3. Formerly, an officer of state charged with the duty of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decrees.
||Ref`er*en"dum (r?f`?r*?n"d?m), n. [Gerundive fr. L. referre. See Refer.] 1. A diplomatic agent's note asking for instructions from his government concerning a particular matter or point.
2. The right to approve or reject by popular vote a meassure passed upon by a legislature.
Ref`er*en"tial (-shal), a. Containing a reference; pointing to something out of itself; as, notes for referential use. -- Ref`er*en"tial*ly, adv.
Re*fer"ment (r?*f?r"ment), n. The act of referring; reference. Laud.
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Re`-fer*ment" (r&?;`f&?;r*m&?;nt"), v. t. & i. To ferment, or cause to ferment, again. Blackmore.
Re*fer"rer (r?*f?r"r?r), n. One who refers.
Re*fer"ri*ble (-r?*b'l), a. Referable. Hallam.
Re*fig"ure (r?*f?g"?r), v. t. To figure again. Shak.
Re*fill" (r?*f?l"), v. t. & i. To fill, or become full, again.
Re*find" (r?*f?nd), v. t. To find again; to get or experience again. Sandys.
Re*fine" (r?*f?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refined (-find"); p. pr. & vb. n. Refining.] [Pref. re- + fine to make fine: cf. F. raffiner.] 1. To reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy; to separate from extraneous matter; to purify; to defecate; as, to refine gold or silver; to refine iron; to refine wine or sugar.
I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined.
Zech. xiii. 9.
2. To purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or exellent; to polish; as, to refine the manners, the language, the style, the taste, the intellect, or the moral feelings.
Love refines
The thoughts, and heart enlarges.
Milton.
Syn. -- To purify; clarify; polish; ennoble.
Re*fine", v. i. 1. To become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter.
So the pure, limpid stream, when foul with stains,
Works itself clear, and, as it runs, refines.
Addison.
2. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence.
Chaucer refined on Boccace, and mended his stories.
Dryden.
But let a lord once own the happy lines,
How the wit brightens! How the style refines!
Pope.
3. To affect nicety or subtilty in thought or language. "He makes another paragraph about our refining in controversy." Atterbury.
Re*fined" (-f?nd"), a. Freed from impurities or alloy; purifed; polished; cultured; delicate; as; refined gold; refined language; refined sentiments.
Refined wits who honored poesy with their pens.
Peacham.
-- Re*fin"ed*ly (r&?;*f&?;n"&?;d*l&?;), adv. -- Re*fin"ed*ness, n.
Re*fine"ment (r?*f?n"ment), n. [Cf. F. raffinement.] 1. The act of refining, or the state of being refined; as, the refinement or metals; refinement of ideas.
The more bodies are of kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement, the more diffusive are they.
Norris.
From the civil war to this time, I doubt whether the corruptions in our language have not equaled its refinements.
Swift.
2. That which is refined, elaborated, or polished to excess; an affected subtilty; as, refinements of logic. "The refinements of irregular cunning." Rogers.
Syn. -- Purification; polish; politeness; gentility; elegance; cultivation; civilization.
Re*fin"er (-f?n"?r), n. One who, or that which, refines.
Re*fin"er*y (-?), n.; pl. Refineries (-&?;z). [Cf. F. raffinerie.] 1. The building and apparatus for refining or purifying, esp. metals and sugar.
2. A furnace in which cast iron is refined by the action of a blast on the molten metal.
Re*fit" (r?*f?t"), v. t. 1. To fit or prepare for use again; to repair; to restore after damage or decay; as, to refit a garment; to refit ships of war. Macaulay.
2. To fit out or supply a second time.
Re*fit", v. i. To obtain repairs or supplies; as, the fleet returned to refit.
Re*fit"ment (-ment), n. The act of refitting, or the state of being refitted.
Re*fix" (r?*f?ks"), v. t. To fix again or anew; to establish anew. Fuller.
Re*flame" (r?*fl?m"), v. i. To kindle again into flame.
Re*flect" (r?*fl?kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Reflecting.] [L. reflectere, reflexum; pref. re- re- + flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible, and cf. Reflex, v.] 1. To bend back; to give a backwa&?;d turn to; to throw back; especially, to cause to return after striking upon any surface; as, a mirror reflects rays of light; polished metals reflect heat.
Let me mind the reader to reflect his eye on our quotations.
Fuller.
Bodies close together reflect their own color.
Dryden.
2. To give back an image or likeness of; to mirror.
Nature is the glass reflecting God,
As by the sea reflected is the sun.
Young.
Re*flect" v. i. 1. To throw back light, heat, or the like; to return rays or beams.
2. To be sent back; to rebound as from a surface; to revert; to return.
Whose virtues will, I hope,
Reflect on Rome, as Titan's rays on earth.
Shak.
3. To throw or turn back the thoughts upon anything; to contemplate. Specifically: To attend earnestly to what passes within the mind; to attend to the facts or phenomena of consciousness; to use attention or earnest thought; to meditate; especially, to think in relation to moral truth or rules.
We can not be said to reflect upon any external object, except so far as that object has been previously perceived, and its image become part and parcel of our intellectual furniture.
Sir W. Hamilton.
All men are concious of the operations of their own minds, at all times, while they are awake, but there few who reflect upon them, or make them objects of thought.
Reid.
As I much reflected, much I mourned.
Prior.
4. To cast reproach; to cause censure or dishonor.
Errors of wives reflect on husbands still.
