Abarca, Pedro de, Los Reyes de Aragon, 1684.—Addison, J., Charles the Third of Spain, London, 1900.—Alberoni, G., Cardinal, Testament politique du Cardinal Alberoni recueilli de divers mémoires, lettres et entretiens de Son Éminence traduit d’ l’Italien par le comte de R. B. M., Lausanne, 1753.—Alfaro, Compendio de la historia de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.—Alfonso X, Las quatro partes enteras de la crónica de España, edited by Florián de Ocampo, Zamora, 1541; Los quatro libros primeros de la crónica general de España; Documentos de la época de Don Alfonso el Sabio, Real Academia de la historia, Madrid, 1851.

To Alfonso X, known as the Learned, Spanish language and literature owe an enormous debt. He was the first to take the Castilian tongue, as the official language, and he made use of it in his own writings. Numerous are the literary works which bear his name and were, some written by him, some compiled under his direction. The chief that concern us here are of two classes, historical and legislative. Of the former class the principal is the Estoria de Espanna or Crónica general. There is a dispute as to how much of this was written by Alfonso himself. Some authorities credit him with the whole. It extends from the creation to Alfonso’s own accession and is based partly on older histories, partly on tradition and poetic legends of which it is a perfect storehouse. Of the Siete Partidas, which belong to the second class and were called by Alfonso El Setenario, Ticknor says that they “do not always read like a collection of statutes.... They often seem rather to be a series of treatises on legislation, morals, and religion divided with great formality into Parts, Titles, and Laws.”

Al Makkari, Analectos de la historia literaria y política de los árabes de España, Leipsic, 1855-1858, 4 vols.; History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, translated, with notes by Pascual de Gayangos, London, 1840-1843, 2 vols.

Abul-Abbas Ahmad ibn Mohammed Al Makkari, the Arab historian, was born about 1585 at Tlemcen in Algeria. About 1620 he settled at Cairo, having been exiled from his own country,—why is not known. His history was undertaken in response to a request from his friends at Damascus who had been deeply interested by the oral descriptions of the doings of the Spanish Arabs with which he had entertained them when on a visit to Damascus in 1628. He died in 1631.

Altamira y Crevea, R., Historia de España y de la civilización española, Barcelona, 1900-1902. The two volumes thus far completed extend to 1479.—Amicis, E. de, Spain, New York, 1881.—Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’, Opus epistolarum, Alcalá, 1530, Strasburg, 1891.—Annales Complutenses, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Annales Complutenses. The word Complutenses is derived from Complutum, the Roman name for Alcalá de Henares. The anonymous writer of this brief historical summary wrote in the twelfth century.

Annales Toledanos, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Annales Toledanos. The author of the early portion of these annals of Toledo lived in the thirteenth century.

Antonio, N., Bibliotheca Hispana nova, 1500-1684, Madrid, 1783-1788, 2 vols.; Biblioteca Hispana vetus, Madrid, 1788, 2 vols.

Nicolás Antonio was born at Seville in 1617, and educated there and at the university of Salamanca. He afterwards returned to Seville where he drew on the treasures of the library of the monastery of San Benito in the composition of his Bibliotheca Hispana which forms a literary history, the first part of which extends to 1500, the second (which appeared in 1672) to 1670. In 1654 Philip IV sent Antonio to Rome as his general agent. He afterwards filled the office of agent to the Spanish Inquisition. He died in 1684.

Armstrong, E., Elisabeth Farnese, “the termagant of Spain,” London, 1892.—Aschbach, J., Geschichte der Westgoten, Frankfort, 1827; Geschichte der Ommaïjaden in Spanien, Vienna, 1860, 2 vols.; Geschichte Spaniens und Portugals zur Zeit der Almoraviden und Almohaden, Frankfort, 1833-1837, 2 vols.—Aulnoy, M. C. J. de B. d’, Relation du voyage d’Espagne, Paris, 1690; reprint as La cour et la ville de Madrid à la fin du 17ᵉ siècle, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.—Avila, G. G. de, Historia de Salamanca, Salamanca, 1606; Historia de la vida y hechos del rey Don Henrique III de Castilla, Madrid, 1638; Teatro eclesiastico de la primitiva iglesia de las Indias Occidentales, Madrid, 1649-1656, 2 vols.; Historia de la vida y hechos del monarca Don Felipe III, in Mendoza’s Monarquía de España, Madrid, 1770.—Avila y Zuñiga, Luis de, Comentario de la guerra de Alemaña hecha por Carlos V en 1546 y 1547, Madrid, 1548, 1852.—Ayala, P. López de, Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, Madrid, 1781, 2 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores Españoles, Madrid, 1875.

Pedro López de Ayala, celebrated as knight, poet, and historian, was born in 1332, and died in 1407. He entered the service of Pedro the Cruel of Castile and sided with the king in the latter’s earlier struggles with his revolted brothers and nobles, distinguishing himself chiefly by his exploits on the sea. When King Pedro was driven out by his brother Henry of Trastamara, Ayala joined Henry. He was taken prisoner by the English at Navarrete, but afterwards ransomed. Under Henry II and Juan II he filled important offices. At the Battle of Aljubarrota he was captured by the Portuguese and released only on payment of an enormous ransom. Translations from Isidore of Seville, Boccaccio, Titus Livius, etc., are among his writings as well as a treatise on the duties of kings and nobles, called El Rimado de Palacio, but the chief of his works is the Crónicas. This is written with elegance and simplicity of style and much skill in delineation of character. He is accused of unduly blackening the character of King Pedro.

Bacallar y Sanna, Marques de San Felipe, Vicente, Comentarios de la guerra de España hasta el Año 1725, Genoa, 2 vols.

Vicente Bacallar y Sanna was a Spaniard born in Sardinia about 1660. Under Charles II he held various diplomatic posts. In the war of the Spanish Succession he sided with Philip V and was created Marquis of San Felipe by that monarch. Besides his history of the war of succession he left a history of the Jewish monarchy.

Bakhuyzen van den Brink, R. C., Analyse d’un manuscrit contemporain sur la retraite de Charles Quint, The Hague, 1842.—Baronius, C., Annales ecclesiastici, Antwerp, 1601-1605, 12 vols.

