NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

BACON'S ESSAYS, BY MARKBY.

(Continued from Vol. viii., p. 144.)

Essay XXIX. Of the true Greatness of Kingdoms.—

"The speech of Themistocles."] See Plut. Them. 2., Cimon, 9.

"Negotiis pares."] An expression of Tacitus. In Ann. vi. 39., he says of Poppæus Sabinus: "Maximis provinciis per quatuor et viginti annos impositus; nullam ob eximiam artem, sed quod par negotiis neque supra erat." Again, in Ann. xvi. 18. of C. Petronius: "Proconsul Bithyniæ, et mox consul, vigentem se ac parem negotiis ostendit."

"As Virgil saith, 'It never troubles the wolf how many the sheep be.'"] Lord Bacon, as Mr. Markby observes, evidently alludes to the following verses of Eclogue vii.:

The meaning is, however, doubtless correctly explained by Heyne: "Ut numerato pecori parcat." "Quia solam considerat lupus prædam," says Servius. The sense of the passage is, that after the shepherd has "told his tale," after he has counted his sheep, the wolf does not care how much he deranges the reckoning.

For the advice of Parmenio to attack Darius by night, and the refusal of Alexander to steal the victory, see Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 10.; Plut. Alex. 31., Curt. iv. 13.

"Neither is money the sinews of war, as it is trivially said."] "Nervi belli, pecunia infinita," Cic. Phil. v. 2. Machiavel, like Bacon, questions the truth of this dictum, Disc. ii. 10.

"Solon said well to Crœsus (when in ostentation he showed him his gold), 'Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you, he will be master of all this gold.'"] This saying is not in Herodotus, or in Plutarch's Life of Solon. Query, In what ancient author is it to be found?

"Even as you may see in coppice-woods; if you leave your staddles too thick, you shall never have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes."] The same illustration is used by Lord Bacon, in his History of Henry VII.: "Like to coppice-woods, that, if you leave in them staddles too thick, they will run to bushes and briars, and have little clean underwood" (vol. iii. p. 236., ed. Montagu). The word staddle means an uncut tree in a coppice, left to grow. Thus Tusser says, "Leave growing for staddles the likest and best." See Richardson in v., and Nares' Glossary in Staddle, where other meanings of the word are explained.

"The device of King Henry VII."] See Lord Bacon's History, ib. p. 234.

"Nay, it seemeth at this instant they [the Spaniards] are sensible of this want of natives; as by the Pragmatical Sanction, now published, appeareth."] To what law does Lord Bacon allude?

"Romulus, after his death (as they report or feign), sent a present to the Romans, that above all they should intend arms, and then they should prove the greatest empire of the world."] See Livy, i. 16., where Romulus is described as giving this message to Proculus Julius. A similar message is reported in Plut. Rom. 28.

"No man can by caretaking (as the Scripture saith) add a cubit to his stature."] See Matt. vi. 27.

Essay XXX. Of Regimen of Health.—See Antith., No. 4. vol. viii. p. 355.

Essay XXXI. Of Suspicion.—See Antith., No. 45. vol. viii. p. 377.

Essay XXXII. Of Discourse.—

"I knew two noblemen of the west part of England," &c.] Query, Who are the noblemen referred to?

Essay XXXIII. Of Plantations.—

"When the world was young it begat more children; but now it is old it begets fewer."] This idea is taken from the ancients. Thus Lucretius:

"Consider likewise, what commodities the soil where the plantation is doth naturally yield, that they may some way help to defray the charge of the plantation; so it be not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice of the main business, as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia."] On the excessive cultivation of tobacco by the early colonists of Virginia, see Grahame's History of North America, vol. i. p. 67. King James's objection to tobacco is well known.

"But moil not too much underground."] This old word, for to toil, to labour, has now become provincial.

"In marish and unwholesome grounds."] Marish is here used in its original sense, as the adjective of mere. Spenser and Milton use it as a substantive; whence the word marsh.

"It is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons."] No instance of the word commiserable is cited in the Dictionaries from any other writer than Bacon.

