed of Nicæa in which they had interpolated an
additional clause, which stated that the Holy Ghost proceeded
from the Father 'and from the Son' (Filioque). Under what
influence the council took upon itself to make an addition to
the creed of the universal Church is unknown. It is probable
that the motive of the addition was to make a stronger protest
against the Arian denial of the co-equal Godhead of the Son.
The Spanish Church naturally took a special interest in the
addition it had made to the symbol of Nicæa, and sustained it
in subsequent councils. ... The Frankish Church seems to have
early adopted it from their Spanish neighbours. ... The
question was brought before a council held at Aix in A. D.
809. ... The council formally approved of the addition to the
creed, and Charles [Charlemagne] sent two bishops and the
abbot of Corbie to Rome to request the pope's concurrence in
the decision. Leo, at a conference with the envoys, expressed
his agreement with the doctrine, but strongly opposed its
insertion into the creed. ... Notwithstanding the pope's
protest, the addition was adopted throughout the Frankish
Empire. When the Emperor Henry V. was crowned at Rome, A. D.
1014, he induced Pope Benedict VIII. to allow the creed with
the filioque to be chanted after the Gospel at High Mass; so
it came to be generally used in Rome; and at length Pope
Nicholas I. insisted on its adoption throughout the West. At a
later period the controversy was revived, and it became the
ostensible ground of the final breach (A. D. 1054) between the
Churches of the West and those of the East."
E. L. Cutts,
Charlemagne,
chapter 23.
"The Filioque controversy relates to the eternal procession of
the Holy Spirit, and is a continuation of the trinitarian
controversies of the Nicene age. It marks the chief and almost
the only important dogmatic difference between the Greek and
Latin churches, ... and has occasioned, deepened, and
perpetuated the greatest schism in Christendom. The single
word Filioque keeps the oldest, largest and most nearly
related churches divided since the ninth century, and still
forbids a reunion."
P. Schaff,
History of the Christian Church,
volume 4, chapter 11, section 107.
ALSO IN:
G. B. Howard,
The Schism between the Oriental and Western Churches.
See, CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 330-1054.
FILIPPO MARIA, Duke of Milan, A. D. 1412-1447.
FILLMORE, Millard.
Vice-Presidential Election.
Succession to the Presidency.
Administration.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848 to 1852.
FINÉ, The.
A clan or sept division of the tribe in ancient Ireland.
FINGALL.
See NORMANS.
NORTHMEN: 8TH-9TH CENTURIES;
also, IRELAND: 9TH-10TH CENTURIES.
FINLAND: A. D. 1808-1810.
Conquest by and peculiar annexation to Russia.
Constitutional independence of the Finnish grand
duchy confirmed by the Czar.
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1807-1810.
FINN GALLS.
See IRELAND: 9TH-10TH CENTURIES.
FINNS.
See HUNGARIANS.
FIODH-INIS.
See IRELAND, THE NAME.
FIRBOLGS, The.
One of the races to which Irish legend ascribes the settlement
of Ireland; said to have come from Thrace.
See NEMEDIANS,
and IRELAND: THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS.
FIRE LANDS, The.
See OHIO: A. D. 1786-1796.
FIRMA.
See FERM.
FIRST CONSUL OF FRANCE, The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).
FIRST EMPIRE (FRENCH), The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1804-1805, to 1815.
FIRST-FRUITS.
See ANNATES.
FIRST REPUBLIC (FRENCH), The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER), to 1804-1805.
FISCALINI.
See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL: FRANCE.
FISCUS, The.
"The treasury of the senate [in the early period of the Roman
empire] retained the old republican name of the ærarium; that
of the emperor was denominated the fiscus, a term which
ordinarily signified the private property of an individual.
Hence the notion rapidly grew up, that the provincial
resources constituted the emperor's private purse, and when in
process of time the control of the senate over the taxes gave
way to their direct administration by the emperor himself, the
national treasury received the designation of fiscus, and the
idea of the empire being nothing else than Cæsar's patrimony
became fixed ineradicably in men's minds."
C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 32.
FISHER, Fort, The capture of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864-1865
(DECEMBER-JANUARY: NORTH CAROLINA).
FISHERIES, North American: A. D. 1501-1578.
The Portuguese, Norman, Breton and Basque fishermen on the
Newfoundland Banks.
See NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1501-1578.
{1121}
FISHERIES: A. D. 1610-1655.
Growth of the English interest.
See NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1610-1655.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1620.
Monopoly granted to the Council for New England.
See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1620-1623.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1660-1688.
The French gain their footing in Newfoundland.
See NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1660-1688.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1713.
Newfoundland relinquished to England, with fishing rights
reserved to France, by the Treaty of Utrecht.
See NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1713.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1720-1745.
French interests protected by the fortification of Louisbourg.
See CAPE BRETON: A. D. 1720-1745.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1748.
St. Pierre and Michelon islands on the Newfoundland coast
ceded to France.
See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1745-1748.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1763.
Rights secured to France on the island of Newfoundland and in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the Treaty of Paris.
Articles V. and VI. of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which
transferred Canada and all its islands from France to England,
are in the following language:
"The subjects of France shall have the liberty of fishing and
drying, on a part of the coasts of the island of Newfoundland,
such as it is specified in the 13th Article of the Treaty of
Utrecht; which article is renewed and confirmed by the present
treaty (except what relates to the island of Cape Breton, as
well as to the other islands and coasts, in the mouth and in
the gulph of St. Laurence): and his Britannic majesty consents
to leave to the subjects of the most Christian king the
liberty of fishing in the gulph of St. Laurence, on condition
that the subjects of France do not exercise the said fishery,
but at the distance of three leagues from all the coasts
belonging to Great Britain, as well those of the continent, as
those of the islands situated in the said gulph of St.
Laurence. And as to what relates to the fishery on the coasts
of the island of Cape Breton out of the said gulph, the
subjects of the most Christian king shall not be permitted to
exercise the said fishery, but at the distance of 15 leagues
from the coasts of the island of Cape Breton; and the fishery
on the coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and everywhere else
out of the said gulph, shall remain on the foot of former
treaties.
Article VI. The King of Great Britain cedes the islands of St.
Peter and Miquelon, in full right, to his most Christian
majesty, to serve as a shelter to the French fishermen: and
his said most Christian majesty engages not to fortify the
said islands; to erect no buildings upon them, but merely for
the convenience of the fishery; and to keep upon them a guard
of 50 men only for the police."
Text of the Treaty (Parliamentary History,
volume 15, page 1295).
FISHERIES: A. D. 1778.
French fishery rights recognized in the treaty between France
and the United States.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778 (FEBRUARY).
FISHERIES: A. D. 1783.
Rights secured to the United States by the Treaty of Paris.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1783 (SEPTEMBER).
FISHERIES: A. D. 1814-1818.
Disputed rights of American fishermen after the War of 1812.
Silence of the Treaty of Ghent.
The Convention of 1818.
Under the Treaty of Paris (1783) "we claimed that the liberty
which was secured to the inhabitants of the United States to
take fish on the coasts of Newfoundland, under the limitation
of not drying or curing the same on that island, and also on
the other coasts, bays, and creeks, together with the limited
rights of drying or curing fish on the coasts of Nova Scotia,
Magdalen Islands, and Labrador, were not created or conferred
by that treaty, but were simply recognized by it as already
existing. They had been enjoyed before the Revolution by the
Americans in common with other subjects of Great Britain, and
had, indeed, been conquered, from the French chiefly, through
the valor and sacrifices of the colonies of New England and
New York. The treaty was therefore considered analogous to a
deed of partition. It defined the boundaries between the two
countries and all the rights and privileges belonging to them.
We insisted that the article respecting fisheries was
therefore to be regarded as identical with the possession of
land or the demarcation of boundary. We also claimed that the
treaty, being one that recognized independence, conceded
territory, and defined boundaries, belonged to that class
which is permanent in its nature and is not affected by
subsequent suspension of friendly relations. The English,
however, insisted that this treaty was not a unity; that while
some of its provisions were permanent, other stipulations were
temporary and could be abrogated, and that, in fact, they were
abrogated by the war of 1812; that the very difference of the
language used showed that while the rights of deep-sea fishing
were permanent, the liberties of fishing were created and
conferred by that treaty, and had therefore been taken away by
the war. These were the two opposite views of the respective
governments at the conferences which ended in the treaty of
Ghent, of 1814." No compromise appearing to be practicable,
the commissioners agreed, at length, to drop the subject from
consideration. "For that reason the treaty of Ghent is
entirely silent as to the fishery question.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1814 (DECEMBER).