Dryden.
Neither do I reflect in the least upon the memory of his late majesty.
Swift.
Syn. -- To consider; think; cogitate; mediate; contemplate; ponder; muse; ruminate.
Re*flect"ed, a. 1. Thrown back after striking a surface; as, reflected light, heat, sound, etc.
2. Hence: Not one's own; received from another; as, his glory was reflected glory.
3. Bent backward or outward; reflexed.
Re*flect"ent (r?*fl?kt"ent), a. [L. reflectens, p. pr. of reflectere. See Reflect.] 1. Bending or flying back; reflected. "The ray descendent, and the ray reflectent flying with so great a speed." Sir K. Digby.
2. Reflecting; as, a reflectent body. Sir K. Digby.
Re*flect"i*ble (-?*b'l), a. Capable of being reflected, or thrown back; reflexible.
Re*flect"ing, a. 1. Throwing back light, heat, etc., as a mirror or other surface.
2. Given to reflection or serious consideration; reflective; contemplative; as, a reflecting mind.
Reflecting circle, an astronomical instrument for measuring angless, like the sextant or Hadley's quadrant, by the reflection of light from two plane mirrors which it carries, and differing from the sextant chiefly in having an entire circle. -- Reflecting galvanometer, a galvanometer in which the deflections of the needle are read by means of a mirror attached to it, which reflects a ray of light or the image of a scale; -- called also mirror galvanometer. -- Reflecting goniometer. See under Goniometer. -- Reflecting telescope. See under Telescope.
Re*flect"ing*ly, adv. With reflection; also, with censure; reproachfully. Swift.
Re*flec"tion (r?*fl?k"sh?n), n. [L. reflexio: cf. F. réflexion. See Riflect.] [Written also reflexion.] 1. The act of reflecting, or turning or sending back, or the state of being reflected. Specifically: (a) The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below.
The eye sees not itself,
But by reflection, by some other things.
Shak.
(b) The reverting of the mind to that which has already occupied it; continued consideration; meditation; contemplation; hence, also, that operation or power of the mind by which it is conscious of its own acts or states; the capacity for judging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule or standard.
By reflection, . . . I would be understood to mean, that notice which the mind takes of its own operations, and the manner of them, by reason whereof there come to be ideas of these operations in the understanding.
Locke.
This delight grows and improves under thought and reflection.
South.
2. Shining; brightness, as of the sun. [Obs.] Shak.
3. That which is produced by reflection. Specifically: (a) An image given back from a reflecting surface; a reflected counterpart.
As the sun water we can bear,
Yet not the sun, but his reflection, there.
Dryden.
(b) A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane. (c) Result of meditation; thought or opinion after attentive consideration or contemplation; especially, thoughts suggested by truth.
Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him.
Atterbury.
4. Censure; reproach cast.
He died; and oh! may no reflection shed
Its poisonous venom on the royal dead.
Prior.
5. (Physiol.) The transference of an excitement from one nerve fiber to another by means of the nerve cells, as in reflex action. See Reflex action, under Reflex.
Angle of reflection, the angle which anything, as a ray of light, on leaving a reflecting surface, makes with the perpendicular to the surface. -- Angle of total reflection. (Opt.) Same as Critical angle, under Critical.
Syn. -- Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; consideration; musing; thinking.
Re*flect"ive (r?*fl?kt"?v), a. [Cf. F. réflectif. Cf. Reflexive.] 1. Throwing back images; as, a reflective mirror.
In the reflective stream the sighing bride, viewing her charms.
Prior.
2. Capable of exercising thought or judgment; as, reflective reason. Prior.
His perceptive and reflective faculties . . . thus acquired a precocious and extraordinary development.
Motley.
3. Addicted to introspective or meditative habits; as, a reflective person.
4. (Gram.) Reflexive; reciprocal.
-- Re*flect"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flect"ive*ness, n. "Reflectiveness of manner." J. C. Shairp.
Re*flect"or (-r), n. [Cf. F. réflecteur.] 1. One who, or that which, reflects. Boyle.
2. (Physics) (a) Something having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a mirror, a speculum, etc. (b) A reflecting telescope. (c) A device for reflecting sound.
Re"flex (r?"fl?ks), a. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere: cf. F. réflexe. See Reflect.] 1. Directed back; attended by reflection; retroactive; introspective.
The reflex act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions.
Sir M. Hale.
2. Produced in reaction, in resistance, or in return.
3. (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, stimulus or excitation without the necessary intervention of consciousness.
Reflex action (Physiol.), any action performed involuntarily in consequence of an impulse or impression transmitted along afferent nerves to a nerve center, from which it is reflected to an efferent nerve, and so calls into action certain muscles, organs, or cells. -- Reflex nerve (Physiol.), an excito-motory nerve. See Exito- motory.
Re"flex (r?"fl?ks; formerly r?*fl?ks"), n. [L. reflexus a bending back. See Reflect.] 1. Reflection; the light reflected from an illuminated surface to one in shade.
Yon gray is not the morning's eye,
'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow.
Shak.
On the depths of death there swims
The reflex of a human face.
Tennyson.
2. (Physiol.) An involuntary movement produced by reflex action.
Patellar reflex. See Knee jerk, under Knee.
Re*flex" (r?*fl?ks"), v. t. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere. See Reflect.] 1. To reflect. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To bend back; to turn back. J. Gregory.
Re*flexed" (r?*fl?kst"), a. Bent backward or outward.
