997 Oporto and surrounding territory taken from the Moors by Bermudo II of Galicia.
1055 Cea and other fortresses captured from the Moors by Ferdinand the Great of Castile and Leon.
1057 Ferdinand takes Lamego and Viseu
1064 and Coimbra, and forms the conquered territory into a country under Sesnando, a Moor.
1065 Death of Ferdinand. The suzerainty of the counties of Coimbra and Oporto passes with Galicia to his son Garcia.
1073 Garcia’s territories reunited with Leon and Castile under Alfonso VI.
1095 Alfonso VI gives Porto Cale (Portugal), consisting of the fiefs of Oporto and Coimbra, to Count Henry of Burgundy (Besançou), who married his daughter Theresa, 1072.
1109 Death of Alfonso. Urraca succeeds to Castile and Leon. Henry interferes in the internal troubles of that kingdom.
1112 War with Almoravids. Death of Henry. Theresa regent for her son Alfonso Henriques.
1117 Theresa besieged by Moors at Coimbra. She gives power to her lover Ferdinand Peres de Trava.
1121 Urraca takes Theresa captive. Peace made.
1127 Alfonso VII of Castile conquers Theresa’s realm and compels her homage.
1128 Alfonso Henriques assumes power, defeats and exiles Theresa. In the next years he three times invades Galicia and in
1137 defeats Alfonso VII’s troops at Cerneja. Peace of Tuy. Alfonso Henriques submits to the king of Leon.
1139 Battle of Ourique. Alfonso Henriques crushes the Moors. A legend was formerly current that he was then hailed as king by his soldiers.
1140 The Moors capture and destroy Leiria. Tourney of Valdevez. The Portuguese knights defeat the Castilian. Alfonso Henriques king of Portugal as Alfonso I.
1143 Peace of Zamora. Alfonso VII acknowledges Alfonso I as king. The latter declares himself a vassal of the pope.
1144 The Moors defeat the Templars at Soure.
1147 Alfonso I captures Santarem and takes Lisbon with the aid of English and other crusaders. Other Moorish cities surrender.
1152 Alfonso repulsed at Alcacer-do-Sal.
1158 Alfonso captures Alcacer-do-Sal.
1161 Alfonso is defeated by the Moors.
1166 The Moors take Evora.
1167 Alfonso invades Galicia.
1168 Alfonso besieges Badajoz, is taken prisoner and compelled to relinquish Galician conquests.
1170 Alfonso loses to the Moors in Alemtejo.
1171 Alfonso victorious at Santarem, makes seven years’ truce with Moors.
1172 Makes his son Dom Sancho co-ruler, who fights the Moors constantly.
1184 Dom Sancho crushes and kills Yusuf at Santarem.
1185 Alfonso dies and is succeeded by Sancho I, O Povoador (“City Builder”).
1189 Sancho, aided by crusaders on their way to Palestine, takes Algarve and Silves from the Moors.
1192 The Moors reconquer Alemtejo, but are repulsed at Santarem, and peace is made. Dom Sancho wages constant war with Alfonso IX of Leon. He builds many cities.
1209 Sancho’s quarrels with Pope Innocent III, respecting jurisdiction over priests, culminate in the siege and escape of the bishop of Oporto.
1210 Dom Sancho grants the pope’s demands, retires to a convent and dies.
1211 Alfonso II “the Fat” succeeds, and summons the first real parliament; he wars with his brothers and sisters and Alfonso IX of Leon.
1212 Portuguese take part in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
1217 Alcacer-do-Sal recovered from the Moors. Alfonso II is excommunicated for seizing church lands.
1223 Alfonso II dies and is succeeded by the thirteen-year-old Sancho II.
1226 Sancho II captures Elvas from the Moors.
1227 Sancho reinstates officials hostile to the clergy and fights the Moors.
1228 The pope reconciled.
1237 The pope lays an interdict on Portugal, but is pacified.
1239-1244 Sancho II takes several cities from the Moors.
1245 The pope deposes Sancho II. The clerical party sets up Sancho’s brother,
1248 Alfonso, who drives Sancho II into exile, where he dies. Alfonso III completes the conquest of Algarve.
1254 Alfonso marries Beatrice de Guzman, the natural daughter of Alfonso the Learned of Castile, so alienating the papal faction. Alfonso III summons a cortes at Leiria.
1261 The cortes forces the king to recognize the necessity of obtaining the people’s consent to taxation.
1262 The pope legalizes the king’s marriage and legitimates his son Dom Diniz, who
1263 is made king of Algarve.