In consequence of conflicts arising between our fishermen and
the British authorities, our point of view was very strongly
maintained by Mr. Adams in his correspondence with the British
Foreign Office, and finally, on October 20, 1818, Mr. Rush,
then our minister at London, assisted by Mr. Gallatin,
succeeded in signing a treaty, which among other things
settled our rights and privileges by the first article, as
follows: ... 'It is agreed between the high contracting
parties that the inhabitants of the said United States shall
have forever, in common with the subjects of his Britannic
Majesty, the liberty of taking fish of any kind on that part
of the southern coast of Newfoundland which extends from Cape
Ray to the Rameau Islands; on the western and northern coasts
of Newfoundland from the said Cape Ray to the Qurpon Islands;
on the shores of the Magdalen Islands, and also on the coasts,
bays, harbors, and creeks from Mont Joly, on the southern
coast of Labrador, to and through the straits of Belle Isle,
and thence northwardly indefinitely along the coast. And that
the American fishermen shall have liberty forever to dry and
cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbors, and creeks in
the southern part of Newfoundland herein-before described, and
of the coasts of Labrador; but as soon as the same, or any
portion thereof, shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for
said fishermen to dry or cure fish at such portion, so
settled, without previous agreement for such purpose with the
inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the ground.
{1122}
And the United States hereby renounces forever any liberty
heretofore enjoyed, claimed by the inhabitants thereof to
take, dry, or cure fish on or within three marine miles of any
of the coasts, bays, creeks, or harbors of his Britannic
Majesty's dominions in America not included in the
above-mentioned limits. Provided, however, That the American
fishermen shall be permitted to enter such bays or harbors for
the purpose of shelter, of repairing damages therein, of
purchasing wood, and obtaining water, and for no other purpose
whatever. But they shall be under such restrictions as shall
be necessary to prevent their taking, drying, or curing fish
therein, or in any other manner whatever abusing the
privileges hereby secured to them.' The American
plenipotentiaries evidently labored to obtain as extensive a
district of territory as possible for in-shore fishing, and
were willing to give up privileges, then apparently of small
amount, but now much more important, than of using other bays
and harbors for shelter and kindred purposes. For that reason
they acquiesced in omitting the word 'bait' in the first
sentence of the proviso after water.' ... The power of
obtaining bait for use in the deep-sea fisheries is one which
our fishermen were afterward very anxious to secure. But the
mackerel fisheries in those waters did not begin until several
years later. The only contention then was about the cod
fisheries."
E. Schuyler,
American Diplomacy,
chapter 8.
Treaties and Conventions between the United States
and other Powers (edition of 1889), pages 415-418.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1854-1866.
Privileges defined under the Canadian Reciprocity Treaty.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES AND CANADA):
A. D. 1854-1866.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1871.
Reciprocal privileges adjusted between Great Britain and the
United States by the Treaty of Washington.
See ALABAMA CLAIMS: A. D. 1871.
FISHERIES: A. D. 1877-1888.
The Halifax award.
Termination of the Fishery articles of the Treaty of
Washington.
The rejected Treaty of 1888.
In accordance with the terms of articles 22 and 23 of the
Treaty of Washington (see ALABAMA CLAIMS: A.. D. 1871), a
Commission appointed to award compensation to Great Britain
for the superior value of the fishery privileges conceded to
the citizens of the United States by that treaty, met at
Halifax on the 5th of June, 1877. The United States was
represented on the Commission by Hon. E. H. Kellogg, of
Massachusetts, and Great Britain by Sir Alexander F. Gault, of
Canada. The two governments having failed to agree in the
selection of the third Commissioner, the latter was named, as
the Treaty provided, by the Austrian Ambassador at London, who
designated M. Maurice Delfosse, Belgian Minister at
Washington. The award was made November 27, 1877, when, "by a
vote of two to one, the Commissioners decided that the United
States was to pay $5,500,000 for the use of the fishing
privileges for 12 years. The decision produced profound
astonishment in the United States." Dissatisfaction with the
Halifax award, and generally with the main provisions of the
Treaty of Washington relating to the fisheries, was so great
in the United States that, when, in 1878, Congress
appropriated money for the payment of the award, it inserted
in the bill a clause to the effect that "Articles 18 and 21 of
the Treaty between the United States and Great Britain
concluded on the 8th of May, 1871, ought to be terminated at
the earliest period consistent with the provisions of Article
33 of the same Treaty." "It is a curious fact that during the
time intervening between the signing of the treaty of
Washington and the Halifax award an almost complete change
took place in the character of the fisheries. The method of
taking mackerel was completely revolutionized by the
introduction of the purse-seine, by means of which vast
quantities of the fish were captured far out in the open sea
by enclosing them in huge nets. ... This change in the method
of fishing brought about a change in the fishing grounds. ...