Re*flex`i*bil"i*ty (r?*fl?ks`?*b?l"?*t?), n. [Cf. F. réflexibilité.] The quality or capability of being reflexible; as, the reflexibility of the rays of light. Sir I. Newton.
Re*flex"i*ble (r?*fl?ks"?*b'l), a. [CF. F. réflexible.] Capable of being reflected, or thrown back.
The light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible.
Cheyne.
Re*flex"ion (-fl?k"sh?n), n. See Reflection. Chaucer.
Re*flex"i*ty (r?*fl?ks"?*t?), n. The state or condition of being reflected. [R.]
Re*flex"ive (-?v), a. 1. [Cf. F. réflexif.] Bending or turned backward; reflective; having respect to something past.
Assurance reflexive can not be a divine faith.
Hammond.
2. Implying censure. [Obs.] "What man does not resent an ugly reflexive word?" South.
3. (Gram.) Having for its direct object a pronoun which refers to the agent or subject as its antecedent; -- said of certain verbs; as, the witness perjured himself; I bethought myself. Applied also to pronouns of this class; reciprocal; reflective.
-- Re*flex"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flex"ive*ness, n.
Re*flex"ly, adv. In a reflex manner; reflectively.
Re"float (r?"fl?t), n. Reflux; ebb. [Obs.] Bacon.
Re`flo*res"cence (r?`fl?*r?s"sens), n. (Bot.) A blossoming anew of a plant after it has apparently ceased blossoming for the season.
Re*flour"ish (r?*fl?r"?sh), v. t. & i. To flourish again.
Re*flow" (r?*fl?"), v. i. To flow back; to ebb.
Re*flow"er (r*flou"r), v. i. & t. To flower, or cause to flower, again. Sylvester.
Re*fluc`tu*a"tion (r?*fl?k`t?*?"sh?n; 135), n. A flowing back; refluence.
{ Ref"lu*ence (r?f"l?-ens), Ref"lu*en*cy (-en*s?), } n. The quality of being refluent; a flowing back.
Ref"lu*ent (-ent), a. [L. refluens, p. pr. of refluere to flow back; pref. re- re- + fluere to flow. See Flurent.] Flowing back; returning; ebbing. Cowper.
And refluent through the pass of fear
The battle's tide was poured.
Sir W. Scott.
Ref"lu*eus (-?s), a. [L. refluus.] Refluent. [Obs.]
Re"flux` (r?"fl?ks`), a. Returning, or flowing back; reflex; as, reflux action.
Re"flux`, n. [F. reflux. See Refluent, Flux.] A flowing back, as the return of a fluid; ebb; reaction; as, the flux and reflux of the tides.
All from me
Shall with a fierce reflux on me redound.
Milton.
Re*foc"il*late (r?*f?s"?l*l?t), v. t. [L. refocillatus, p. p. of refocillare; pref. re- re- + focillare to revive by warmth.] To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Aubrey.
Re*foc`il*la"tion (-l?"sh?n), n. Restoration of strength by refreshment. [Obs.] Middleton.
Re*fold" (r?*f?ld"), v. t. To fold again.
Re`fo*ment" (r?`f?*m?nt"), v. t. To foment anew.
Re*for`est*i*za`tion (r?*f?r`?st*?*z?"sh?n), n. The act or process of reforestizing.
Re*for"est*ize (r?*f?r"?st*?z), v. t. To convert again into a forest; to plant again with trees.
Re*forge" (r?*f?rj"), v. t. [Pref. re- + forge: cf. F. reforger.] To forge again or anew; hence, to fashion or fabricate anew; to make over. Udall.
Re*for"ger (r?*f?r"j?r), n. One who reforges.
Re*form" (r?*f?rm"), v. t. [F. réformer, L. reformare; pref. re- re- + formare to form, from forma form. See Form.] To put into a new and improved form or condition; to restore to a former good state, or bring from bad to good; to change from worse to better; to amend; to correct; as, to reform a profligate man; to reform corrupt manners or morals.
The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it.
Swift.
Syn. -- To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; better; improve; restore; reclaim.
Re*form", v. i. To return to a good state; to amend or correct one's own character or habits; as, a man of settled habits of vice will seldom reform.
Re*form", n. [F. réforme.] Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government.
Civil service reform. See under Civil. -- Reform acts (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. -- Reform school, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.]
Syn. -- Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See Reformation.
Re-form" (r?*f?rm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Re-formed (-f?rmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Re-forming.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re- form the line after a charge.
Re*form"a*ble (r?*f?rm"?*b'l), a. Capable of being reformed. Foxe.
Ref`or*made" (r?f`?r*m?d"), n. A reformado. [Obs.]
Ref`or*ma"do (-m?"d?), n. [Sp., fr. reformar, L. reformare. SEe Reform, v. t.] 1. A monk of a reformed order. [Obs.] Weever.
2. An officer who, in disgrace, is deprived of his command, but retains his rank, and sometimes his pay. [Obs.]
Re*form"al*ize (r?*f?rm"al*?z), v. i. To affect reformation; to pretend to correctness. [R.]
Ref`or*ma"tion (r?f`?r*m?"sh?n), n. [F. réformation, L. reformatio.] 1. The act of reforming, or the state of being reformed; change from worse to better; correction or amendment of life, manners, or of anything vicious or corrupt; as, the reformation of manners; reformation of the age; reformation of abuses.
Satire lashes vice into reformation.