1277 Dom Diniz rebels against his father.
1279 Alfonso III dies, leaving Portugal fully established and its boundaries defined. Dom Diniz El Ré Lavrador, established after war with his brother. Period of internal progress and prosperity.
1294 Commercial treaty with Edward I of England.
1297 Peace settled with Castile and Leon.
1300 University founded at Lisbon.
1319 Diniz founds the order of Christ to replace the Templars.
1323 His wife, St. Isabella, prevents a battle between Diniz and his son Alfonso.
1325 Diniz dies and is succeeded by Alfonso IV.
1336 Alfonso invades Castile; peace made by St. Isabella.
1340 The Portuguese and Castilians defeat the Moors at the river Salado.
1348 The Black death invades Portugal.
1355 Iñes de Castro, wife or mistress of the infante Dom Pedro, murdered.
1357 Alfonso dies and is succeeded by Dom Pedro (I) the Severe.
1361 Pedro the Cruel of Castile surrenders the murderers of Iñes in exchange for Castilian fugitives. The murderers put to death with torture.
1367 Pedro dies and is succeeded by Ferdinand the Handsome, who
1369 claims the throne of Castile and Leon, and combats Henry of Trastamara.
1371 Ferdinand resigns his claims to Castile.
1373 Henry of Trastamara invades Portugal.
1374 Ferdinand promises to support John of Gaunt’s claims to Castile, but again makes peace with Henry of Trastamara.
1383 The English, angry at Ferdinand’s fickleness, ravage Portugal. Ferdinand dies, leaving his wile Leonora regent, against whom the people rise.
1384 Juan I of Castile allies himself with her, but is repulsed at Lisbon.
1385 The Portuguese proclaim Dom João, grand master of Aviz and son of Pedro the Severe, king, as João (I) the Great. The Portuguese defeat the Castilians at Aljubarrota and Valverde.
1386 A perpetual treaty of alliance signed with England.
1398 Iñes de Castro’s son, Diniz, attempts to overthrow João, but, with English assistance, he is defeated.
1411 Peace made with Castile.
1415 The Portuguese take Ceuta in Africa, their first foreign possession.
1418 Prince Henry’s captains discover the Madeiras.
1420 Madeiras colonised.
1432 Azores occupied by Portuguese.
1433 A Portuguese ship passes Cape Bojador. João dies and is succeeded by Duarte (Edward), who calls a cortes at Evora and passes the Lei Mental ordaining the reversion to the crown of lands granted to nobles on failure of male descendants of the grantee.
1437 Duarte sends an expedition against Tangier. The Portuguese surrounded and saved only by Prince Ferdinand’s offering himself as hostage.
1438 Duarte dies, Alfonso V the African, a minor, succeeds. Pedro, son of João I, regent.
1441 Slave-trade begun by Portuguese.
1447 Alfonso V comes of age and dismisses Pedro.
1449 Alfonso V defeats and kills Pedro at Alfarrobeira.
1458 Alfonso takes Alcacer-Seguier, Africa.
1460 Prince Henry the navigator dies. Cape Verd Islands discovered and settled.
1462 Pedro de Cintra discovers Sierra Leone.
1464 Alfonso repulsed in Africa.
1471 Tangier captured by the Portuguese.
1475 Alfonso marries Juana (Beltraneja) of Castile and claims the Castilian crown,
1476 but is defeated at battle of Toro and concludes with Castile the treaty of Alcantara (1479). Juana retires to a convent.
1481 Alfonso dies. João II the Perfect. The cortes of Evora determines on an inquiry into titles to estates and the abrogation of the judicial powers of the nobles.
1483 The duke of Braganza and other nobles oppose these measures. Braganza executed.
1484 Diogo Cam discovers the Congo and Angola.
1487 Bartholomeu Dias discovers the Cape of Good Hope.
1488 Commercial treaty with England.
1490 Covilhão enters Abyssinia.
1493 Pope Alexander V declares the boundary between Portuguese and Spanish areas of discovery.
1494 By the treaty of Tordesillas the boundary is readjusted.
1495 João II dies without heirs and is succeeded by Emmanuel the Fortunate, who expels the Jews from Portugal as the condition of his marriage with the daughter of
1497 Ferdinand of Spain. Vasco da Gama discovers Natal.
1498 Vasco discovers Calicut.
1500 Cabral discovers Brazil. Factories established at Kananur and Cochin.
1501 Ascension Island discovered. Vespucci discovers Rio de la Plata and Paraguay.
1502 St. Helena discovered. Vasco visits India and establishes a factory at Mozambique.
1505 De Almeida, the first Portuguese viceroy, sent to India. His son Lourenço discovers Ceylon. Mombasa occupied.
1506 Massacre of the New Christians in Lisbon.
1508 Albuquerque supersedes Almeida as viceroy in India.
1510 Albuquerque is repulsed in an attack on Calicut and conquers Goa
1511 and Malacca.