Cæsar Baronius, the great ecclesiastical historian, was born in the kingdom of Naples in 1538, and died at Rome, 1607. His Annales Ecclesiastici were written as an answer on behalf of the Church of Rome to the Protestant history called the Magdeburg Centuries. Baronius became a cardinal in 1596 and subsequently librarian of the Vatican.

Baumgarten, Hermann, Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der französischen Revolution, Berlin, 1851; Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der französischen Revolution, Leipsic, 1865-1871, 3 vols.; Geschichte Karls V, Stuttgart, 1885-1892.

Hermann Baumgarten was born at Lesse in Brunswick in 1825, and between the years 1842 and 1848 studied philology and history at no less than five universities, namely Jena, Halle, Leipsic, Bonn, and Göttingen. He then became a teacher in the gymnasium at Brunswick, and from 1850-1852 was editor of the Reichszeitung in that city. But in 1852 he resumed his historical studies at Heidelberg and subsequently at Munich. Here he was associated with the starting of the Süddeutschen Zeitung. In 1861 he became professor of history and literature at the Karlsruhe Polytechnicum and in 1872 in the university of Strasburg. His works include various political writings, but those on Spanish history here cited are his chief title to fame.

Baumgartner, A., “Der Cid in der Geschichte,” in Stimmen aus Maria Laach, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1898.

Alexander Baumgartner was the son of the celebrated statesman and savant, Andreas Baumgartner. In 1860 he entered the Order of Jesuits and subsequently taught in their colleges at Feldkirch and Stonyhurst. After the abolition of the order he retired to Holland and devoted himself to literature, becoming part editor of the periodical, Stimmen aus Maria Laach.

Baudier, M., Vie de Ximènes, Paris, 1635.—Baudrillart, A., Philippe V et la cour de France, Paris, 1890, 2 vols.—Beccatini, Storia del regno di Carlo III, Venice, 1796.—Benavides, Memorias del rey Ferdinand IV de Castilla, Madrid, 1860, 2 vols.—Bergenroth, G., and de Gayangos (P.), Calendar of State Papers, relating to negotiations between England and Spain, 1485-1543, London, 1862-1895, 6 vols.—Bermejo, I. A., Historia anecdotica y secreta de la Corte de Carlos IV, Madrid [1894-1895], 2 vols.—Bermudez de Castro, S., Antonio Perez, Madrid, 1842.—Bernáldez, A., Historia de los reyes católicos Fernando y Doña Isabel in Bibliofilos Andaluces, Seville, 1870, 2 vols.

Andrés Bernáldez, known as “the Curate of Los Palacios,” lived in the last half of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century, and was Cura of the town of Los Palacios from 1488-1513, and afterwards chaplain to Archbishop Diego de Deza. He was present at many of the scenes he describes and acquainted with many of the great men of his day, including Columbus. He shows considerable knowledge of foreign affairs, and gives many details not reported by his contemporaries.

Bersani, Storia del Cardenale Alberoni, Piacenza, 1872.—Berwick, duke of, Mémoires, Paris, 1778.—Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1846, etc.—Blaquière, E., Historical Review of the Spanish Revolution, London, 1822.—Bleda, J., Crónica de los moros de España, Valencia, 1618, 2 vols.

Jaime Bleda (1550-1622) was the cura of a town which contained many Moriscos to whom he was vehemently opposed. It was he who, in conjunction with the archbishop of Valencia, persuaded Philip III to issue the decree of 1609, ordering the Moriscos to leave Spanish territory.

Bofarull, A. de, Historia crítica de Cataluña, Barcelona, 1876-1879, 9 vols.—Bollaert, W., Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain from 1826 to 1840, London, 1870, 2 vols.—Borrego, A., Anales del reinado de Isabel II; Historia de las cortes de España durante el siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885.

Andrés Borrego, born in 1801, was minister of finance in Spain in 1840. He was one of those who supported the idea of a union between Spain and Portugal. Besides the books here mentioned, he wrote works on political economy.

Briz Martínez, J., Historia de los reyes de Sobrarbe, Aragon y Navarra.—Burgos, F. J. de, Anales del reinado de Doña Isabel II, 1850-1852, 6 vols.

Francisco Javier de Burgos, born 1778, died 1849, was a Spanish politician distinguished as a writer in the two opposite fields of poetry and economics. Being expelled from his seat in the upper house on a charge afterwards disproved, he devoted himself to the composition of a history of the reign under which he had held office.

Burke, U. R., History of Spain till the death of Ferdinand the Catholic, London, 1895, 2 vols.—Buron, R., Compendio de la historia crítica de la inquisición de España, Paris, 1823, 2 vols.—Busk, M. M., The History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1833.

Cabrera de Córdoba, L., Relaciones de las cosas suredidas en la corte de España desde 1599 hasta 1614, 1857; Felipe Segundo, Madrid, 1619, 1876-1878, 4 vols.—Calderon de la Barca, F. E. J., The Attaché in Madrid, or, Sketches of the Court of Isabella II (trans. from the German), New York, 1856.—Calvo Marcos, M., Regimen parlementario de España en el Siglo 19, Madrid, 1883.—Camden, T., History of the War in Spain and Portugal, 1814.—Campana, C., Vida de Don Filippo (II) 1605.—Campos, J. de, Le Siege de Bilbao par l’armée carliste en 1874, Paris, 1876.—Cánovas del Castillo, A., Historia de la decadencia de España desde el advenimiento al trono de Don Felipe III hasta la muerte de Carlos II; Discurso. La dominación de los españoles en Italia, 1860; Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV, 1880-1890, 2 vols.; Historia General de España, Escrita por individuos de la Real Academia de la historia bajo la dirección de, Madrid, 1890. Completion retarded by the death of Cánovas.

The statesman, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, was born in Malaga in 1828 and was the son of a professor in the naval college of San Telmo. He was not eighteen when he attempted to start a periodical called la Jóven Malaga, but it failed and he had to accept a small post on the Madrid Aranjuez railway. But he soon turned again to journalism and published his first and chief historical work. Cánovas is credited with a considerable share in a periodical called El Murciélago, of which only a few numbers appeared, but in which the most violent attacks were directed against various prominent persons not excluding royalty. Cánovas was credited with a considerable share in this as well as with the authorship of the manifesto of Manzanares (1854). He now entered the cortes and filled various offices of state in succession. He held aloof from the revolution of 1868 and during the reign of King Amadeo, though he made a brilliant speech in defence of the exiled sovereigns; but after Amadeo’s retirement he was chiefly instrumental in bringing about the return of Alfonso XII, during most of whose reign he was premier. He again held office from 1890-1893, and in 1895, when he devoted his attention to the severe repression of the Cuban insurrection. In the midst of the struggle he was murdered by an anarchist (August, 1897).