Essay XXXIV. Of Riches.—See Antith., No. 6. vol. viii. p. 356.

"In sudore vultûs alieni."] Gen. iii. 19.

"The fortune in being the first in an invention, or in a privilege, doth cause sometimes a wonderful overgrowth in riches, as it was with the first sugar-man in the Canaries."] When was the growth of sugar introduced into the Canaries? To what does Bacon allude? It does not appear that sugar is now grown in these islands; at least it is enumerated among their imports, and not among their exports.

Essay XXXV. Of Prophecies.—

"Henry VI. of England said of Henry VII., when he was a lad and gave him water, 'This is the lad that shall enjoy the crown for which we strive.'"] Query, Is this speech reported by any earlier writer?

"When I was in France I heard from one Dr. Pena, that the queen-mother, who was given to curious arts, caused the king her husband's nativity to be calculated under a false name, and the astrologer gave a judgment that he should be killed in a duel; at which the queen laughed, thinking her husband to be above challenges and duels; but he was slain upon a course at tilt, the splinters of the staff of Montgomery going in at his beaver."] The king here alluded to is Henri II., who was killed at a tournament in 1559; his queen was Catherine de Medici. Bacon's visit to France was in 1576-9 (Life, by Montagu, p. xvi.), during the reign of Henri III., when Catherine of Medici was queen-mother. Query, Is this prophecy mentioned in any French writer?

"Octogesimus octavus mirabilis annus." Concerning the prophecy which contained this verse, see Bayle, Dict., art. Stofler, note E: art. Bruschius, note E.

Essay XXXVII. Of Masques and Triumphs.—

"The colours that show best by candlelight are white, carnation, and a kind of sea-water green; and oes, or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory." Mr. Markby says that Montagu and Spiers take the liberty of altering the word oes to ouches. Halliwell, in his Dictionary, explains oes to mean eyes, citing one manuscript example. This would agree tolerably with the sense of the passage before us. Ouches would mean jewels.

Essay XXXVIII. Of Nature in Men.—See Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 459.

"Optimus ille animi vindex," &c.] "Ille fuit vindex" in Ovid.

"Like as it was with Æsop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman."] See Babrius, Fab. 32.

"Otherwise they may say, 'Multum incola fuit anima mea.'" Whence are these words borrowed?

Essay XXXIX. Of Custom and Education.—See Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 359.

"Only superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first blood are as firm as butchers by occupation, and votary resolution is made equipollent to custom, even in matter of blood."] This is an allusion to the Gunpowder Plot.

"The Indian wives strive to be burnt with the corpse of their husbands."] The practice of suttee is of great antiquity. See Strabo, xv. 1. § 30. 62.; Val. Max. ii. 6. 14.

"The lads of Sparta, of ancient time, were wont to be scourged upon the altar of Diana, without so much as queching."] To queche here means to squeak.

"Late learners cannot so well take the ply."] To take the ply is to bend according to the pressure; to be flexible and docile under instruction.

Essay XL. Of Fortune.—See Antith., No. 11. vol. viii. p. 359.

"Serpens, nisi serpentem comederit, non fit draco."] What is the origin of this saying?

The character of Cato the elder, cited from Livy, is in xxxix. 40.; but the words are quoted memoriter, and do not agree exactly with the original.

For the anecdote of Timotheus, see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 493.

Essay XLII. Of Youth and Age.—See Antith., No. 3. vol. viii. p. 355.

"Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceedingly subtle, who afterwards waxed stupid."] Hermogenes of Tarsus, who lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, wrote some able rhetorical works while he was still a young man; but at the age of twenty-five fell into a state of mental imbecility, from which he never recovered.

"Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in elect, 'Ultima primis cedebant.'"] The allusion is to Ovid, Heroid. ix. 23-4.:

Essay XLIII. Of Beauty.—See Antith., No. 2. vol. viii. p. 354.

"A man cannot tell whether Apelles or Albert Durer were the more trifler; whereof the one would make a personage by geometrical proportions, the other by taking the best parts out of divers faces to make one excellent."] With regard to Apelles, Lord Bacon probably alludes to the story of Zeuxis in Cic. De Inv. ii. 1.