Dryden.
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2. Specifically (Eccl. Hist.), the important religious movement commenced by Luther early in the sixteenth century, which resulted in the formation of the various Protestant churches.
Syn. -- Reform; amendment; correction; rectification. -- Reformation, Reform. Reformation is a more thorough and comprehensive change than reform. It is applied to subjects that are more important, and results in changes which are more lasting. A reformation involves, and is followed by, many particular reforms. "The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and surprising change which the Christian religion made in the lives of the most profligate." Addison. "A variety of schemes, founded in visionary and impracticable ideas of reform, were suddenly produced." Pitt.
Re`-for*ma"tion (r?`f?r*m?"sh?n), n. The act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as, the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square.
Re*form"a*tive (r?*f?rm"?*t?v), a. Forming again; having the quality of renewing form; reformatory. Good.
Re*form"a*to*ry (-t?*r?), a. Tending to produce reformation; reformative.
Re*form"a*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (-r&?;z). An institution for promoting the reformation of offenders.
Magistrates may send juvenile offenders to reformatories instead of to prisons.
Eng. Cyc.
Re*formed" (r?*f?rmd"), a. 1. Corrected; amended; restored to purity or excellence; said, specifically, of the whole body of Protestant churches originating in the Reformation. Also, in a more restricted sense, of those who separated from Luther on the doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Reformation, as they claimed, to a higher point. The Protestant churches founded by them in Switzerland, France, Holland, and part of Germany, were called the Reformed churches.
The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed faith.
Macaulay.
2. Amended in character and life; as, a reformed gambler or drunkard.
3. (Mil.) Retained in service on half or full pay after the disbandment of the company or troop; -- said of an officer. [Eng.]
Re*form"er (r?*f?rm"?r), n. 1. One who effects a reformation or amendment; one who labors for, or urges, reform; as, a reformer of manners, or of abuses.
2. (Eccl.Hist.) One of those who commenced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth century, as Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Calvin.
Re*form"ist, n. [Cf. F. réformiste.] A reformer.
Re*form"ly, adv. In the manner of a reform; for the purpose of reform. [Obs.] Milton.
Re*for`ti*fi*ca"tion (r?*f?r`t?*f?*k?"sh?n), n. A fortifying anew, or a second time. Mitford.
Re*for"ti*fy (r?*f?r"t?*f?), v. t. To fortify anew.
Re*fos"sion (r?*f?sh"?n), n. [L. refodere, refossum, to dig up again. See Fosse.] The act of digging up again. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
Re*found" (r?*found"), v. t. [Pref. re- + found to cast; cf. F. refondare. Cf. Refund.] 1. To found or cast anew. "Ancient bells refounded." T. Warton.
2. To found or establish again; to re&?;stablish.
Re*found", imp. & p. p. of Refind, v. t.
Re*found"er (-?r), n. One who refounds.
Re*fract" (r?*fr$kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refracting.] [L. refractus, p. p. of refringere; pref. re- re- + frangere to break: cf. F. réfracter. SEe FRacture, and cf. Refrain, n.] 1. To bend sharply and abruptly back; to break off.
2. To break the natural course of, as rays of light orr heat, when passing from one transparent medium to another of different density; to cause to deviate from a direct course by an action distinct from reflection; as, a dense medium refrcts the rays of light as they pass into it from a rare medium.
Re*fract"a*ble (-?*b'l), a. Capable of being refracted.
Re*fract"ed, a. 1. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Bent backward angularly, as if half- broken; as, a refracted stem or leaf.
2. Turned from a direct course by refraction; as, refracted rays of light.
Re*fract"ing, a. Serving or tending to refract; as, a refracting medium.
Refracting angle of a prism (Opt.), the angle of a triangular prism included between the two sides through which the refracted beam passes in the decomposition of light. -- Refracting telescope. (Opt.) See under Telescope.
Re*frac"tion (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. réfraction.] 1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different density from that through which it has previously moved.
Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser, is made towards the perpendicular.
Sir I. Newton.
3. (Astron.) (a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and, consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly body from which it emanates, arising from its passage through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction. (b) The correction which is to be deducted from the apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true altitude.
Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the two media traversed by the ray. -- Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone. This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction, in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence; and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal, from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder. This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R. Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by experiment. -- Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the apparent place of one object relative to a second object near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required to be made to the observed relative places of the two bodies. -- Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two directions, which produces two distinct images. The power of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative, double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial crystal is similarly designated when the same relation holds for the acute bisectrix. -- Index of refraction. See under Index. -- Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a graduated circle for the measurement of refraction. -- Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, right ascension, etc., the change in the apparent latitude, longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of atmospheric refraction. -- Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying density.
Re*fract"ive (r?*fr?kt"?v), a. [Cf. F. réfractif. See Refract.] Serving or having power to refract, or turn from a direct course; pertaining to refraction; as, refractive surfaces; refractive powers.
Refractive index. (Opt.) See Index of refraction, under Index. -- Absolute refractive index (Opt.), the index of refraction of a substances when the ray passes into it from a vacuum. -- Relative refractive index (of two media) (Opt.), the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray passing out of one of the media into the other.
Re*fract"ive*ness, n. The quality or condition of being refractive.
Re`frac*tom"e*ter (r?`fr?k*t?m"?*t?r), n. [Refraction + -meter.] (Opt.) A contrivance for exhibiting and measuring the refraction of light.