Capefigue, B. H. R., Isabelle de Castille, 1869.—Carbajal, L. G. de, Historia de España M. S.; Anales del rey Don Fernando el Católico.—Carvajal, La España de los Bórbones, 1844, 4 vols.—Casado, F. S., Historia de España.—Casas, B. de las, Historia general de las Indias, Madrid, 1875-1876; Brevissima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, Seville, 1552, in Colección de documentos inéditos, vol. 7, Madrid, 1879.

Bartolomé de las Casas or Casaus was of French descent. His father, Francisco Casaus, was in Hispaniola with Columbus in 1493, and returned to Seville with a fortune in 1500. In the same year Bartolomé, who had been born in 1474, went to Salamanca, where he studied jurisprudence. He then went to Hispaniola with the governor, Nicolás Ovando, and in 1510 took holy orders. In 1515 he returned to Spain to protest against the ill treatment of the natives of the West Indies by the Spaniards. Through the influence of Cardinal Ximenes he obtained the nomination of special commissioners to inquire into the abuses of authority. He was himself appointed to act as their adviser. The colonists proved too powerful and the mission failed in its object. Las Casas, expelled from Hispaniola, returned to Spain. After some difficulty he obtained the acceptance of his suggestions for improving the government of the West Indies, the chief of which was the unfortunate one of the substitution of negro for native labour. He returned to America and this time succeeded in obtaining better treatment for the Indians, who were finally declared free by a royal edict of 1543. He died at Madrid in 1569.

Casiri, M., Bibliotheca arabigo-hispana escurialensis, Madrid, 1750-1770, 2 vols.

Michael Casiri was born in Tripoli, Syria, in 1710. By birth he was a Syro-Maronite and his life was chiefly devoted to oriental studies though in 1734 he took holy orders. In 1749 he was appointed librarian of the Escorial. His Bibliotheca consists of extracts from and articles on the Arabian documents in the library of the Escorial.

Castelar, E., Historia del año 1883, Madrid, 1884; Discursos Parlamentarios, Madrid, 1885, 4 vols.

Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, celebrated as orator, writer, and statesman, was born at Cadiz in 1832. He took his degree of doctor of philosophy in his twenty-second year. He was editor of various newspapers in succession and an eloquent exponent of republican ideas which he continued to be after succeeding to the chair of Spanish History in the Universidad Central (1858), till the government forced him to resign. He shared in the revolution of 1866 and was consequently condemned to death. He escaped to Paris, where he remained till the revolution of 1868 made possible his return to Madrid, when he became one of the leaders of the republican party and headed the opposition during the reign of King Amadeo, on whose resignation Castelar attained the chief power under the republic. He governed ably, but his republicanism became suspected, and early in 1874 he was overthrown by a vote of want of confidence. He retired for a time to Paris, but soon returned to Spain and resumed his political career as deputy to the cortes. His numerous works include novels and speeches on various political questions.

Castillo, D. Enriquez de, Crónica del rey Don Henrique el Quarto, Madrid, 1787.—Castro, A. Gómez de, De rebus gestis Francisci Jimenii.—Castro y Rossi, A. de, El conde duque de Olivares y el rey Felipe IV, Cadiz and Madrid, 1846; Historia de los judíos en España, Cadiz and Madrid, 1847; Historia de los protestantes Españoles, Cadiz and Madrid, 1851; Exámen filosófico sobre la decadencia de España. Cadiz and Madrid, 1852.—Cavanilles y Centi, A. C., Historia de España (to the reign of Philip II), Madrid, 1860-1864, 5 vols.—Cespedes y Meneses, G. de, Historia de Don Felipe III, Lisbon, 1631.—Cevallos, P., Exposición de los hechos y maquinaciones que han preparado la usurpación de la corona de España, Madrid, 1808; History of the practices and machinations which led to the usurpation of the crown of Spain, London, 1808.—Chaby, C. de, Excerptos historicos e collecçào de documentos relativos á guerra denomenada da peninsula, Lisbon, 1863.—Châteaubriand, F. R. A. de, Guerre d’Espagne de 1823, Paris, 1838; Le Congrès de Vérone, Paris, 1838, 2 vols—Cherbuliez, V. C., L’Espagne politique, Paris, 1874.—Chronica Albeldensis in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Chronicon Albeldensis. This is the work of two authors; the first, an anonymous monk of Albelda, wrote in the ninth century. His portion extends from the foundation of Rome to the reign of Alfonso III. The second author was the monk Vigila, of the same monastery, who coming a century later continued the narrative down to the year 976. He is the earliest authority for the history of Navarre.

Chronicon Conimbricense in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Chronicon Moissacense.—Churton, E., Góngora, an historical and critical essay on the times of Philip III and Philip IV, London, 1862, 2 vols.—Circourt, A. M. J. E., Histoire des Mores Madejares et des Moresques, ou des Arabes d’Espagne sous la domination des chrétiens, Paris, 1845-1848, 3 vols.—Clarke, Letters concerning the state of Spain, London, 1763.—Clarke, H. B., The Cid Campeador and the Waning of the Crescent in the West, New York, 1897, in Heroes of the Nations.—Clemencin, D., Elogio de la reina católica Doña Isabella, in Mem. Academia, 1821.—Clinton, H. R., The War in the Peninsula, London, 1878.—Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España por M. Fernandez Navarrete, et al., Madrid, 1842-1895, 112 vols.; vol. 30 contains an index of the volumes preceding.—Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las antiguas posesiones españolas de America y Oceanía, Madrid, 1864-1890, first series, 42 vols. Also Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones españoles de Ultramar. Second series published by the Royal Academy of History, Madrid, 1885-1900, 13 vols.—Colección de libros españoles raros y curiosos, Madrid, 1871-1892.—Colección legislativa de España, Madrid, 1816 (in progress), 330 vols.—Colmeiro, M., Reyes cristianos desde Alfonso VI hasta Alfonso XI, Madrid, 1893.—Colmenares, D. de, Historia de Segovia y compendio de la historia de Castilla, Segovia, 1637-1847.—Condé, J. A., Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, Madrid, 1820-1821, 3 vols.; English translation by Mrs. J. Foster, London, 1860, 3 vols.; History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain, London, 1854, 3 vols.