1512 Serrão discovers the Moluccas.
1515 Albuquerque captures Ormus. Portuguese established at Diu.
1517 Andrade settles at Canton.
1518 Portuguese settlement established in Ceylon.
1520 Magellan discovers the straits of Magellan.
1521 Andrade reaches Pekin. Emmanuel dies, and is succeeded by João III. He finds his countrymen too eager to gain wealth by foreign adventure and emigration, thus threatening depopulation.
1531 Daman taken and destroyed by Portuguese. Sousa founds São Vicente in Brazil and receives a grant of the first hereditary captaincy, or governorship of a province, in Brazil.
1536 Inquisition established in Portugal.
1539 Bishopric established at Goa.
1541 St. Francis Xavier sent to the Indies. Estevão da Gama, governor of India, leads an expedition to the Red Sea.
1542 Japan discovered by Fernão Mendes Pinto.
1543 Xavier founds Christian settlements in Travancore.
1545 The Indian viceroy De Castro wins victory of Diu over the king of Guzerat.
1548 St. Francis Xavier goes to Japan.
1549 Thomé de Sousa first governor-general of Brazil. He founds Bahia and governs by aid of Jesuits.
1557 Factories established at Macao. João III dies, and is succeeded by his three-year-old grandson Sebastian, under the regency of his grandmother Catherine and his great-uncle Cardinal Henry, but under the power of the brothers Camara.
1558 Portuguese settled at Daman.
1560 Inquisition introduced into India.
1567 Portuguese established at Rio de Janeiro after conflicts with French settlers.
1568 Sebastian of age.
1578 He invades Africa, and is defeated and killed at Kassr-el-Kebir. He is succeeded by his uncle Henry, who, feeling that he cannot live long, calls the cortes to name his successor.
1580 Henry dies. Philip II of Spain is chosen king as Philip I, and defeats his rival Antonio, prior of Crato, at Alcantara, and again in
1582 the Azores.
1584-1585 Two pretenders, who claim to be the dead Sebastian, captured.
1585 São Thiago, Cape Verd Islands, captured by an English fleet.
1586 Bahia plundered by the English.
1589 Combined English and Dutch expedition to “restore” Antonio, wins successes, but retreats.
1594 Gabriel Espinosa, a third false Sebastian, executed. Philip closes the Portuguese harbours to the Dutch.
1596 The English sack Faro and Fort Arguin and ravage the Azores.
1597 The Dutch build a factory in Java and occupy other East Indian possessions.
1598 Philip II (III of Spain) king.
1603 Tullio, a fourth false Sebastian, captured.
1605 The Dutch take Amboyna and expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.
1615 The Portuguese defeat the king of Achin in Malacca.
1621 Philip III (IV of Spain).
1622 The Shah of Persia, aided by the English, recovers Ormus.
1624 Bahia taken by the Dutch and recovered.
1630 Olinda in Brazil taken by the Dutch. Maurice of Nassau extends the Dutch power in Brazil.
1632 Military post of Tete in Mozambique established.
1634 An insurrection in Lisbon put down.
1637 An insurrection in Evora put down.
1638 The Dutch take Portuguese forts in Ceylon.
1640 The Dutch take Malacca. The Portuguese having been alienated by the misfortunes of their country under Spanish rule and by the bad faith of their kings, a sudden revolution ousts the Spaniards and gives the crown to the duke of Braganza as João (IV) the Fortunate. The assistance afforded by the Jesuits in this revolution is rewarded by almost unlimited power in ecclesiastical and great influence in civil affairs.
1641 The cortes assembles and accepts João IV. France and Holland send fleets. England recognises the king. Caminha conspiracy to restore Spanish power betrayed by the Spanish marquis De Ayamonte. The leaders executed.