Re*fract"or (r&?;-fr&?;kt"&?;r), n. Anything that refracts; specifically: (Opt.) A refracting telescope, in which the image to be viewed is formed by the refraction of light in passing through a convex lens.
Re*frac"to*ri*ly (r?*fr?k"t?*r?*l?), adv. In a refractory manner; perversely; obstinately.
Re*frac"to*ri*ness, n. The quality or condition of being refractory.
Re*frac"to*ry (-r?), a. [L. refractorius, fr. refringere: cf. F. refractaire. See Refract.] 1. Obstinate in disobedience; contumacious; stubborn; unmanageable; as, a refractory child; a refractory beast.
Raging appetites that are
Most disobedient and refractory.
Shak.
2. Resisting ordinary treatment; difficult of fusion, reduction, or the like; -- said especially of metals and the like, which do not readily yield to heat, or to the hammer; as, a refractory ore.
Syn. -- Perverse; contumacious; unruly; stubborn; obstinate; unyielding; ungovernable; unmanageable.
Re*frac"to*ry, n. 1. A refractory person. Bp. Hall.
2. Refractoriness. [Obs.] Jer. TAylor.
3. OPottery) A piece of ware covered with a vaporable flux and placed in a kiln, to communicate a glaze to the other articles. Knight.
Re*frac"ture (r?*fr?k"t?r;135), n. (Surg.) A second breaking (as of a badly set bone) by the surgeon.
Re*frac"ture, v. t. (Surg.) To break again, as a bone.
Ref"ra*ga*ble (r?f"r?*g?*b'l), a. [LL. refragabilis, fr. L. refragari to oppose.] Capable of being refuted; refutable. [R.] -- Ref"ra*ga*ble*ness, n. [R.] -- Ref`ra*ga*bil"i*ty (-b&?;l`&?;*t&?;), n. [R.]
Ref"ra*gate (-g?t), v. i. [L. refragatus, p. p. of refragor.] To oppose. [R.] Glanvill.
Re*frain" (r?*fr?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refrained (-fr?nd"); p. pr. & vb/ n. Refraining.] [OE. refreinen, OF. refrener, F. refr&?;ner, fr. L. refrenare; influenced by OF. refraindre to restrain, moderate, fr. LL. refrangere, for L. refringere to break up, break (see Refract). L. refrenare is fr. pref. re- back + frenum bridle; cf. Skr. dh&?; to hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep within prescribed bounds; to curb; to govern.
His reson refraineth not his foul delight or talent.
Chaucer.
Refrain thy foot from their path.
Prov. i. 15.
2. To abstain from [Obs.]
Who, requiring a remedy for his gout, received no other counsel than to refrain cold drink.
Sir T. Browne.
Re*frain", v. i. To keep one's self from action or interference; to hold aloof; to forbear; to abstain.
Refrain from these men, and let them alone.
Acts v. 38.
They refrained therefrom [eating flesh] some time after.
Sir T. Browne.
Syn. -- To hold back; forbear; abstain; withhold.
Re*frain", n. [F. refrain, fr. OF. refraindre; cf. Pr. refranhs a refrain, refranher to repeat. See Refract,Refrain, v.] The burden of a song; a phrase or verse which recurs at the end of each of the separate stanzas or divisions of a poetic composition.
We hear the wild refrain.
Whittier.
Re*frain"er (r?*fr?n"?r), n. One who refrains.
Re*frain"ment (-ment), n. Act of refraining. [R.]
Re*frame" (r?*fr?m), v. t. To frame again or anew.
Re*fran`gi*bil"i*ty (r?*fr?n`j?*b?l"?*t?), n. [Cf. F. réfrangibilité.] The quality of being refrangible.
Re*fran"gi*ble (-fr?n"j?*b'l), a. [Cf. F. réfrangible. See Refract.] Capable of being refracted, or turned out of a direct course, in passing from one medium to another, as rays of light. -- Re*fran"gi*ble*ness, n.
Ref`re*na"tion (r?f`r?*n?"sh?n), n. [L. refrenatio. See Refrain, v. t.] The act of refraining. [Obs.]
Re*fresh" (r?*fr?sh"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refreshed (-fr?sht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Refreshing.] [OE. refreshen, refreschen, OF. refreschir (cf. OF. rafraischir, rafreschir, F. rafra&?;chir); pref. re- re- + fres fresh. F. frais. See Fresh, a.] 1. To make fresh again; to restore strength, spirit, animation, or the like, to; to relieve from fatigue or depression; to reinvigorate; to enliven anew; to reanimate; as, sleep refreshes the body and the mind. Chaucer.
Foer they have refreshed my spirit and yours.
1 Cor. xvi. 18.
And labor shall refresh itself with hope.
Shak.
2. To make as if new; to repair; to restore.
The rest refresh the scaly snakes that fol&?;
The shield of Pallas, and renew their gold.
Dryden.
To refresh the memory, to quicken or strengthen it, as by a reference, review, memorandum, or suggestion.
Syn. -- To cool; refrigerate; invigorate; revive; reanimate; renovate; renew; restore; recreate; enliven; cheer.
Re*fresh", n. The act of refreshing. [Obs.] Daniel.
Re*fresh"er (-?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, refreshes.
2. (Law) An extra fee paid to counsel in a case that has been adjourned from one term to another, or that is unusually protracted.
Ten guineas a day is the highest refresher which a counsel can charge.
London Truth.
Re*fresh"ful (-f?l), a. Full of power to refresh; refreshing. -- Re*fresh"ful*ly, adv.
