Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula, 1807-1814, London, 1828-1840, 6 vols., 1890.—Navarrete, M. Fernandez de, Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Madrid, 1842, etc.—Nervo, G., Baron de, Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1870, 4 vols.; Isabelle la catholique reine d’Espagne, Paris, 1874; Translation by T. Temple West, London, 1897.—Norman, W. W., Philip II king of Spain, with an account of the condition of Spain, the Netherlands and the American colonies in Historical Studies, New York, 1898.—Novissima Recapilación de los leges de España, Paris, 1846, 5 vols.—Nueva Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España y de sus Indias, edited by F. de Zabalburu and others, Madrid, 1892 ff., 6 vols.—Nuñez de Castro, A., Corónica Góthica, Castillana y Austriaca, Madrid, 1789-1790, 7 vols.

Ober, F. A., History for young readers; Spain, New York, 1899.—Ocampo, F. de, Los cincos libros primeros de la crónica general de España, Zamora, 1541.

Florián de Ocampo, whose life covers the period between 1513 and 1590, was commissioned by Charles V to write the general chronicle of Spain, but as he commenced with the time of the flood he only managed to bring it down to the time of the Scipios. In spite of much credulity and an unpleasing style the book has been much esteemed by antiquarians. Together with the works of Morales and Sandoval it was published at Madrid in 1791, under the title of Corónica General de España.

Olivart, Marques de, Colección de los tratados ... internacionales celebrados per nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros, desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II, Madrid, 1890 ff., 10 vols.—Oman, C. W. C., History of the Peninsular War, London, 1901, 2 vols. (work not completed).—Ortiz y Sanz, J., Compendio cronológico de la historia de España, Madrid, 1795-1803, 7 vols.—Oviedo y Valdés, G. Fernandez de, Quinquagenas, in Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1880.

Palacios, Cura de los, see Bernáldez.—Paquis, A., and Dochez, Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.—Parmele, M. P., A Short History of Spain, New York, 1898.—Pellicer de Ossav y Tovar, J., Annales de la monarquía de España después de su pérdida, Madrid, 1681.—Perez del Pulgar, Hernán, Breve parte de las hazañas del Gran Capitán, printed as Brevo sumario de los hechos del Gran Capitán, Seville, 1527, Madrid, 1834.—Perez Pujol, E., Historia de los instituciones de la España goda.—Perez y Lopez, A. X., Teatro de la legislación universal de España é Indias, Madrid, 1791, 28 vols.—Philippson, M., Heinrich IV und Philipp III, Berlin, 1870-1876, 3 vols.; Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II. Kardinal Granvella am spanischem Hofe 1579-1586, Berlin, 1894.—Pichot, A., Chronique de Charles Quint, 1853.—Pidal, P. J., marques de, Historia de las alteraciones de Aragon en el reinado de Felipe II, 1862-1863, 3 vols.

Pedro José Pidal (1800-1865), distinguished both in literature and in politics, studied law and philosophy at Oviedo. The activity with which he supported the liberal party, 1820-1824, caused him to be condemned to imprisonment in the reaction of 1824, but he escaped his sentence, and in 1828 was pardoned. In 1838 he was elected to the cortes where he was distinguished for his oratory. Successively president of the congress, minister of the interior and of justice, he was active in reforming the administration and in 1851 was instrumental in bringing about an understanding between the Spanish and Papal courts. He left numerous works on jurisprudence, language, and literature.

Pirala, A., Anales de la guerra civil, 1853; Historia de la guerra civil y de los partidos liberal y carlista (with an account of Espartero’s regency), Madrid, 1890, 3 vols.; Historia contemporánea, Madrid, 1875-1880; 1893-1895, 6 vols.; El rey en Madrid y en provincias, 1871.

Antonio Pirala, a contemporary historian, born 1824. He filled various minor offices in the administration and was secretary to King Amadeo. His writings include contributions to various large publications as well as some insignificant ones on religious subjects; but the most important are those historical works mentioned above.

Plummer, M. W., Contemporary Spain as shown by her novelists, New York, 1899.—Polybius, General History, London, 1693, 2 vols.—Pradt, D. D., Mémoires historiques sur la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1816.—Prescott, W. H., History of Ferdinand and Isabella, Boston and London, 1838, 1889; History of the Reign of Philip II, Boston and London, 1855-1858, 3 vols.