The result of this change was very greatly to diminish the
value of the North-eastern Fisheries to the United States
fishermen." On the 1st of July, 1883, "in pursuance of
instructions from Congress, the President gave the required
notice of the desire of the United States to terminate the
Fishery Articles of the Treaty of Washington, which
consequently came to an end the 1st of July, 1885. The
termination of the treaty fell in the midst of the fishing
season, and, at the suggestion of the British Minister,
Secretary Bayard entered into a temporary arrangement whereby
the American fishermen were allowed the privileges of the
treaty during the remainder of the season, with the
understanding that the President should bring the question
before Congress at its next session and recommend a joint
Commission by the Governments of the United States and Great
Britain." This was done; but Congress disapproved the
recommendation. The question of rights under former treaties,
especially that of 1818, remained open, and became a subject
of much irritation between the United States and the
neighboring British American provinces. The local regulations
of the latter were enforced with stringency and harshness
against American fishermen; the latter solicited and procured
retaliatory legislation from Congress. To end this
unsatisfactory state of affairs, a treaty was negotiated at
Washington in February, 1888, by Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary
of State, William L. Putnam and James B. Angell,
plenipotentiaries on the part of the United States, and Joseph
Chamberlain, M. P., Sir L. S. Sackville West and Sir Charles
Tupper, plenipotentiaries on the part of Great Britain, which
treaty was approved by the President and sent to the Senate,
but rejected by that body on the 21st of August, by a negative
vote of 30, against 27 in its favor.
C. B. Elliott,
The United States and the North-eastern Fisheries,
pages 79-100.
ALSO IN:
E. Schuyler,
American Diplomacy,
chapter 8.
J. H. De Ricci,
The Fisheries Dispute (1888).
Annual Cyclopedia,
volume 13 (1888), pages 217-226.
Annual Report of United States Commission of Fish and
Fisheries for 1886.
Correspondence relative to proposed Fisheries Treaty
(Senate Ex. Doc., Number 113, 50th Congress, 1st Session).
Documents and Proceedings of Halifax Commission (H. R. Ex.
Doc., Number 89, 45th. Congress, 2d Session).
----------FISHERIES: End----------
FISHER'S HILL, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (AUGUST-OCTOBER: VIRGINIA).
FISHING CREEK, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).
{1123}
FITCH, John, and the beginnings of steam navigation.
See STEAM NAVIGATION.
FITZGERALD'S (LORD THOMAS) REBELLION IN IRELAND.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1535-1553.
FIVE ARTICLES OF PERTH, The.
See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1618.
FIVE BLOODS, The.
See IRELAND; 13TH-14TH CENTURIES.
FIVE BOROUGHS, The.
A confederation of towns occupied by the Danes in England,
including Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Nottingham and Stamford,
which played a part in the events of the tenth and eleventh
centuries. It afterwards became Seven Boroughs by addition of
York and Chester.
FIVE FORKS, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865
(MARCH-APRIL: VIRGINIA).
FIVE HUNDRED, The French Council of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER).
FIVE HUNDRED AT ATHENS, The.
See ATHENS: B. C. 510-507.
FIVE MEMBERS, King Charles' attempt against the.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1642 (JANUARY).
FIVE MILE ACT, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1662-1665.
FIVE NATIONS OF INDIANS, The.
The five original tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy,--the
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas,--were
commonly called by the English the Five Nations. Subsequently,
in 1715, a sixth tribe, the Tuscaroras, belonging to the same
stock, was admitted to the confederacy, and its members were
then known as the Six Nations.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY, and IROQUOIS
TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.
FIVE THOUSAND, The
See ATHENS: B. C. 413-411.
FIVE YEARS' TRUCE, The.