Re*fresh"ing, a. Reviving; reanimating. -- Re*fresh"ing*ly, adv. -- Re*fresh"ing*ness, n.
Re*fresh"ment (-ment), n. [CF. OF. refreschissement, F. rafraîchissement.] 1. The act of refreshing, or the state of being refreshed; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or liveliness; relief after suffering; new life or animation after depression.
2. That which refreshes; means of restoration or reanimation; especially, an article of food or drink.
Re*fret" (r?*fr?t"), n. [OF. refret, L. refractus, p. p. See Refrain, n., Refract.] Refrain. [Obs.] Bailey.
Re*freyd" (r?*fr?d"), v. t. [OF. refreidier.] To chill; to cool. [Obs.]
Refreyded by sickness . . . or by cold drinks.
Chaucer.
Ref`ri*ca"tion (r?f`r?*k?"sh?n), n. [L. refricare to rub again.] A rubbing up afresh; a brightening. [Obs.]
A continual refrication of the memory.
Bp. Hall.
Re*frig"er*ant (r?*fr?j"?r-ant), a. [L. refrigerans, p. pr. of refrigerare: cf. F. réfrigérant. See Refrigerate.] Cooling; allaying heat or fever. Bacon.
Re*frig"er*ant, n. That which makes to be cool or cold; specifically, a medicine or an application for allaying fever, or the symptoms of fever; -- used also figuratively. Holland. "A refrigerant to passion." Blair.
Re*frig"er*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refrigerated (- `td); p. pr. & vb. n. Refrigerating.] [L. refrigeratus, p. p. of refrigerare; pref. re- re- + frigerare to make cool, fr. frigus, frigoris, coolness. See Frigid.] To cause to become cool; to make or keep cold or cool.
Re*frig`er*a"tion (-?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. réfrigération, L. refrigeratio.] The act or process of refrigerating or cooling, or the state of being cooled.
Re*frig"er*a*tive (r?*fr?j"?r*?*t?v), a. [Cf. F. réfrigératif.] Cooling; allaying heat. -- n. A refrigerant.
Crazed brains should come under a refrigerative treatment.
I. Taylor.
Re*frig"er*a`tor (-?`t?r), n. That which refrigerates or makes cold; that which keeps cool. Specifically: (a) A box or room for keeping food or other articles cool, usually by means of ice. (b) An apparatus for rapidly cooling heated liquids or vapors, connected with a still, etc.
Refrigerator car (Railroad), a freight car constructed as a refrigerator, for the transportation of fresh meats, fish, etc., in a temperature kept cool by ice.
Re*frig"er*a*to*ry (-?*t?*r?), a. [L. refrigeratorius.] Mitigating heat; cooling.
Re*frig"er*a*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (-fr&?;z). [CF. F. réfrigératoire.] That which refrigerates or cools. Specifically: (a) In distillation, a vessel filled with cold water, surrounding the worm, the vapor in which is thereby condensed. (b) The chamber, or tank, in which ice is formed, in an ice machine.
||Ref`ri*ge"ri*um (r?f`r?*j?"r?*?m), n. [L.] Cooling refreshment; refrigeration. [Obs.] South.
Re*frin"gen*cy (r?*fr?n"jen*s?), n. The power possessed by a substance to refract a ray; as, different substances have different refringencies. Nichol.
Re*frin"gent (-jent), a. [L. refringens, p. pr. of refringere. See Refract.] Pertaining to, or possessing, refringency; refractive; refracting; as, a refringent prism of spar. Nichol.
Reft (r?ft), imp. & p. p. of Reave. Bereft.
Reft of thy sons, amid thy foes forlorn.
Heber.
Reft, n. A chink; a rift. See Rift. Rom. of R.
Ref"uge (r?f"?j), n. [F. réfuge, L. refugium, fr. refugere to flee back; pref. re- + figere. SEe Fugitive.]
1. Shelter or protection from danger or distress.
Rocks, dens, and caves! But I in none of these
Find place or refuge.
Milton.
We might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope set before us.
Heb. vi. 18.
2. That which shelters or protects from danger, or from distress or calamity; a stronghold which protects by its strength, or a sanctuary which secures safety by its sacredness; a place inaccessible to an enemy.
The high hills are a refuger the wild goats.
Ps. civ. 18.
The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed.
Ps. ix. 9.
<! p. 1209 !>
3. An expedient to secure protection or defense; a device or contrivance.
Their latest refuge
Was to send him.
Shak.
Light must be supplied, among gracefulrefuges, by terracing &?;&?;&?; story in danger of darkness.
Sir H. Wotton.
Cities of refuge (Jewish Antiq.), certain cities appointed as places of safe refuge for persons who had committed homicide without design. Of these there were three on each side of Jordan. Josh. xx. -- House of refuge, a charitable institution for giving shelter and protection to the homeless, destitute, or tempted.
Syn. -- Shelter; asylum; retreat; covert.
Ref"uge (r?f"?j), v. t. To shelter; to protect. [Obs.]
Ref`u*gee" (r?f`?*j?"), n. [F. réfugié, fr. se réfugier to take refuge. See Refuge, n.] 1. One who flees to a shelter, or place of safety.
2. Especially, one who, in times of persecution or political commotion, flees to a foreign power or country for safety; as, the French refugees who left France after the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
{ Re*ful"gence (r?*f?l"jens), Re*ful"gen*cy (-jen*s?), } n. [L. refulgentia. See Refulgent.] The quality of being refulgent; brilliancy; splender; radiance.