"Pulcrorum autumnus pulcher."] Query, What is the source of this quotation?

Essay XLVI. Of Gardens.—

Many of the names of plants in this Essay require illustration. Gennitings appear to be broom, from genista; quodlins are codlings, a species of apple; wardens are a species of pear, concerning which see Hudson's Domestic Architecture of the Thirteenth Century, p. 137. Bullaces are explained by Halliwell to be a small black and tartish plum, growing wild in some parts of the country.

"My meaning is perceived, that you may have ver perpetuum, as the place affords."] The allusion, probably, is to Virgil, Georg. ii. 149.:

"Little low hedges, round, like welts, with some pretty pyramids, I like well."] A welt was the turned-over edge of a garment.

"Abeunt studia in mores."] From Ovid's Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, Ep. xv. 83.

"Let him study the schoolmen, for they are cymini sectores."] The word κυμινοπρίστης is applied in Aristot., Eth. Nic. iv. 3., to a miserly person; one who saves cheeseparings and candle-ends.

Essay LII. Of Ceremonies and Respects.—See Antith., No. 34. vol. viii. p. 371.

"It doth much add to a man's reputation, and is (as Queen Isabella saith) like perpetual letters commendatory, to have good forms."] Query, Which Queen Isabella was the author of this saying?

Essay LIII. Of Praise.—See Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 358.

"Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantium."] From Tacit. Agric. c. 41., where the words are: "Pessimum inimicorum genus, laudantes." Laudantium for laudantes in the text of Bacon is an error.

Essay LIV. Of Vain-glory.—See Antith., No. 19. vol. viii. p. 364.

Essay LVI. Of Judicature.—

"Judges ought to remember that their office is jus dicere, and not jus dare."] Compare Aph. 44. and 46., in the eighth book De Augmentis.

L.

BISHOP BURNET, H. WHARTON, AND SMITH.

The following curious piece of literary history is quoted from pp. 145-147. of Smith's De Re Nummaria:

"But having thus owned the bishop's generosity, I must next inform the reader what occasion I have to make some complaint of hard usage, partly to myself, but infinitely more to Dr. H. Wharton, and that after his decease also. The matter of fact lies in this order. After Ant. Harmer had published his Specimen of Errors to be found in the Bishop's History of the Reformation, there was a person that frequented the coffee-house where we met daily at Oxon, and who afterwards became a prelate in Scotland, that was continually running down that History for the errors discovered in it, many of which are not very material, and might in so large a work have been easily pardoned; and in order to obtain such a pardon, I acquainted his Lordship with some more considerable errata to be found in the first volume of Anglia Sacra, out of which I had drawn up as many mistakes as I could possibly meet with, and had descanted upon them, as far as I was able, in the same method Ant. Harmer had drawn up his, and without acquainting the Bishop who was the author, sent them up to his Lordship with license, if he thought fitting, to print them. But when the collection was made, I had prefixed a letter to his Lordship, and next an epistle to the reader. In the former it was but fitting to compliment his Lordship, but the latter was altogether as large a commendation of Dr. Wharton's skill, diligence, and faithfulness in viewing and examining the records of our English church history. The disgust that this last gave his Lordship obliged him to stifle the whole tract; but yet he was pleased to show part of it to many by way, as I suppose, of excuse or answer for his own mistakes; but as I take it, after the Doctor's decease, he made it an occasion of foully bespattering him as a man of no credit, and all he had writ in that Specimen was fit to go for nothing; which practice of his lordship, after I came to read both in the preface and introduction to his third volume, I was amazed at his injustice both to the living and the dead. For I had acquainted his Lordship that the faults were none of Dr. Wharton's own making, who had never seen the MS. itself, but only some exscript of it, writ by some raw and illiterate person employed by some of his Oxford friends to send him a copy of it. I once threatened my Lord Bishop's son that I had thoughts of publishing this and some other facts the Bishop had used to avoid the discovery of some other errata communicated to him by other hands; but I forbore doing so, lest I should seem ungrateful for kindnesses done and offered to me."