William Hickling Prescott was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1796. He was educated at Harvard College and in 1814 began to study for the law, but an accident having affected his sight he was temporarily obliged to give up all work, and was never again able to use his eyes for long at a time. He devoted himself to the study of history and literature, having books read aloud to him. George Ticknor was the first to direct his attention to Spanish history which attracted him as an unexplored as well as rich field. For the composition of his Ferdinand and Isabella he had collected a great number of original documents and its publication brought him immediate fame, not only in America and England, but in the greater part of Europe. Continuing his labours he produced the Conquest of Mexico, the Conquest of Peru, and two volumes of a history of Philip II and revised Robertson’s Charles V. He died in 1859, before the publication of the third volume of Philip II.

Procopius, De Bello Gothico, Augsburg, 1676; Translation by H. Holcroft, London, 1863.—Pulgar, Fernando del, Crónica de los reyes católicos Don Ferdinando y Doña Isabel, Saragossa, 1567, Valencia, 1780; Los Claros varones de España y las treinta y dos cartas, Madrid, 1775.—Puyol y Alonso, J., La vida política en España, Madrid, 1892.

Quintana, M. J., vidas de españoles célebres, Madrid, 1807-1834, 3 vols.

Ramiro II, Ilustración del reynado de Ramiro II de Aragon, in Academia de la historia, Memorias.—Raynal, G. T. F., Histoire des éstablissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, Paris, 1771, 4 vols.—Real Academia de la Historia, Memorias, Madrid, 1796-1888; Memorial histórico español: Colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades, Madrid, 1851-1898; Catálogo de las obras publicadas por la Real Academia, Madrid, 1907.—Reynald, H., Histoire d’Espagne depuis la mort de Charles III, Paris, 1882.—Rico y Amat, Historia política e parlamentaria de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.—Ríos, J. Amador de los, Los Judíos en España, Madrid, 1792; Las razas históricas de la península Iberica; Historia Critica de la literature española, Madrid, 1861-1865, 7 vols.

José Amador de los Ríos (1818-1878) was educated at Cordova and afterwards at San Isidro de Madrid, during which time he supported his whole family by painting. He afterwards distinguished himself at the university of Seville. His Estudios sobre los judíos de España, published 1848, won him admission into the Academia de la Historia, and also the appointment to the chair of critical history of literature at the Universidad Central. Besides his historical works he wrote on architecture and on Spanish literature and published some volumes of poems.

Risco, R. P. M., La Castilla y el mas famoso Castellano, Madrid, 1792, 3 vols.; Gesta Roderici Campidocti.—Robertson, W., History of the reign of Charles V, London, 1769, 1856.

William Robertson, a Scotch minister and the son of a Scotch minister was born at Borthwick, Midlothian, in 1721. He attained considerable eminence in the Scotch church as leader of the “moderate” party. His first historical work, The History of Scotland, was published in 1758, when he at once became famous. In 1759 he was appointed chaplain of Stirling Castle, in 1762 principal of Edinburgh University, and in 1764 king’s historiographer. His History of Charles V appeared in 1769. It is his greatest work, the fruit of a careful study of that monarch’s reign, and was a standard book; but its value is now greatly diminished owing to the fact that Robertson had not access to many sources of information which are open to modern research.

Rocca, A. J. N. de, Mémoires sur la guerre des Français en Espagne, Paris, 1814, 1815.—Rodriguez Villa, A., La reina Doña Juana la loca, Madrid, 1892.—Romey, C., Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1839-1850, 9 vols.—Rose, H. J., Among the Spanish People, London, 1877, 2 vols.—Rosell, C., Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, in continuation of Mariana, in Biblioteca de autores, españoles, Madrid, 1875-1878.—Rosseeuw Saint-Hilaire, N., Histoire d’Espagne jusqu’à la mort de Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1844-1879, 14 vols.—Rousset de Missy, J., Histoire publique et secrète de la cour de Madrid depuis l’avènement du roi Philippe, 1719.—Rule, W. H., History of the Inquisition.