Re*ful"gent (r?*f?l"jent), a. [L. refulgens, p. pr. of refulgere to flash back, to shine bright; pref. re- re- + fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] Casting a bright light; radiant; brilliant; resplendent; shining; splendid; as, refulgent beams. -- Re*ful"gent*ly, adv.
So conspicuous and refulgent a truth.
Boyle.
Re*fund" (r?*f?nd"), v. t. [Pref. re- + fund.] To fund again or anew; to replace (a fund or loan) by a new fund; as, to refund a railroad loan.
Re*fund" (r?*f?nd"), v. t. [L. refundere; pref. re- re- + fundere to pour: cf. F. refondre, refonder. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Refound to cast again, 1st Refuse.] 1. To pour back. [R. & Obs.]
Were the humors of the eye tinctured with any color, they would refund that color upon the object.
Ray.
2. To give back; to repay; to restore.
A governor, that had pillaged the people, was . . . sentenced to refund what he had wrongfully taken.
L'Estrange.
3. To supply again with funds; to reimburse. [Obs.]
Re*fund"er (-?r), n. One who refunds.
Re*fund"ment (-ment), n. The act of refunding; also, that which is refunded. [R.] Lamb.
Re*fur"bish (r?*f?r"b?sh), v. t. To furbish anew.
Re*fur"nish (-n?sh), v. t. To furnish again.
Re*fur"nish*ment (-ment), n. The act of refurnishing, or state of being refurnished.
The refurnishment was in a style richer than before.
L. Wallace.
Re*fus"a*ble (r?*f?z"?*b'l), a. [Cf. F. refusable. See Refuse.] Capable of being refused; admitting of refusal.
Re*fus"al (-al), n. 1. The act of refusing; denial of anything demanded, solicited, or offered for acceptance.
Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels,
On my refusal, to distress me more?
Milton.
2. The right of taking in preference to others; the choice of taking or refusing; option; as, to give one the refusal of a farm; to have the refusal of an employment.
Re*fuse" (r?*f?z"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refused (-f?zd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Refusing.] [F. refuser, either from (assumed) LL. refusare to refuse, v. freq. of L. refundere to pour back, give back, restore (see Refund to repay), or. fr. L. recusare to decline, refuse cf. Accuse, Ruse), influenced by L. refutare to drive back, repel, refute. Cf. Refute.] 1. To deny, as a request, demand, invitation, or command; to decline to do or grant.
That never yet refused your hest.
Chaucer.
2. (Mil.) To throw back, or cause to keep back (as the center, a wing, or a flank), out of the regular aligment when troops ar&?; about to engage the enemy; as, to refuse the right wing while the left wing attacks.
3. To decline to accept; to reject; to deny the request or petition of; as, to refuse a suitor.
The cunning workman never doth refuse
The meanest tool that he may chance to use.
Herbert.
4. To disown. [Obs.] "Refuse thy name." Shak.
Re*fuse", v. i. To deny compliance; not to comply.
Too proud to ask, too humble to refuse.
Garth.
If ye refuse . . . ye shall be devoured with the sword.
Isa. i. 20.
Re*fuse", n. Refusal. [Obs.] Fairfax.
Ref`use (r?f"?s;277), n. [F. refus refusal, also, that which is refused. See Refuse to deny.] That which is refused or rejected as useless; waste or worthless matter.
Syn. -- Dregs; sediment; scum; recrement; dross.
Ref"use, a. Refused; rejected; hence; left as unworthy of acceptance; of no value; worthless.
Everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly.
1. Sam. xv. 9.
Re*fus"er (r?*f?z"?r), n. One who refuses or rejects.
Re*fu"sion (r?*f?"zh?n), n. [Pref. re-+ fusion.]
1. New or repeated melting, as of metals.
2. Restoration. "This doctrine of the refusion of the soul." Bp. Warbuton.
Ref"ut (rf"t), n. [OF. refuite.] Refuge. "Thou haven of refut." [Obs.] Chaucer.
Re*fut`a*bil"i*ty (r?*f?t`?*b?l"?*t?), n. The quality of being refutable.
Re*fut"a*ble (r?*f?t"?*b'l;277), a. [Cf. F. réfutable.] Admitting of being refuted or disproved; capable of being proved false or erroneous.
Re*fut"al (r?*f?t"al), n. Act of refuting; refutation.
Ref`u*ta"tion (r?f`?*t?"sh?n), n. [L. refutatio: cf. F. réfutation.] The act or process of refuting or disproving, or the state of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error; the overthrowing of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, by argument or countervailing proof.
Same of his blunders seem rather to deserve a flogging than a refutation.
Macaulay.
Re*fut"a*to*ry (r?*f?t"?*t?*r?), a. [L. refutatorius: cf. F. réfutatoire.] Tending tu refute; refuting.
Re*fute" (r?*F3t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refuting.] [F. réfuter, L. refuteare to repel, refute. Cf. Confute, Refuse to deny.] To disprove and overthrow by argument, evidence, or countervailing proof; to prove to be false or erroneous; to confute; as, to refute arguments; to refute testimony; to refute opinions or theories; to refute a disputant.
There were so many witnesses in these two miracles that it is impossible to refute such multitudes.
Addison.
Syn. -- To confute; disprove. See Confute.
Re*fut"er (-f?t"?r), n. One who, or that which, refutes.