1644 Albuquerque defeats the Spaniards at Montijo.
1645 Revolts against Dutch rule in Brazil and consequent breach with Holland.
1648 Benguela and Angola recovered from the Dutch.
1650 The revolted English fleet under Prince Rupert takes refuge in the Tagus. The Portuguese refuse to allow the parliamentary admiral Blake to enter the river. Blake attacks Portuguese merchantmen.
1652 Commercial treaty with England, greatly in the latter’s favour.
1654 The Dutch expelled from Brazil.
1656 João IV dies and is succeeded by his thirteen-year-old son Alfonso VI. Marshal Schomberg with a picked band of French officers comes to the assistance of Portugal.
1658 The Dutch take the last Portuguese stronghold in Ceylon.
1659 Menezes defeats the Spaniards at Elvas. In the treaty of the Pyrenees, France promises Spain to abandon Portugal.
1661 Spaniards invade Portugal.
1662 English alliance secured by the marriage of the king’s sister with Charles II and the cession of Tangier and Bombay with a grant of free trade with Portuguese dominions. Alfonso VI declares himself of age.
1663 The count of Villa Flor defeats Don John of Austria at Amegial and recovers Evora.
1664 Magalhães defeats the Spaniards at Ciudad Rodrigo. The Dutch take the Portuguese settlements on the coast of Malabar.
1665 The Portuguese crush the Spaniards at Montes-Claros.
1666 The king marries the French princess Marie d’Aumale.
1667 Alfonso’s excesses lead to a revolution in favour of his brother Dom Pedro. Alfonso imprisoned. The queen granted a divorce.
1668 Dom Pedro recognised as regent. Spain recognises Portugal’s independence. The queen marries Dom Pedro.
1683 The king dies in prison. Dom Pedro succeeds as Pedro II.
1698 Portuguese expelled from Mombasa.
1703 Paul Methuen, the English ambassador, negotiates the Methuen treaty which secures preference to Portuguese over French wines in England, and forms the basis of the subsequent friendship between the two countries. Portugal recognises the archduke Charles, the English candidate to the Spanish throne.
1704 Archduke Charles arrives in Lisbon with English forces and with Portuguese aid successfully invades Spain.
1706 Death of Pedro II. João V succeeds. João V under influence of Cadaval continues the war with Philip V of Spain.
1707 The allied forces of Portuguese, Dutch, and English defeated by the Spaniards at Almansa.
1709 Portuguese under Fronteira defeated at Caia.
1711 A French fleet under Duguay-Trouin bombards and pillages Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1715 Peace with Spain.
1717 Portuguese fleet defeats Turks off Cape Matapan.
1728 Mombasa recovered by Portuguese.
1739 Bassein and Thana on the west coast of India lost to Portugal.
1740 Mombasa again lost.
1750 João dies and is succeeded by José who leaves the chief government to Pombal. The latter checks the Inquisition, improves the navy and finance. Colonia del Sacramento ceded to Spain in exchange for territory in Paraguay.
1753 Revolt against the transference of territory in South America attributed to Jesuit instigation. Revolt suppressed.
1755 The great earthquake at Lisbon destroys forty thousand inhabitants. Chartered company established to trade with Brazil.
1757 Pombal expels the Jesuits from court.
1758 Pombal persuades the pope to decree the confiscation of merchandise belonging to Jesuits. Mysterious Tavora plot, and attempt on José’s life.
1759 The Jesuits charged with the plot and expelled from Portuguese territories. New Goa replaces Old Goa as capital of the Portuguese Indies.
1760 The pope permits José’s daughter to marry her uncle Pedro.
1762 The Spaniards invade Portugal and capture Braganza and Almeida with aid of English under Burgoyne and Count Schaumburg-Lippe. The Spaniards are beaten at Valencia de Alcantara and Villa Velha and
1763 peace made. Schaumburg-Lippe remains to reorganise the Portuguese army.
1769 Pombal saves José from assassination.
1773 Pombal issues a decree providing for the future abolition of slavery in Portugal. Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit order.
1777 José dies leaving the throne to his daughter Maria I with her husband Pedro III.
1781 José’s widow obtains the power and drives Pombal from court.
1786 Maria’s husband and eldest son die and
1788 her mind gives way.
1792 Her son Dom João acts as regent and puts down sympathisers with the French Revolution.
1793 Portugal joins Spain in the disastrous war with France.
1795 By the treaty of Bâle, Spain makes a separate peace with France.
1796 War with Spain averted by the arrival of English aid.
1799 Dom João declared regent.
1800 Lucien Bonaparte at Madrid offers Portugal impossible terms of peace with Spain and France.
1801 Olivenza, Campo Mayor, etc., taken by the French and Spaniards. Franco-Spanish victories of Arronches and Flor da Rosa. Peace with Spain and France with large cessions by Portugal. Napoleon sends Lannes as minister, and Portugal consents to all demands. Portugal’s neutrality recognised by France.