Saavedra y Fajardo, D. F. de, Corona gótica Castellana y Austriaca, in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1853.—Sainz de Baranda, P., Clave de la España Sagrada, 1853.—Sala, G., Epitome de los principios y progresos de las guerras de Cataluña, 1640-1641.—Salazar y Mendoza, P. de, Monarquía de España; Origen de las dignidades reglares de Castilla y Leon, 1618.—Salmon, P., La revolución de España de 1808.—Sampire Astoricensis, continuation of Chronicon of Sebastianus Salmanticensis in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Sanchez, T. A., and others, Cantares del Cid Campeador conocidos con el nombre de poema del Cid, 1864.—Sanchez de Toca, J., Del poder naval en España, Madrid, 1898.—Sandoval, P. de, Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V, Valladolid, 1604-1606; translated by John Stevens, London, 1703. Historia de los reyes de Castilla y de Leon, Pamplona, 1615, Madrid, 1792.—San Felipe, Marques de, see Bacallar y Sanna.—San Miguel, E., duque de, Relation de l’expédition de Riego.—Schäfer, see Lembke and Schäfer.—Schirrmacher, F. W., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha, 1881-1902, 7 vols.—Schlagintweit, E. S., Der spanisch-marokkanische Krieg in den Jahren 1859-1860, Leipsic 1863.—Schott, A., Hispania illustrata, Frankfort, 1603-1608.—Schurtz, H., Die pyrenäische Halbinsel in Helmolt’s Weltgeschichte, Leipsic and Vienna, 1900.—Sebastianus Salmanticensis, Chronicon Regum Legionensium, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Sebastian was bishop of Salamanca (whence the epithet, Salmanticensis) in the ninth century. He wrote his chronicle by command of Alfonso III, whose reign is the last described in it. It begins with the history of the Gothic king Recesuinto (reigned 649-672 A.D.) and is the chief authority for the rise of the kingdom of Asturias.

Sédillot, L. A., Histoire générale des Arabes, Paris, 1854.—Sève, E., La situation économique de l’Espagne, Paris, 1887.—Shaw, Sir Charles, Personal memoirs and correspondence ... comprising a narrative of the war for constitutional liberty in Portugal and Spain, London, 1837, 2 vols.—Siguenza, J. de, Historia de la orden de San Gerónimo, Madrid, 1600.—Silos, Monk of (Monachus Silensis) in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

The Monk of Silos was admitted to that convent in the latter half of the eleventh century. His real name is unknown. The Chronicle which he wrote in Latin began with a short account of the ancestors of Alfonso VI, followed by a history of that sovereign’s reign, but the part relating to Alfonso VI is lost. The fragment which remains is highly valued as the work of a careful writer who had access to many ancient and authentic documents. St. Isidore of Seville, Sebastian of Salamanca, and Sampiro are his guides for the earlier portion.

Sismondi, J. C. L., De la littérature du midi de l’Europe, Paris, 1813-1829, 4 vols.; Translation by Roscoe, London, 1848, 2 vols.—Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles, Madrid.—Somerville, A., A Narrative of the British Auxiliary Legion with Incidents of the War in Spain, Glasgow, 1837.—Southey, R., Chronicle of the Cid, 1808, Lowell, 1846; History of the Peninsular War, 1823-1832, 6 vols.—Stanhope, P. H., The Court of Spain under Charles II, London, 1844; War of the Succession in Spain, 1850.—Stewart, C. W., marquis of Londonderry, Story of the Peninsular War, London, 1813, 1869.—Stirling-Maxwell, W., The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V, London, 1852; Don John of Austria, London, 1883.—Strada, F., De Bello Belgico ab excessu Carli V, Rome, 1632, Ratisbon, 1754.—Strobel, E. H., The Spanish Revolution, 1868-1875, Boston, 1898.—Suchet, L. G., duc d’Albuféra, Mémoires sur les campagnes en Espagne depuis 1808 jusqu’en 1814, Paris, 1834, 2 vols.; Translation, London, 1829.—Symonds, J. A., Renaissance in Italy, Catholic Reaction, London, 1886, 2 vols.; Renaissance in Italy, Italian Literature, London, 1882, 2 vols.

Tapia, E. de, Historia de la civilización española, Madrid, 1840, 4 vols.—Ternaux-Compans, H., Les Comuneros, Paris, 1834.—Tessé, J. B. R. de F., comte de, Mémoires, Paris, 1806, 2 vols.—Ticknor, G., History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1849; London, 1855, 3 vols.; 1872; Spanish translation by Gayangos and Vedia, Madrid, 1851-1856; German translation by Gelius, Leipsic, 1852-1867.—Toreño, J. M. Q., conde de, Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España, Madrid, 1835, 5 vols.; Madrid, 1872.—Torquemada, T. de, and others, Copilacion de las instrucciones del oficio de la sancta inquisición, 1576.—Turba, Über den Zug Kaiser Karls V gegen Algier, Vienna, 1890.