The hostilities between Athens and Sparta which preceded the
Peloponnesian War, being opened by the battle of Tanagra, B.
C. 457, were suspended B. C. 451, by a truce called the Five
Years' Truce, arranged through the influence of the
soldier-statesman Cimon.
Thucydides,
History,
book 1, section 112.
ALSO IN:
E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 3, chapter 2.
FLAGELLANTS.
"Although the Church's forgiveness for sin might now [14th
century] be easily obtained in other ways: Still Flagellation
was not only greatly admired among the religious, but was also
held in such high estimation by the common people, that in
case of any calamity or plague, they thought they could
propitiate the supposed wrath of God in no more effectual
manner than by scourging, and processions of scourgers; just
as though the Church's ordinary means of atonement were
insufficient for extraordinary cases. A decided mistrust of
the Church's intercession, and the clergy who dispensed it,
prevailed among the societies of Flagellants; roused to action
by the plague that past over from Asia into Europe in the year
1348, and spread devastation everywhere, ever since the
beginning of the year 1349 they diffused themselves from the
Hungarian frontier over the whole of Germany, and found
entrance even into the neighbouring countries. ... They
practised this penance according to a fixed rule, without the
co-operation of the clergy, under the guidance of Masters,
Magistri, and made no secret of the fact, that they held the
Church's way of salvation in much lower estimation than the
penance by the scourge. Clement VI. put an end to the public
processions of Flagellants, which were already widely
prevalent: but penance by the scourge was only thus forced
into concealment. In Thuringia, Conrad Schmidt, one of their
masters, gave the form of a connected system of heretical
doctrine to their dislike of the Church. ... Thus there now
rose heretical Flagellants, called also by the common name of
Beghards; they existed down to the time of the Reformation,
especially in Thuringia, as an heretical sect very dangerous
to the Church. This warning example, as well as the mistrust
natural to the Hierarchy of all spiritual impulses which did
not originate from itself, decided the destiny of the later
societies of Flagellants. When the Whitemen (Bianchi) [see
WHITE PENITENTS], scourging themselves as they went, descended
from the Alps into Italy, they were received almost everywhere
with enthusiasm by the clergy and the people; but in the Papal
territory death was prepared for their leader, and the rest
accordingly dispersed themselves."
J. C. L. Gieseler,
Compendium of Ecclesiastical History,
section 123 (volume 4).
"Divided into companies of male and female devotees, under a
leader and two masters, they stripped themselves naked to the
waist, and publicly scourged themselves, or each other, till
their shoulders were covered with blood. This expiatory
ceremony was repeated every morning and afternoon for
thirty-three days, equal in number to the years which Christ
is thought to have lived upon earth; after which they returned
to their former employments, cleansed from sin by the baptism
of blood.' The flagellants appeared first in Hungary; but
missionary societies were soon formed, and they hastened to
impart the knowledge of the new gospel to foreign nations.
They spread with rapidity over Poland, Germany and the Low
Countries. From France they were excluded at the request of
the pope, who had issued a severe constitution against them;
but a colony reached England, and landed in London, to the
number of 120 men and women. ... The missionaries made not a
single proselyte."
J. Lingard,
History of England,
volume 4, chapter 1.
ALSO IN:
W. M. Cooper,
Flagellation and the Flagellants.
G. Waddington,
History of the Church,
note appendix to chapter 23.
FLAMENS.--FLAMINES.
"The pontifices, like several other priestly brotherhoods [of
ancient Rome] ... had sacrificial priests (flamines) attached
to them, whose name was derived from 'flare' (to blow the
fire). The number of flamines attached to the pontifices was
fifteen, the three highest of whom, ... viz., the Flamen
Dialis, Martialis, and Quirinalis, were always chosen from old
patrician families. ... Free from all civil duties, the Flamen
Dialis, with his wife and children, exclusively devoted
himself to the service of the deity. His house ... lay on the
Palatine hill. His marriage was dissoluble by death only; he
was not allowed to take an oath, mount a horse, or look at an
army. He was forbidden to remain a night away from his house,
and his hand touched nothing unclean, for which reason he
never approached a corpse or a burial-place. ... In the
daytime the Flamen Dialis was not allowed to take off his
head-dress, and he was obliged to resign his office in case it
fell off by accident. In his belt he carried the sacrificial
knife, and in his hand he held a rod, in order to keep off the
people on his way to the sacrifice. For the same purpose he
was preceded by a lictor, who compelled everybody on the way
to lay down his work, the flamen not being allowed to see the
business of daily life."