1804 Napoleon requires Portugal to join the Continental System and exclude British vessels from her ports. The Portuguese government hesitates.
1807 France and Spain sign the treaty of Fontainebleau, agreeing to conquer and divide Portugal. Junot and Caraffa invade Portugal; Taranco and Solano occupy the south. The people welcome them. On English advice, Dom João names a council of regency, and sails for Brazil just as the French enter Lisbon.
1808 Junot declares that the house of Braganza has ceased to reign, and divides Portugal into military provinces. Junot leaves Lisbon, and the regency calls on the people to rise; revolts against the French in many places and appeal to England. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) arrives with English troops. Wellesley defeats La Borde at Roliça and Junot at Vimeiro. Convention of Cintra by which Junot agrees to evacuate Portugal.
1809 Soult takes and plunders Oporto, but is expelled by Wellesley, who invades Spain but retreats after winning the battle of Talavera. Beresford organises the Portuguese army. The English ambassador added to the regency.
1810 Masséna commissioned to reconquer Portugal; he takes Almeida. Wellington defeats Masséna at Busaco and retires to the lines of Torres Vedras, which he defends for more than a year against all attacks
1811 till Masséna is compelled to retreat, when he is followed by Wellington and defeated at Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington withdraws to Portugal.
1812 Wellington again invades Spain.
1814 End of Peninsular War. England grants Portuguese sufferers £100,000. The Portuguese court remains in Brazil, while Portugal is left in the hands of Beresford and the English. Great discontent excited by the treatment of Portugal as a province of England.
1815 Portuguese monarchy given the title of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Patriotic agitations and secret societies formed to restore the Portuguese to their position as a nation.
1816 Maria I dies, and the regent becomes king as João VI.
1817 Monte Video occupied by the Portuguese. General de Andrade’s plot for revolt against the English betrayed and the leaders executed. Revolts in Brazil put down.
1818 Severe edicts against clubs and secret societies in Portugal. The agitation against foreign rule increases.
1820 Beresford goes to Brazil. Rising in Oporto. The English are expelled and a new regency and assembly formed, which abolishes the Inquisition and draws up a constitution, afterwards known as the constitution of 1822, constituting the cortes as one elective chamber.
1821 João VI returns from Brazil. The queen Carlota Joaquina and her second son Dom Miguel become the centre of absolutist reaction and are expelled from Lisbon. Disputes between Portuguese and Brazilian deputies in the cortes.
1822 Brazil secures independence under João’s son Pedro, who is chosen emperor as Pedro I.
1823 A rebellion in Tras-os-Montes. João revises the constitution. A Brazilian fleet defeats the Portuguese.
1824 The king’s son Miguel revolts, but the revolt is suppressed by the energy of the foreign ambassadors, and a new constitution establishes the cortes in their ancient form, divided into three estates.
1825 The royal family goes to Brazil, where João is accepted as emperor, then abdicates in favour of Pedro, acknowledging the independence of Brazil.
1826 João VI dies. Pedro IV grants a constitutional charter. He abdicates the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter Maria II (Maria da Gloria) aged seven, who is under the regency of her aunt Isabella Maria. Miguel swears fidelity to the constitution. Marquis of Chaves raises an insurrection for Miguel. Miguel is betrothed to Maria. English troops called in to keep order.
1827 Miguel made regent and English troops withdraw.
1828 Miguel exiles his enemies. Miguel proclaims himself king and abolishes parliament. Miguel’s forces capture Madeira.
1829 Miguel defeated by constitutionalists at Terceira.
1830 A council of regency under Villa Flor (Terceira), Palmella, etc., appointed for Maria in the Azores.
1831 Dom Pedro resigns the crown of Brazil to his son, and meeting Maria in London prepares to overthrow Miguel. Insurrection against Miguel put down.
1832 Pedro takes Oporto and is besieged there by Miguel who is defeated. Miguel’s fleet beaten by Sartorius.
1833 Saldanha victorious at Oporto. Pedro’s fleet under Napier defeats Miguel at Cape St. Vincent. Lisbon occupied for Pedro. Maria II proclaimed queen and the charter of 1826 restored.