Re*gain" (r?*g?n"), v. t. [Pref. re- + gain: cf. F. regagner.] To gain anew; to get again; to recover, as what has escaped or been lost; to reach again.
Syn. -- To recover; reobtain; repossess; retrieve.
Re"gal (r?"gal), a. [L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, a king. See Royal, and cf. Rajah, Realm, Regalia.] Of or pertaining to a king; kingly; royal; as, regal authority, pomp, or sway. "The regal title." Shak.
He made a scorn of his regal oath.
Milton.
Syn. -- Kingly; royal. See Kingly.
Re"gal, n. [F. régale, It. regale. CF. Rigoll.] (Mus.) A small portable organ, played with one hand, the bellows being worked with the other, -- used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
||Re*ga"le (r?*g?"l?), n. [LL. regale, pl. regalia, fr. L. regalis: cf. F. régale. See Regal.] A prerogative of royalty. [R.] Johnson.
Re*gale" (r?*g?l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regaled (-g?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Regaling.] [F. régaler, Sp. regalar to regale, to caress, to melt, perhaps fr. L. regalare to thaw (cff. Gelatin), or cf. Sp. gala graceful, pleasing address, choicest part of a thing (cf. Gala), or most likely from OF. galer to rejoice, gale pleasure.] To enerta&?;n in a regal or sumptuous manner; to enrtertain with something that delights; to gratify; to refresh; as, to regale the taste, the eye, or the ear.
Re*gale", v. i. To feast; t&?; fare sumtuously.
Re*gale", n. [F. régal. See Regale, v. t.] A sumptuous repast; a banquet. Johnson. Cowper.
Two baked custards were produced as additions to the regale.
E. E. Hale.
Re*gale"ment (-ment), n. The act of regaling; anything which regales; refreshment; entertainment.
Re*gal"er (-g?l"?r), n. One who regales.
Re*ga"li*a (r?*g?"l?*?), n. pl. [LL., from L. regalisregal. See Regal.] 1. That which belongs to royalty. Specifically: (a) The rights and prerogatives of a king. (b) Royal estates and revenues. (c) Ensings, symbols, or paraphernalia of royalty.
2. Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order, as of Freemasons, Odd Fellows,etc.
3. Sumptuous food; delicacies. [Obs.] Cotton.
Regalia of a church, the privileges granted to it by kings; sometimes, its patrimony. Brande & C.
Re*ga"li*a, n. A kind of cigar of large size and superior quality; also, the size in which such cigars are classed.
Re*ga"li*an (-an), a. Pertaining to regalia; pertaining to the royal insignia or prerogatives. Hallam.
Re"gal*ism (r?"gal*?z'm), n. The doctrine of royal prerogative or supremacy. [R.] Cardinal Manning.
Re*gal"i*ty (r?*g?l"?*t?), n. [LL. regalitas, from L. regalis regal, royal. See Regal, and cf. Royality.]
1. Royalty; sovereignty; sovereign jurisdiction.
[Passion] robs reason of her due regalitie.
Spenser.
He came partly in by the sword, and had high courage in all points of regality.
Bacon.
2. An ensign or badge of royalty. [Obs.]
Re"gal*ly (r?"gal*l?), adv. In a regal or royal manner.
Re*gard" (r?*g?rd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Regarding.] [F. regarder; pref. re- re + garder to guard, heed, keep. See Guard, and cf. Reward.] 1. To keep in view; to behold; to look at; to view; to gaze upon.
Your niece regards me with an eye of favor.
Shak.
2. Hence, to look or front toward; to face. [Obs.]
It is peninsula which regardeth the mainland.
Sandys.
That exceedingly beatiful seat, on the ass&?;ent of a hill, flanked with wood and regarding the river.
Evelyn.
3. To look closely at; to observe attentively; to pay attention to; to notice or remark particularly.
If much you note him,
You offened him; . . . feed, and regard him not.
Shak.
4. To look upon, as in a certain relation; to hold as an popinion; to consider; as, to regard abstinence from wine as a duty; to regard another as a friend or enemy.
5. To consider and treat; to have a certain feeling toward; as, to regard one with favor or dislike.
His associates seem to have regarded him with kindness.
Macaulay.
6. To pay respect to; to treat as something of peculiar value, sanctity, or the like; to care for; to esteem.
He that regardeth thae day, regardeth it into the LOrd.
Rom. xiv. 6.
Here's Beaufort, that regards nor God nor king.
Shak.
7. To take into consideration; to take account of, as a fact or condition. "Nether regarding that she is my child, nor fearing me as if II were her father." Shak.
8. To have relation to, as bearing upon; to respect; to relate to; to touch; as, an argument does not regard the question; -- often used impersonally; as, I agree with you as regards this or that.
Syn. -- To consider; observe; remark; heed; mind; respect; esteem; estimate; value. See Attend.
Re*gard" (r?*g?rd"), v. i. To look attentively; to consider; to notice. [Obs.] Shak.
Re*gard", n. [F. regard See Regard, v. t.] 1. A look; aspect directed to another; view; gaze.
But her, with stern regard, he thus repelled.
Milton.
2. Attention of the mind with a feeling of interest; observation; heed; notice.
Full many a lady
I have eyed with best regard.
Shak.
3. That view of the mind which springs from perception of value, estimable qualities, or anything that excites admiration; respect; esteem; reverence; affection; as, to have a high regard for a person; -- often in the plural.
He has rendered himself worthy of their most favorable regards.