E. H. A.

EARLY PHILADELPHIA DIRECTORIES.

The first Philadelphia Directories were published in the year 1785, when two appeared: White's and M'Pherson's. The latter is a duodecimo volume of 164 pages, and contains some things worth making a note of.

Some persons do not seem to have comprehended the object of the inquiries made of the inhabitants as to their names and occupations; supposing, perhaps, that they had some connexion with taxation. The answers given by such are put down in the Directory as the names of the respondents. Thus:

"'I won't tell you,' 3. Maiden's Lane."

"'I won't tell it,' 15. Sugar Alley."

"'I won't tell you my name,' 160. New Market Street."

"'I won't have it numbered,' 478. Green Street."

"'I won't tell my name,' 185. St. John's Street."

"'I shall not give you my name,' 43. Stamper's Alley."

"'What you please,' 49. Market Street."

In the errata are the following:

"For Cross Woman read Cross Widow."

"For Cox Cats read Cox Cato."

The alphabetical arrangement of a Directory is as great a leveller as the grave. In the Directory for 1798, after—

"Dennis, Mr., Taylor, Pewter Platter Alley."

appears the following:

"Dorleans, Messrs., Merchants, near 100. South Fourth Street."

These were Louis Philippe and one of his brothers, who lived at the north-west corner of Fourth and Princes Streets, in a house still standing, and now numbered 110.

Talleyrand and Volney lived for some time in Philadelphia; but, not being house-keepers, their names do not appear in any of the Directories.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Shakspeare Readings, No. X.—"Sheer" versus "Warwick-sheer."—At page 143. of Notes and Emendations, Mr. Collier indulges in the following reverie:—

"Malone did not know what to make of 'sheer ale,' but supposed that it meant sheering or reaping ale, for so reaping is called in Warwickshire. What does it mean? It is spelt sheere in the old copies; and that word begins one line, Warwick having undoubtedly dropped out at the end of the preceding line.... It was formerly not at all unusual to spell 'shire' sheere; and Sly's 'sheer ale' thus turns out to have been Warwickshire ale, which Shakspeare celebrated, and of which he had doubtless often partaken at Mrs. Hacket's. We almost wonder that, in his local particularity, he did not mention the sign of her house," &c.

The meaning of sheer ale was strong ale—that which we now call "entire"—ale unmixed, unreduced, unmitigated—the antithesis of that "small ale," for a pot of which poor Sly begged so hard, sinking his demand at last to "a pot o' the smallest ale." If Christopher lived in our own times, he might, on common occasions, indulge in small; but for great treats he would have Barclay's entire: and, instead of bullying Dame Hacket about "sealed quarts," he would perhaps, in these educated days, be writing to The Times under the signature of "A Thirsty Soul." Sly evidently was rather proud of underlying a score of fourteenpence for sheer ale.

Let us hear in what sense old Phil. Holland, in Precepts of Health, uses the word:

"And verily water (not that onely wherewith wine is mingled, but also which is drunke betweene whiles, apart by itselfe) causeth the wine tempered therewith to doe the lesse harme: in regard whereof, a student ought to use himselfe to drinke twice or thrice every day a draught of sheere water," &c.

Here "sheere water" is put in apposition to that with which "wine is mingled;" the meaning of sheer, therefore, is integer: and sheer milk would be milk before it goes to the pump.

But perhaps it will be objected that sheer, applied to water, as in this place, may mean clear, bright, free from foulness. Well, then, here is another example from Fletcher's Double Marriage, where Castruccio is being tantalised after the fashion of the Governor of Barataria:

"Cast. (tastes.) Why, what is this? Why, Doctor!

Doctor. Wine and water, sir. 'Tis sovereign for your heat: you must endure it.

Villio. Most excellent to cool your night-piece, sir!

Doctor. You're of a high and choleric complexion, and must have allays.

Cast. Shall I have no SHEER WINE then?"

The step from this to sheer ale is not very difficult.