Ulloa, M. de, Disertación sobre el orígen y patria de los godos; sobre el principio de la monarquía goda en España, in Academia de la historia, Memorias, 1797.

Valladares de Sotomayor, A., Vida interior del rey Don Felipe II, 1788.—Valles, Baron de los, The Career of Don Carlos, London, 1835.—Valras, comte de, Don Carlos VII et l’Espagne Carliste 1872-1876, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.—Varillas, A., Politique de Ferdinand.—Vault, F. E. de, Mémoires militaires relatifs à la succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1862, 11 vols.—Vera Figueroa y Zuñiga, A. de, Condé de la Roca, El rei Don Pedro defendido, Madrid, 1648.—Viardot, L., Histoire des Arabes et des Mores d’Espagne, Paris, 1851, 2 vols.—Viollet, A., Histoire des Bourbons en Espagne, 1843.—Voiture, V., Voyage d’Espagne.—Vollmöller, K., Poema del Cid, Halle, 1879.—Vuillier, Les Îles Oubliées (Balearic Isles), Paris, 1893 (trans. London, 1896).

Wallis, S. T., Spain: her institutions, politics and public men, Boston, 1853.—Walton, W., The Revolutions of Spain, 1808-1836, London, 1837, 2 vols.—Watson, R., History of the reign of Philip II, London, 1777, 1839; History of the Reign of Philip III, London, 1783, 1786, 2 vols.—Watts, H. E., The Christian Recovery of Spain, New York, 1894; Spain, from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada, London and New York, 1897.—Weber, G., Allgemeine Weltgeschichte, Leipsic, 1857-1880, 1882-1890, 15 vols.—Weiss, C., L’Espagne depuis le règne de Philippe II jusqu’ à l’avènement des Bourbons, 1844, 2 vols.—Whitehouse, H. R., The Sacrifice of a Throne, Life of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, sometime King of Spain, New York, 1897.—Wellesley, Richard C., Marquis of, Despatches and correspondence ... during his ... mission to Spain ... in 1809, edited by Montgomery Martin, London, 1838.—Wilkens, Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus im 16. Jahrhundert, Gütersloh, 1887.—Williams, L., Lendenand, The Land of the Dons, New York, 1898.—Wilson, The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of the Spanish-American War, London, 1899.—Wolf, F., Additions to Julius’ German Translation of Ticknor’s History of Spanish Literature, Leipsic, 1852-1867.—Wright, W., On the Authorities for the History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain.—Wulsa, Chronica Regum Gothorum.

Ximenes Toletanus, Rodericus, Chronica Rerum in Hispania Gestarum, published as Crónica de España del Arzobispo Don Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. CV, Madrid, 1893.

Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada was a warlike Spanish prelate born in Navarre about 1170. In 1210 he became archbishop of Toledo, in which capacity he took an active part in the crusades against the Moors and especially distinguished himself at the great battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. As a statesman he was also eminent in the days of Ferdinand III, especially exercising the chief influence in Castilian affairs. Notwithstanding he found time to earn a great reputation for learning. The work known as the Chronica rerum in Hispania Gestarum was called by himself Historia Gothica. Rodrigo died in 1247.

Yriarte, C., Les Tableaux de la guerre, 1870.

Zamora y Caballero, D. E., Historia general de España y de sus posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1873-1874, 6 vols.—Zurita y Castro, Gerónimo de, Anales de la Corona de Aragon, Saragossa, 1562-1604, 1610-1621.

Gerónimo Zurita y Castro belonged to a noble Castilian family, and was born in 1512. He was employed by the Inquisitor General on important missions and through his influence was appointed first chronicler of the kingdom of Aragon (1548). He visited Sicily, Naples, and Rome in search of material for his work. On his return he was commissioned by Philip II to put in order the documents in the archives at Simancas. He devoted thirty years to the composition of his Anales. The work covers the period from the Mussulman invasion to 1510, and gives an accurate picture of the development of the constitution of Aragon. Zurita is accused of being stiff and formal in style and too diffuse, but on the other hand his work is noted for impartiality of judgment and for scholarship.