José Antonio Condé (1765-1820), was at one time regarded as the great authority on the history of the Spanish Arabs. He was educated at the University of Salamanca, a member of various learned societies, and for long conservador of the Escorial library. In 1814 he was exiled for political reasons and he died in great poverty. Modern students of the history of the Spanish Arabs have convicted Condé of many errors and faults of judgment, but it is acknowledged that he was a laborious scholar.

Coppée, H., History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, Boston, 1881, 2 vols.—Cos-Gayon, F., Historia de la administración pública de España, Madrid, 1851.—Coxe, W., Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, London, 1815, 5 vols.—Crónica de Don Alvaro de Luna, Milan, 1546, Madrid, 1784.—Crónica del rey Don Rodrigo, Alcalá, 1587.—Curry, J. L. M., Constitutional Government in Spain, New York, 1889.—Cushing, Caleb, Reminiscences of Spain, 1833, 2 vols.—Custine, M. de, L’Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1838, 4 vols.

Dahn, F., Die Könige der Germanen, Würzburg and Leipsic, 1861-1895.—Danvila y Collado, M., Historia del Reinado de Carlos III, Madrid, 1893-1896, 6 vols.—Daumet, G., Étude sur l’alliance de la France et de la Castille au XIVᵉ et au XVᵉ siècles, Paris, 1898.—De Labra, R. M., Historia de las relaciones internacionales de España, Madrid, 1897; La Crisis colonial en España, Madrid, 1902.—De la Escosura y Hevia, A., Inicio crítico del feudalismo en España, Madrid, 1856.—Del Cantillo, A., Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de paz y de comercio que han hecho cen las potencias extranjeras los monarcos españoles de la Casa de Bourbon, 1700-1842, Madrid, 1843.—Desclot, B., Crónica del rey En Pere in Chroniques étrangères relatives aux expéditions françaises pendant le XIIIᵉ siècle, Orléans, 1876.

Bernardo Desclot, one of the greatest of Catalan historians, lived in the reigns of James I and Pedro III of Aragon. Little is known of his life. He wrote the story of the events of his own day in the Catalan language, and prefixed the narrative by a short account of the counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragon preceding James I.

Desdevises du Degert, G., L’Espagne de l’ancien régime, Paris, 1897 (in progress, 2 vols. already published).—Desormeaux, J. L. R., Abrégé chronologique de l’histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, 1758, 5 vols.—Diercks, G., Geschichte Spaniens, Berlin, 1895-1896, 2 vols.—Dillon, J. T., History of the Reign of Pedro the Cruel, 1788, 2 vols.—Dochez, and Paquis, A., Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.—Dormer, D. J., Progresos de la historia en Aragon, Saragossa, 1680.—Dozy, R. P., Recherches sur l’histoire et la littérature de l’Espagne, Leyden, 1845, 1860, 1881, 2 vols.; Le Cid d’après de nouveaux documents, 1860; Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne jusqu’à la conquête de l’Andalousie par les Almoravides, Leyden, 1861, 4 vols.

Reinhart Dozy, an eminent Dutch orientalist of French extraction was born in Leyden in 1820 and died there in 1883. He was an extraordinary linguist and wrote almost equally well in every European language beside being deeply versed in most of the Semitic languages but especially the Arabic. In 1850 he became professor in the University of Leyden. He was the first to shake the high reputation of the historian Condé by pointing out his numerous errors. Dozy’s historical investigations were made in the archives of various countries, especially of course in Spain. He edited a number of the works of Arab writers with commentaries and glossaries and published a dictionary of the names of Arab garments.

Ducasse, Mémoires et correspondance politique du roi Joseph, Paris, 1853-1855, 10 vols.—Du Hamel, V., Historia constitucional de la monarquía española, translated from the French by B. A. y Espinosa, Madrid, 1848, 2 vols.—Duncan, F., The English in Spain; or, the Story of the War of Succession between 1834-1840, London, 1877.—Dunham, S. A., History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1832, 5 vols.—Dunlop, J., Memoirs of Spain during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II, Edinburgh, 1834, 2 vols.—Duran, A., Romancero General, Madrid, 1857-1861.—Duro, C. F., La armada invincible, Madrid, 1884-1885, 2 vols.

Eckstein, F., Espagne, considérations sur son passé, son présent, son avenir, 1836.—Elliot, F. M., Old Court Life in Spain, London, 1893, 2 vols.; La España del siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885-1887, 3 vols. A series of historical lectures delivered in the Atheneum of Madrid.—Everhard Nidart, P. J., Varias obras correspondientes á la regencia de la reina Doña Maria Ana de Neoburg; sucesos de Don Juan de Austria (in Semanario Erudito), 1788.

Fabricius, A. K., La première invasion des Normands dans l’Espagne Musulmane en 814, Lisbon, 1892.—Fernald, J. C., The Spaniard in History, New York, 1898.—Fernan-Nuñez, Condé de, Vida de Carlos III, published by A. Morel-Fatio and A. Paz y Melia, Madrid, 1898, 2 vols.—Ferrer del Rio, A., Exámen histórico crítico del reinado de Don Pedro de Castilla, 1850; Historia del reinado de Carlos III de España, Madrid, 1856, 4 vols.—Ferreras, J. de, Synopsis histórica cronológica de España, Madrid, 1775-1781, 17 vols.—Field, H. M., Old Spain and New Spain, London, 1888.—Flórez, Enrique, Memorias de las reynas católicas, historia genealógica de la casa real de Castilla y de Leon, Madrid, 1761, 1790, 2 vols.; España Sagrada teatro geográfico-histórico de la iglesia de España, Madrid, 1747, 51 vols.; Llave historial, Madrid, 1743, 1790; España carpetana, Medallas de las colonias, municipios y pueblos antiguos de España, Madrid, 1757.