1834 Quadruple alliance of Portugal, Spain, England, and France to expel Miguel and the Spanish pretender Don Carlos. Saldanha defeats Miguelites at Torres and Novas. Napier reduces Beira. Villa Flor overruns Tras-os-Montes and is victorious at Asseiceira. Miguel surrenders at Evora and goes into exile. The cortes abolishes the orders of friars. Massacres in Lisbon. The queen declared of age. Dom Pedro dies. The ministry under Palmella deals severely with Miguelites, causing frequent insurrections. The ministry by repudiation destroys national credit.
1835 Maria da Gloria marries Prince Augustus of Leuchtenberg. Prince consort dies.
1836 Maria marries Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. September revolution at Lisbon under Caldeira
1838 compels the grant of the new constitution of 1838, based on that of 1822.
1842 Costa Cabral succeeds in abolishing the constitution of 1838, and substituting the charter of 1826.
1846 Sá da Bandeira leads an insurrection of the Septembrists (or partisans of the constitution of 1838), called the war of Maria da Fonte or “patuleia.” Costa Cabral flees to Spain. Royal troops victorious at Evora. English ships arrive. Bandeira defeated by Saldanha at Torres Vedras.
1847 Insurgents take Oporto. England, France, and Spain agree to intervene. Bandeira surrenders. Oporto yields to royal troops. Convention of Granada arranges amnesty.
1850 American fleet collects claims.
1851 Saldanha raises an insurrection. Oporto declares for Saldanha. He is made prime minister.
1852 The Cortes revises the constitution, and queen and prince royal swear allegiance to it. Public debt funded.
1853 Maria II dies, leaving her husband as regent for her son Pedro V.
1854 Royal slaves freed.
1855 The king comes of age.
1856 Saldanha ministry resigns. First railway opened.
1857 Fever ravages Lisbon. The French slave-ship Charles-et-Georges seized.
1858 The French government threatens war; the ship is released and Portugal compelled to pay compensation.
1861 Pedro dies of cholera and is succeeded by his brother Luiz I.
1862 Duke of Loulé prime minister. Luiz marries the daughter of the king of Italy.
1864 Portugal protects Confederate privateers and has difficulties with the United States.
1865 The colonies receive constitutional privileges.
1866 The Spanish general Prim ordered out of Portugal.
1869 Saldanha, objecting to the Duke of Loulé, compels his dismissal (1870) and forms a ministry. He is soon after sent as ambassador to England.
1876 Financial panic.
1878-1883 The house of peers loses hereditary privileges.
1880 Celebration in honour of Camoens and Vasco da Gama.
1883 Fontes Pereira de Mello prime minister.
1887 Macao, hitherto leased to Portugal, formally ceded by China. Delagoa Bay Railway confiscated by Portuguese government.
1889 Riots at Oporto. King Luiz dies and is succeeded by Carlos I. Difficulties with England over rival claims in East Africa.
1890 England threatens war and Portugal yields under protest. Riots result. England and United States remonstrate against seizure of Delagoa Railway. The question submitted to Swiss arbitration. Collisions between English and Portuguese troops in East Africa.
1891 Military revolt in Oporto. British steamer seized and stopped. Agreement arrived at with Great Britain. Financial panic.
1892 Large reductions in expenditures. Great storms.
1893 Renewed activity among the Miguelistas—supporters of Dom Miguel.
1894 Railway dispute with France. Celebration of 500th anniversary of birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. War with nations near Lourenço Marques.
1895 Electoral reforms. House of peers remodelled and made to consist of twelve bishops, the princes of the blood royal, and ninety members nominated by the king. Portuguese under Colonel Galhardo victorious in the war near Lourenço Marques.
1897 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama’s first voyage.
1899 Portugal remains neutral during the Boer War, but permits the British to search for contraband of war imported via Lourenço Marques.
1900 Delagoa Bay Railway award. The Portuguese government retains the railway, but has to pay compensation.
1901 The king, to commemorate the opening of the new century, grants a general amnesty to all convicted of political and press offences. The king visits London in order to attend Queen Victoria’s funeral ceremony in London, but on account of disturbances at home has to hurry back. Riots at Oporto.
1902 Dom Carlos visits the king of England and on his return the king of Spain, and re-enters Lisbon amid acclamation. Financial conditions cause much trouble throughout Portugal.
1903 The cabinet resigns, February 27th. A new cabinet is formed on the following day. King Edward of England visits Lisbon. Portuguese troops at Oporto mutiny and proclaim the Republic.