E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 103.
See AUGURS.
{1124}
FLAMINIAN WAY.
See ROME: B. C. 295-191.
FLAMINIUS, The defeat of.
See PUNIC WAR, THE SECOND.
FLANDERS: A. D. 863.
Creation of the County.
Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, of France (not yet
called France), and a twice widowed queen of England, though
hardly yet out of her girlhood (she had wedded Ethelwulf and
Ethelbald, father and son, in succession), took a mate, at
last, more to her liking, by a runaway match with one of her
father's foresters, named Baudouin, or Baldwin, Bras-de-fer.
This was in 862. King Charles, in his wrath, caused the
impudent forester to be outlawed and excommunicated, both; but
after a year of intercession and mediation he forgave the pair
and established them in a suitable fief. Baudouin was made
Count or Marquis of Flanders. "Previously to Baudouin's era,
Flanders or 'Flandria' is a designation belonging, as learned
men conjecture, to a Gau or Pagus, afterwards known as the
Franc de Bruges, and noticed only in a single charter.
Popularly, the name of Flanders had obtained with respect to a
much larger surrounding Belgic country. ... The name of
'Flanders' was thus given to the wide, and in a degree
indefinite tract, of which the Forester Baudouin and his
predecessors had the official range or care. According to the
idiom of the Middle Ages, the term 'Forest' did not exactly
convey the idea which the word now suggests, not being applied
exclusively to wood-land, but to any wild and unreclaimed
region. ... Any etymology of the name of Flamingia, or
Flanders, which we can guess at, seems intended to designate
that the land was so called from being half-drowned.
Thirty-five inundations, which afflicted the country at
various intervals from the tenth to the sixteenth century,
have entirely altered the coast-line; and the interior
features of the country, though less affected, have been much
changed by the diversions which the river-courses have
sustained. ... Whatever had been the original amplitude of the
districts over which Baudouin had any control or authority,
the boundaries were now enlarged and defined. Kneeling before
Charles-le-Chauve, placing his hands between the hands of the
Sovereign, he received his 'honour':--the Forester of Flanders
was created Count or Marquis. All the countries between the
Scheldt, the Somme and the sea, became his benefice; so that
only a narrow and contested tract divided Baudouin's Flanders
from Normandy. According to an antient nomenclature, ten
counties, to wit, Theerenburch, Arras, Boulogne, Guisnes,
Saint-Paul, Hesdin, Blandemont, Bruges, Harlebec, and Tournay,
were comprehended in the noble grant which Baudouin obtained
from his father-in-law."
Sir F. Palgrave,
History of Normandy and of England,
book 1, chapter 4.
FLANDERS: A. D. 1096.
The Crusade of Count Robert.
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099.
FLANDERS: A. D. 1201-1204.
The diverted Crusade of Count Baldwin and the imperial crown
he won at Constantinople.
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1201-1203;
and BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 1204-1205.
FLANDERS: A. D. 1214.
Humbled at the battle of Bouvines.
See BOUVINES.
FLANDERS: 13th Century.
The industry, commerce and wealth of the Flemings.
"In the 13th century, Flanders was the most populous and the
richest country in Europe. She owed the fact to the briskness
of her manufacturing and commercial undertakings, not only
amongst her neighbours, but throughout Southern and Eastern
Europe. ... Cloth, and all manner of woolen stuffs, were the
principal articles of Flemish production, and it was chiefly
from England that Flanders drew her supply of wool, the raw
material of her industry. Thence arose between the two
countries commercial relations which could not fail to acquire
political importance. As early as the middle of the 12th
century, several Flemish towns formed a society for founding
in England a commercial exchange, which obtained great
privileges, and, under the name of the Flemish hanse of
London, reached rapid development. The merchants of Bruges had
taken the initiative in it; but soon all the towns of
Flanders--and Flanders was covered with towns--Ghent, Lille,
Ypres, Courtrai, Furnes, Alost, St. Omer, and Douai, entered
the confederation, and made unity as well as extension of
liberties in respect of Flemish commerce the object of their
joint efforts. Their prosperity became celebrated; and its
celebrity gave it increase. It was a burgher of Bruges who was
governor of the hanse of London, and he was called the Count
of the Hanse. The fair of Bruges, held in the month of May,
brought together traders from the whole world. 'Thither came
for exchange,' says the most modern and most enlightened
historian of Flanders (Baron Kervyn de Lettenhove, 'Histoire
de Flandre,' t. ii., page 300), 'the produce of the North and
the South, the riches collected in the pilgrimages to
Novgorod, and those brought over by the caravans from
Samarcand and Bagdad, the pitch of Norway and the oils of
Andalusia, the furs of Russia and the dates from the Atlas,
the metals of Hungary and Bohemia, the figs of Granada, the
honey of Portugal, the wax of Morocco, and the spice of Egypt;
whereby, says an ancient manuscript, no land is to be compared
in merchandise to the land of Flanders.' ... So much
prosperity made the Counts of Flanders very puissant lords.