El Padre Enrique Flórez, historian, archæologist, theologian, and numismatist, was born at Valladolid in 1701, and entered the order of St. Augustine in his fifteenth year. His España Sagrada is the work most usefully consulted in studying the history and antiquities of Spain, containing, as it does, so many documents, notices and illustrations bearing on the subject, and greatly valued for the high critical faculty and scrupulous care exhibited by its author. Flórez left also works on theology and a treatise on botany and the natural sciences. He was corresponding member of the French Academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, and enjoyed the friendship of many prominent men of his age. He died in 1773.

Forneron, Histoire de Philippe II, Paris, 1881-1882, 4 vols.—Forster, J., Chronicle of James I, translated from the Catalan, London, 1883, 2 vols.—Foulché-Delbosc, R., Bibliographie des voyages en Espagne et en Portugal, Paris, 1896.—Foy, M. S., Histoire de la guerre de la péninsule sous Napoléon, Paris, 1827, 4 vols.—Froissart, John, Chroniques de France, d’Angleterre, d’Écosse, d’Espagne, de Bretagne, Paris, 1869-1888, 8 vols. (trans. T. Johnes, London, 1857, 2 vols.).—Froude, J. A., The Spanish Story of the Armada, 1892.

Gachard, L. P., Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, Brussels, 1848-1879, 5 vols.; Retraite et mort de Charles Quint, 1854-1855; Don Carlos et Philippe II, Brussels, 1863, 1867, 2 vols.; Relations des Ambassadeurs Vénitiens sur Charles V et Philippe II.

Louis Prosper Gachard, the Belgian historian, born at Paris in 1800, died at Brussels, 1885, was keeper of the Belgian archives, to which appointment he succeeded in 1826. Besides putting in order the existing archives he greatly added to the documents contained in them and caused researches to be made throughout Europe for papers which might throw light on Belgian history. His works are valued both for their impartial historical spirit and their literary style as well as for the fresh light they throw on the periods with which they deal.

Gallenga, A., Iberian Reminiscences, 1883, 2 vols.—Garcia, J. C., Castilla y Leon durante los reinados de Pedro I, Enrique II, Juan I, Enrique III, Madrid, 1891.—Gardiner, S. R., Narrative of the Spanish Marriage Treaty, Spanish and English, London, 1859; Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623, London, 1869, 2 vols.—Garibay y Zamálloa, E., Los quarenta libros del compendio historial de las chrónicas y universal historia de España, Antwerp, 1571, Barcelona, 1628, 4 vols.

Esteban de Garibay y Zamálloa (1525-1599) was appointed by Philip II as chronicler of his reign. He was a laborious collector of historical information, who, though extremely credulous, served to some extent as a model to Mariana and other historians.

Gayangos, P. de, History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain, London, 1840, 2 vols.; Historia de los reyes de Granada, Paris, 1842; Cartas del Cardinal Cisneros, Madrid, 1867; Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortes al emperador Carlos V, Paris, 1870.—Gebhardt, Historia general de España, Barcelona, 1897, 7 vols.—Geddes, M., Wars of the Commons of Castile in the reign of Charles V, 1730.—George, A., Memoirs of the Queens of Spain, London, 1850.—Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1853.—Giovio, P., Historia sui temporis 1494-1547, Florence, 1548, 2 vols.—Godoy, M., Mémoires, Paris, 1839-1841, 6 vols.; partial translation, London, 1836, 2 vols.—Gómez de Arteche y Moro, J., Guerra de la independencia 1808-1814, Madrid, 1868-1883, 5 vols.; Historia del Reinado de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1893.

General José Gómez de Arteche y Moro was born at Madrid in 1821 and entered the artillery in 1840. He took an active part in the events of July, 1856, siding with O’Donnell. He was under-secretary in the ministry of war in 1865 and 1868, and in 1878 became aide-de-camp to Alfonso XII. In 1885 he was elected senator for Guipuzcoa.

Gonsalez, T., Apuntamientos para la historia del rey Don Felipe Segundo por lo tocante á sus relaciones con la rein a Isabel de Inglaterra.—Grabinski, J. de, Amédée de Savoie, duc d’Aoste, roi d’Espagne.—Graetz, H., Geschichte der Juden, Berlin and Leipsic, 1853-1870, 11 vols.; 1888-1889, 3 vols.—Granvella, Cardinal A. P., Papiers d’état du Cardinal Granvella in Collection des documents inédits sur l’histoire de France, Paris, 1841-1861, 9 vols.; Correspondance du Cardinal Granvella, 1565-1586, Brussels, 1878-1892, 9 vols.—Guardia, J. M., La cour de Rome et l’église d’Espagne.—Guerra, Caida y ruina del imperio visigótico, Madrid, 1883.—Guizot, F. P. G., Un projet de mariage royal, 1863.—Guzman, F. Perez de, Crónica del serenissimo principe, Don Juan II, Logroño, 1517, Valencia, 1779.

Häbler, Die wirtschaftliche Blüte Spaniens im 16. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1888.—Hale, E. E. and S., The Story of Spain in Story of the Nations, New York, 1891.—Harcourt, Henri duc d’, Avènement des Bourbons au trône d’Espagne, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.—Hare, A., Wanderings in Spain, London, 1873.—Havemann, W., Darstellungen aus der innern Geschichte Spaniens während des 15., 16., und 17. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, 1850; Das Leben des Don Juan d’Austria, Gotha, 1865.—Hefele, K. J., Der Kardinal Ximenes und die kirchlichen Zustände Spaniens am Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts, Tübingen, 1851.—Henningsen, C. F., The most striking events of a twelvemonth’s Campaign with Zumalacarregui, Philadelphia, 1836, 2 vols.—Herrera y Tordesillas, A. de, Historia general del mundo del tiempo del Señor Rey Don Felipe II, Madrid, 1601-1612, 3 vols.; Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme del mar océano, Madrid, 1601-1615, 1728, 4 vols.; Tratado relación y discurso histórico de los movimientos de Aragon.

Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas lived from 1559 to 1625. He studied in Spain and Italy, where he attracted the attention of Vespasiano di Gonzaga, who being appointed viceroy of Navarre and Valencia, made Herrera his private secretary and afterwards recommended him to Philip II, with the result that Herrera was appointed chief chronicler for America and a chronicler for Castile. He fulfilled these offices during the reigns of the three Philips and acquired a European reputation for capacity and exactitude. The second of the works above mentioned is the chief of many. Part of it is merely a condensation of that of Las Casas, but for the events of his own time he is a most valuable authority, and he had the advantage of access to documents of all kinds.

Hidalgo, D., Diccionario general de bibliografía española, Madrid, 1864-1879, 6 vols.—Hill, C., Story of the Princess des Ursins (Orsini) in Spain, New York, 1899.—Hinojosa, Eduardo de, Historia de los Visigodos.—Höfler, Kaiser Karls (V) erstes Auftreten in Spanien, Vienna, 1874.—Houghton, A., Les Origines de la Restoration des Bourbons en Espagne.—Howard, O. O., Isabella of Castile, New York, 1894.—Hubbard, N. G., Histoire contemporaine de l’Espagne, Paris, 1869-1883, 6 vols.—Huber, V. A., Die Geschichte des Cid, Bremen, 1829; Chrónica del Cid, Marburg, 1844.—Huegel, C. W., Spanien und die Revolution, 1821.—Huerta, F. M., Sobre qual de los reyes godos fué y debe contarse primero de las de su nación en España in Academia de la historia, Memorias, 1796.—Hughes, T. M., Revelations of Spain in 1845, London, 1845, 2 vols.—Hume, M. A. S., Philip II of Spain, London, 1845, 2 vols.; Spain, its Greatness and Decay, Cambridge, 1897; Modern Spain, 1788-1898, London and New York, 1899, in Story of the Nations; The Spanish People, their Origin, Growth, and Influence, New York, 1901.—Hurtado de Mendoza, D., see Mendoza, D. Hurtado de.

Ibn Bassam, Zakira, Tesoro ó cualidades de los habitantes de la península.—Idatius, Chronicum (379 A.D.-469 A.D.) in the Chronica Medii Aevi of Rösler, Tübingen, 1798.

The chronicle of Idatius belongs to the fifth century. Its author was a bishop of Chaves in Portugal, and a native of Lamego, where he was born towards the close of the fourth century. The work is brief, but supplies information not to be found elsewhere.

Irving, W., Conquest of Granada, New York, 1850, 1880; Companions of Columbus, New York, 1880.—Isidorus Hispalensis, Historia Gotorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum, Madrid, 1599, in S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi opera omnia, Rome, 1797-1803, 7 vols.

Isidorus Hispalensis or Saint Isidore of Seville was the son of a wealthy citizen of Cartagena, where he was born about 570 A.D. His brother, St. Leander, Archbishop of Seville, bestowed great pains on his education, but becoming jealous of his remarkable learning shut him up in a monastery. On Leander’s death Isidore became bishop of Seville. He was regarded as the glory of his age for learning, and left numerous works which, besides the Historia and numerous ecclesiastical writings, include a kind of general encyclopædia of the science of the period, known as the Origines.

Isidorus Pacensis, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Isidor Pacensis was bishop of Pax Julia, whence his surname of Pacensis. Pax Julia is identified with the Portuguese town of Beja. The prelate wrote in the eighth century. The names of three of his works have come down to us, but one of them only is extant and is a chronicon extending to the year 754 A.D.

Janer, F., Condición social de los Moriscoes de España causas de su expulsion y consecuencias que en el órden económico esta produjo, in Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1857.—Jiménez de Rada, R., see Ximenes Toletanus, Rodericus.—Joannes Biclarensis, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Joannes Biclarensis lived in the last half of the sixth century. His birthplace was Santarem, but he derived his surname from the Latin form of Valclara (in Catalonia), of which he was abbot. He afterwards became bishop of Gerona. His Chronicon continues that of Idatius down to the year 590.

Jones, Sir J. T., Journals of sieges carried on under the Duke of Wellington in Spain, London, 1846, 3 vols.—Jordanes, De Origine Gothorum, Augsburg, 1515, Venice, 1729.—Julian, St., Historia Regis Wambæ in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Junta, P. de, and J. B. Varesio (editors), Chrónica del famoso cavallero Cid Ruy Diez Campeador, 1593.

Kaemmel, O., Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Darmstadt, 1890, 10 vols.—Kayserling, M., Geschichte der Juden in Spanien und Portugal, Berlin, 1861-1867, 2 vols.

La Fuente, V. de, Juana la loca vindicada de la nota de herejia.—Lafuente y Alcantara, M., Historia de Granada.—Lafuente y Zamálloa, M., Historia general de España, Madrid, 1795, 1854.

Modesto Lafuente y Zamálloa (1806-1866) took his degree of bachelor of theology at the university of Valladolid in 1832, and afterwards successively filled chairs of philosophy, rhetoric, and theology. In 1837 he removed to Madrid, where he published a periodical entitled Fray Gerundio, through which he attacked existing abuses, advocated reforms, and set himself against the Carlist wars. This publication soon attained a wide circulation, and was continued till 1849, after which Lafuente turned his attention to his Historia. He subsequently became a deputy to the cortes for Astorga, and in 1860 member of the council of state. He was also a member of various academies.

Landau, M., Geschichte Kaiser Karls VI als König von Spanien, Stuttgart, 1889.—Lane-Poole, S., and A. Gilman, The Story of the Moors in Spain (Story of the Nations), New York, 1891.—Las Casas, see Casas.—Lathbury, T., The Spanish Armada, London, 1840.—Latimer, E. W., Spain in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1897.—Latour, A. T. de, L’Espagne religieuse et littéraire, Paris, 1862.—Laughton, J. K., State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, London, 1894, 2 vols.—Lauser, W., Geschichte Spaniens vom Sturze Isabellas bis zur Thronbesteigung Alfonsos, Leipsic, 1877, 2 vols.—Lavigne, G. de L’Espagne et le Portugal, 1855.—Lawrence, E., Dominic, and the Inquisition, in Historical Studies, New York, 1873.—Lea, H. C., Chapters from the religious history of Spain connected with the Inquisition, Philadelphia, 1890.—Legrelle, A., La diplomatie française et la succession d’Espagne, 1659-1725, Paris, 1888-1892, 4 vols.—Lembke, F. W., and Schäfer, H., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha, 1831-1890, 5 vols.—Lemos, D. A., Historia general de Portugal, 1715-1789.—Leopold, Spaniens Bürgerkrieg, Hanover, 1876.—Lezo del Pozo, J., Apologia del rey Don Pedro de Castilla conforme á la Crónica de Ayala.—Limborch, P. van, Historia Inquisitions, Amsterdam, 1692; History of the Inquisition (abridged), London, 1816.