'Marguerite II., called "the Black," Countess of Flanders and
Hainault, from 1244 to 1280, was extremely rich,' says a
chronicler, 'not only in lands, but in furniture, jewels, and
money; ... insomuch that she kept up the state of queen rather
than countess.' Nearly all the Flemish towns were strongly
organised communes, in which prosperity had won liberty, and
which became before long small republics, sufficiently
powerful not only for the defence of their municipal rights
against the Counts of Flanders, their lords, but for offering
an armed resistance to such of the sovereigns their neighbours
as attempted to conquer them or to trammel them in their
commercial relations, or to draw upon their wealth by forced
contributions or by plunder."
F. P. Guizot,
Popular History of France,
chapter 18.
ALSO IN:
J. Hutton,
James and Philip Van Arteveld,
part 1, chapter 2.
{1125}
FLANDERS: A. D. 1299-1304.
The war with Philip the Fair.
As the Flemings advanced in wealth and consequence, the feudal
dependence of their country upon the French crown grew
increasingly irksome and oppressive to them, and their
attitude towards France became one of confirmed hostility. At
the same time, they were drawn to a friendly leaning towards
England by common commercial interests. This showed itself
decisively on the occasion of the quarrel that arose (A. D.
1295) between Philip IV., called the Fair, and Edward I. of
England, concerning the rule of the latter in Aquitaine or
Guienne. The French king found allies in Scotland; the English
king found allies in Flanders. An alliance of marriage, in
fact, had been arranged to take place between king Edward and
the daughter of Guy de Dampierre, count of Flanders; but
Philip contrived treacherously to get possession of the
persons of the count and his daughter and imprisoned them both
at Paris, declaring the states of the count to be forfeited.
In 1299 the two kings settled their quarrel and abandoned
their allies on both sides--Scotland to the tender mercies of
Edward, and Flanders to the vengeance of the malignant king
Philip the Fair. The territory of the Flemings was annexed to
the crown of France, and Jacques de Châtillon, uncle of the
queen, was appointed governor. Before two years had passed the
impatient Flemings were in furious revolt. The insurrection
began at Bruges, May 18, 1302, and more than 3,000 Frenchmen
in that city were massacred in the first rage of the
insurgents. This massacre was called the Bruges Matins. A
French army entered Flanders to put down the rising and was
confronted at Courtrai (July 11, A. D. 1302) by the Flemish
militia. The latter were led by young Guy of Dampierre and, a
few knights, who dismounted to fight on equal terms with their
fellows. "About 20,000 militia, armed only with pikes, which
they employed also as implements of husbandry, resolved to
abide the onset of 8,000 Knights of gentle blood, 10,000
archers, and 30,000 foot-soldiers, animated by the presence
and directed by the military skill of Robert Count of Artois,
and of Raoul de Nesle, Constable of France. Courtrai was the
object of attack, and the Flemings, anxious for its safety,
arranged themselves on a plain before the town, covered in
front by a canal." An altercation which occurred between the
two French commanders led to the making of a blind and furious
charge on the part of the French horsemen, ignorant and
heedless of the canal, into which they plunged, horses and
riders together, in one inextricable mass, and where, in their
helplessness, they were slain without scruple by the Flemings.
"Philip had lost his most experienced Generals, and the flower
of his troops; but his obstinacy was unbending." In repeated
campaigns during the next two years, Philip strove hard to
retrieve the disaster of Courtrai. He succeeded, at last (A.