Philip van Limborch, a prominent Dutch theologian, was born in 1633 and died in 1712. He was professor of theology at the seminary of the remonstrants in Amsterdam. His Historia consists of a record of sentences given by the Inquisition of Toulouse, and is preceded by an account of the origin and methods of the Inquisition.

Llorente, J. A., Opinion de l’Espagne sur l’inquisition, 1812; Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1817, 3 vols.; Histoire critique de l’inquisition d’Espagne, Paris, 1817-1818, 4 vols.; History of the Inquisition of Spain (abridged), London, 1827.

Juan Antonio Llorente, born 1756, was a Spanish priest who became general secretary to the inquisition in 1789. A scheme for the reform of that tribunal which he drew up was about to be executed when the fall of the liberal minister Jovellanos prevented its realisation. In the war with France Llorente sided with the Bonapartists and became a member of the council of state of King Joseph. On the abolition of the inquisition (1809) Llorente was commissioned to investigate its archives and write its history. Thus he had access to materials now no longer in existence. On the restoration of the Bourbons Llorente was banished, and it was while in exile at Paris that his celebrated Histoire critique de l’Inquisition appeared in French and was soon translated into German, English, Dutch, Italian and Spanish. Its success was great, but it drew down a persecution of the author who on the publication of a book called Portraits politiques des papes (1822) was ordered to quit France. He died from the effects of the hurried journey to Madrid.

Londonderry, Marquis of, see Stewart.—Lorenzana, Cardinal, Collectio Sanctorum Patrum ecclesiæ Toledanæ, Madrid, 1782-1793.—Louville, C. A. d’A., Mémoires secrets sur l’établissement de la maison de Bourbon en Espagne, 1818.—Lowell, J. R., Impressions of Spain.—Lucas Tudensis, Chronicon Mundi, in Schott’s Hispaniæ Illustratæ, Frankfort, 1608.

Lucas de Tuy, or Lucas Tudensis, was a Spanish prelate who died in 1288. His Chronicon, which was finished in 1236, was written by command of the great queen Berengaria. It consists of four books: the first contains the Six Ages of the World of St. Isidore, with additions; the second, Isidore’s treatise on the origin of the Goths, Spaniards, and Suevi; the third, the spurious chronicle of San Ildefonso and St. Julian’s history. The fourth extends from the time of Pelayo to the conquest of Cordova. When the work was translated into Spanish, in the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, a continuation extending to 1252 was added.

Luna, M. de, La verdadera historia del rey Don Rodrigo, Valencia, 1606.

Miguel de Luna was a Morisco who embraced Catholicism and became interpreter to Philip II. His history purports to be a translation from an Arab chronicler of the eighth century, but was really based on old romances and has no authoritative value.

MacCrie, T., History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century, 1829.—Mahon, Lord, see Stanhope, P. H.—Maistre, J. de, Lettres à un gentilhomme Russe sur l’inquisition espagnole, 1837.—Maldonado, J. M., Historia de la revolución de España, Madrid, 1833, 2 vols.—Malo de Molina, M., Rodrigo el Campeador, Estudio histórico, Madrid, 1857.—Malvezzi, V., Sucesos principals de la monarquía de España en el tiempo de Felipe IV, Madrid, 1640.—Mariana, Juan de, Historia general de España, Valencia, 1783-1796, 9 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1854, published in various later editions; English translation by J. S. Stephens, London, 1699.

Juan de Mariana, one of the most famous of Spanish historians, was born near Talavera in 1536, and in 1554 became a member of the Society of Jesus. Two years later he went to Rome, where he filled a chair in the Jesuit college. After visiting Sicily and lecturing on theology at Paris during five years, he returned to Spain in 1574 and devoted himself to his Historia de España, which was first written in Latin and then translated by himself into the Castilian tongue. The variety of his talents and acquirements is exhibited in his writings on philosophy, politics, finance, and religion, and in the last mentioned the freedom of his opinions exposed him to some suspicion from his order, and he was even brought before the inquisition. His history has enjoyed immense popularity and is still much admired, though it is acknowledged that he often confuses fact and fable.

Marineo, Lucio, Obra de las cosas memorables de España, Alcalá, 1533.—Marliani, M. de, Histoire politique de l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1840, 2 vols.—Marmol Carvajal, L. del, Historia del rebelión y castigo de los Moriscos del reyno de Granada, Madrid, 1600, and in Biblioteca de autores Españoles.

Luis del Marmol Carvajal was a native of Granada who flourished in the sixteenth century. In 1535 he accompanied Charles V to Tunis. He was captured by the Moors, and both during and after his captivity made long journeys and voyages in and about Barbary and Egypt. His Historia del rebelión is the narrative of an eye-witness, and the language is pure though the style suffers from the too great length of the sentences.

Martínez de la Rosa, F., Hernan Perez del Pulgar, Madrid, 1834.—Martínez Marina, F., Teoria de las Cortes de Leon y Castilla, Madrid, 1821, 3 vols.; Ensayo histórico-crítico sobre la antigua legislación y principales cuerpos legales de los reynos de Leon y Castilla, Madrid, 1834, 2 vols.—Masdeu, J. F., Historia crítica de España, Madrid, 1783-1805, 20 vols.

Juan Francisco Masdeu, a celebrated Spanish historian, was born in 1744 and died in 1817. Educated under the care of the Jesuits, he entered their order in 1759, and on their expulsion from Spain retired to Ferrara. His Historia was commenced in 1781. It extends only down to the end of the eleventh century. It is a work of much learning and destroys many fables previously current, though in many instances the author carries his scepticism too far.

Mas-La Trie, J. M., Trésor de chronologie, d’histoire et de géographie, 1837.—Mazade, C. de, l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1855; Les revolutions de l’Espagne contemporaine, 1868.—Medina, J. T., Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la inquisición de Cartagena de las Indias, Santiago, 1899.—Melo, F. M., Historia de los movimientos separación y guerra de Cataluña en tiempo de Felipe IV, Lisbon, 1645, Paris, 1840.—Mendoza, D. Hurtado de, Guerra de Granada hecha por el rey Felipe II, Madrid, 1610, 1852.

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza belonged to an illustrious Spanish family and was born in Granada about 1503. His earliest teacher was the celebrated Peter Martyr of Angleria (Pietro Martire d’Anghiera). He served in the Italian wars and was employed by Charles V in various important diplomatic missions. Having displeased Philip II he was compelled to retire to Granada. He was already pre-eminent for his learning and had taken advantage of his position as ambassador to the Grand Turk to make a valuable collection of manuscripts which he presented to Philip II for the Escorial library. When no longer permitted to engage in affairs of state he devoted himself to literary works which include poems and translations from Aristotle. For collecting information for his Guerra de Granada he had the advantage of residence on the spot and a knowledge of the inner workings of the government. The book also ranks high for its literary style.

Menéndez y Pelayo, M., Historia de los Heterodoxos españoles, Madrid, 1880.

Marcellino Menéndez y Pelayo, a contemporary literary critic, historian, and philosopher, born in 1856, and noted for his prodigious memory. His work exhibits a decided tendency to ultramontanism, and he has written in defence of the Inquisition. His talents were early developed and he had already a scholar’s reputation before he was out of his teens. At 21 he was appointed to the chair of critical history of Spanish Literature of the Faculty of philosophy and letters at Madrid. In 1880 he became a member of the Spanish Academy of Language, in 1882 of that of History, and afterwards of those of moral sciences, of politics, and of the fine arts. Since then he has become director of the national library in Madrid, and of the entire system of public archives, museums, and libraries in Spain.

Mérimée, P., Histoire de Don Pedre I, Paris, 1865; Translation 1849.—Mignet, F. A. M., Négociations relatives à la succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1842, 4 vols.; Antonio Perez et Philippe II, Paris, 1845; Translation, London, 1846; Charles Quint, son abdication, son séjour et sa mort au monastère de Yuste, Paris, 1854; Rivalité de François I et de Charles Quint, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.

François Auguste Marie Mignet, the French historian, was born in 1796 at Aix where he subsequently studied for the law. In the earlier part of his career he made a reputation as a liberal journalist and was associated with the National, but after 1830 he devoted himself wholly to history. Here his studies were by no means confined to Spanish subjects, his chief work being a history of the French Revolution.

Mingote y Taragona, P., Geografia de España y sus Colonias, Leon, 1887.—Minutoli, J. M. von, Spanien und seine fortschreitende Entwickelung, Berlin, 1852.—Miraflores, Marques de, Apuntes históricos-críticos para escribir la historia de la revolución de España desde el año 1820-1823 [Madrid], 1834; Memorias para escribir la historia de los siete primeros años del reinado de Isabel II, Madrid, 1843-1844, 2 vols.; Continuación de las memorias del reinado de Isabel II.—Miro, M. J., Las Constituciones de España, Madrid, 1821, 2 vols.—Modoz, P., Diccennario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1848-1850, 11 vols.—Moncada, F. de, Condé de Osuna, Expedición de los Catalanes y Aragoneses contra Griegos y Turcos, Barcelona, 1623, 1842; Madrid, 1883.

Francisco de Moncada, Condé de Usuna, a member of an old Catalan family, was born in 1586 and died in 1635. He filled various important public offices as councillor of war, governor of Flanders, and ambassador to the emperor Ferdinand II. In the low countries he twice defeated the Prince of Orange. His Expedición de catalanes y aragoneses is an account of the expedition under Roger de Flor (died 1305) on behalf of the Byzantines. He derived his materials from Zurita and Muntaner, the latter a contemporary of Flor. Many of the adventures described appear quite incredible. The language is pure and the style flowing.

Mondejar, G. I., Marques de, Memorias históricas del rei Alonso el Sabio, Madrid, 1777.—Monresa Sanchez, J. Mᵃ., Historia legal de España desde la dominación goda hasta nuestros dias, Madrid, 1841, 2 vols.—Montejo, B., Sobre la independencia de Castilla, in Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia.—Montesa y Manrique, Historia de la legislación de España, Madrid, 1861, 1864, 7 vols.—Morales, A. de, Crónica General de España, Alcalá, 1574-1577, Madrid, 1791; Opusculos Castellanos, Madrid, 1793, 3 vols.

Ambrosio de Morales (1513-1591) was appointed in 1574 chronicler of the kingdoms of Castile and continued the Crónica general de España of Florián de Ocampo. His work lacks arrangement.

Morel-Fatio, A., l’Espagne au XVI et XVII siècle, Paris, 1878; Études sur l’Espagne, Paris, 1890-1895, 2 vols.; Catalogue des manuscrits espagnoles du Bibliothèque National, Paris, 1881.—Morel, J., Lettres sur l’inquisition.—Motley, J. L., The Rise of the Dutch Republic, London, 1856, 1889, 3 vols.—Moüy, C. de, Don Carlos et Philippe II, Paris, 1888; Jeanne la Folle (Revue des deux Mondes).—Müller, W., Politische Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 1876-1890, Stuttgart, 1890.—Muñoz Maldonado, J., Historia de la guerra de la independencia de España contra Napoléon Bonaparte desde 1808 á 1814, Madrid, 1833, 3 vols.

José Muñoz Maldonado (1807-1875) was fiscal minister in the Royal Council of the Orders during ten years. Under Isabella II he was several times elected deputy for Guadalajara, Jaen and Ciudad Real, and afterwards became senator, but was more distinguished as a jurisconsult and as a writer, though rather industrious than brilliant.

Muñoz y Romero, Diccionario bibliográfico histórico, Madrid, 1865.—Muntaner, R., Chrónica del rey Don Jaume primer, Rey D’Arago e de molts de sos descendents, Valencia, 1558, Stuttgart, 1844.

Ramón Muntaner is the rival of Bernardo Desclot as chief of Catalan historians. He lived in the reign of James I of Aragon and took part in the expedition of the company or army which Roger de Flor led against both Turks and Greeks and in other military enterprises. His chronicle therefore describes events in which he himself shared. He was still alive in 1330.

Muriel, A., Historia de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1894-1895, 6 vols.; Constitutes, vols. 29-34 of the Memorial-historico-españal, published by the Real Academia de la Historia.