D. 1304), in achieving, with the help of the Genoese, a naval
victory in the Zuruck-Zee, followed by a victory, personally
his own, at Mons-en-Puelle, in September of the same year.
Then, finding the Flemings as dauntlessly ready as ever to
renew the fight, he gave up to their obstinacy and
acknowledged the independence of the county. A treaty was
signed, in which "the independence of Flanders was
acknowledged under its Count, Robert de Bethune (the eldest
son of Guy de Dampierre), who, together with his brothers and
all the other Flemish prisoners, was to be restored to
liberty. The Flemings, on the other hand, consented to
surrender those districts beyond the Lys in which the French
language was vernacularly spoken; and to this territory were
added the cities of Douai, Lille, and their dependencies. They
engaged, moreover, to furnish by instalments 200,000 livres in
order to cover the expenses which Philip had incurred by their
invasion."
E. Smedley,
History of France,
part 1, chapter 7.
ALSO IN:
J. Hutton,
James and Philip Van Arteveld,
part 1, chapters 2-3.
J. Michelet,
History of France,
book 5, chapter 2.
FLANDERS: A. D. 1314.
Dishonesty of Philip of France.
Philip was one of the most treacherous of princes, and his
treaty with the Flemings did not secure them against him. "The
Flemings, who had paid the whole of the money stipulated by
the treaty of 1305, demanded the restitution of that part of
Flanders which had been given up as a pledge; but Philippe
refused to restore it on the plea that it had been given to
him absolutely and not conditionally. He commenced hostilities
[A. D. 1314] by seizing upon the counties of Nevers and
Réthel, belonging to the count of Flanders and his eldest son,
who replied by laying siege to Lille." Philippe was making
great exertions to raise money for a vigorous prosecution of
the war, when he died suddenly, Nov. 25, 1314, as the result
of an accident in hunting.
T. Wright,
History of France,
volume 1, book 2, chapter 2.
FLANDERS: A. D. 1328.
The Battle of Cassel.
The first act of Philip of Valois, King of France, after his
coronation in 1328, was to take up the cause of his cousin,
Louis de Nevers, Count of Flanders, who had been driven from
his territories by the independent burghers of Bruges, Ypres,
and other cities, and who had left to him no town save Ghent,
in which he dared to appear. The French king "gathered a great
host of feudal lords, who rejoiced in the thought of Flemish
spoil, and marched to Arras, and thence onwards into Flanders.
He pitched his tent under the hill of Cassel, 'with the
fairest and greatest host in the world' around him. The
Flemish, under Claus Dennequin, lay on the hill-top: thence
they came down all unawares in three columns on the French
camp in the evening, and surprised the King at supper and all
but took him. The French soon recovered from the surprise;
'for God would not consent that lords should be discomfitted
by such riffraff': they slew the Flemish Captain Dennequin,
and of the rest but few escaped; 'for they deigned not to
flee,' so stubborn were those despised weavers of Flanders.
This little battle, with its great carnage of Flemish,
sufficed to lay all Flanders at the feet of its count."
G. W. Kitchin,
History of France,
book 4, chapter 1.
"Sixteen thousand Flemings had marched to the attack in three
divisions. Three heaps of slain were counted on the morrow in
the French lines, amounting altogether to 13,000 corpses; and
it is said that Louis ... inflicted death upon 10,000 more of
the rebels."
E. Smedley,
History of France,
part 1, chapter 8.
ALSO IN:
Froissart (Johnes),
Chronicles,
book 1, chapters 21-22.
{1126}
FLANDERS: A. D. 1335-1337.
The revolt under Jacques Van Arteveld.
The alliance with England.
The most important measure by which Edward III. of England
prepared himself for the invasion of France, as a claimant of
the French crown [See FRANCE: A. D. 1328-1339] was the
securing of an alliance with the Flemish burghers. This was
made easy for him by his enemies. "The Flemings happened to
have a count who was wholly French--Louis de Nevers--who was
only count through the battle of Cassel and the humiliation of
his country, and who resided at Paris, at the court of
Philippe de Valois. Without consulting his subjects, he
ordered a general arrest of all the English throughout
Flanders; on which Edward had all the Flemings in England
arrested. The commerce, which was the life-blood of each
country, was thus suddenly broken off. To attack the English