It may be remarked that, at present, we apply several arbitrary adjectives, in this sense of sheer, to different liquors. Thus, to spirits we apply "raw," to wines and brandy "neat," to malt drink "stout" or "strong;" and then we reduce to "half and half," until at length we come to the very "small," a term which, like other lowly things, seems to have been permitted to endure from its very weakness.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

"Clamour your tongues," &c.—

Notwithstanding the comments upon this word clamour, both in the pages of "N. & Q.," and by the various editors of Shakspeare, I have not yet seen anything that appears to my mind like a satisfactory elucidation.

Gifford, not being able to make anything of the word, proposed to read charm, which at all events is plausible, though nothing more. Nares says the word is in use among bell-ringers, though now shortened to clam. Unfortunately the meaning attached to the term by the ringers is at variance with that of clamour in the text; for to clam the bells is what we should now call putting them on sette or setting them, and this is but preparatory to a general crash: still it is possible that the words may be the same.

Mr. Arrowsmith (Vol. vii., p. 567.) maintains the genuineness of clamour in preference to charm; and, without a word of comment, quotes two passages from Udall's translation of Erasmus his Apothegms—"oneless hee chaumbreed his tongue," &c.; and again—"did he refrein or chaumbre the tauntying of his tongue." I confess I cannot fathom Mr. Arrowsmith's intention; for the obvious conclusion to be drawn from these quotations is, that charm, and not clamour, is an abbreviation of the older word chaumbre.

I am very much inclined to think that the verb in question comes directly from the A.-S. We find the word clam or clom—a bond, that which holds or retains, a prison; in the latter form the word is frequently used, and for the use of the former in the same sense Bosworth quotes Boethius (Rawlinson's ed., Oxon. 1698, p. 152.), which work I am unable to consult. From these words, then, we have clommian, clæmian, &c., to bind or restrain. It seems not very unlikely that from this original came Shakspeare's word clammer or clamour. I may add that Skinner explains the word clum by a note of silence, quoting "Chaucer in fab. Molitoris" (I have no copy of Chaucer at this moment within reach); and in the A.-S. we find clumian, to keep close, to press, to mutter, comprimere, mussitare: all these words probably have the same root.

An instance of the use of the word clame or clamour is to be found in a work entitled The Castel of Helthe; gathered and made by Syr Thomas Elyot, Knight, &c.; printed by Thomas Berthelet: London, 1539 (black-letter). At p. 52. is the following:

"Nauigation or rowynge nigh to the lande, in a clame water, is expedient for them that haue dropsies, lepries, palseyes, called of the vulgar people, takynges, and francies. To be carried on a rough water, it is a violent exercise," &c.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

Shakspeare Suggestions (Vol. viii., p. 124.).—Icon asks—"Has any one suggested 'Most busy, when least I do.' The 'it' seems mere surplusage?"

The same suggestion, nearly verbatim, even to the curtailment of the "it," may be found in this present month's number of Blackwood's Magazine, p. 186.

But Icon will also find the same reading, with an anterior title of nearly three years, together with some good reasons for its adoption, in "N. & Q.," Vol. ii., p. 338. And he may also consult with advantage an illustrative quotation in Vol. iii., p. 229.

In the original suggestion in "N. & Q.," there is no presumption of surplusage: the word "it" is understood in relation to labours; that word being taken as a collective singular, like contents, and other words of the same construction.

The critic in Blackwood disclaims consulting "N. & Q.;" and it is, no doubt, a convenient disclaimer. He follows the herd of menstrual Aristarchi, by hailing, with wondering admiration, the substitution of ethics for checks! And he shows his fitness for the task he has undertaken, by stating that "Mr. Singer alone had the good taste to print it (ethics) in his text of 1826."

Mr. Halliwell, however, in a recent pamphlet, states that—

"This new emendation has not only been mentioned in a great variety of editions, but has been introduced into the text by no fewer than five editors, the first, I believe, in point of time, being the Rev. J. Rann, who substituted ethics into the text as early as 1787."

A. E. B.

Leeds.

Critical Digest.—Your readers have seen no more welcome announcement than that contained in p. 75. of your present volume, that this project of a work, bringing into one view the labours of preceding editors and commentators, is in good hands and likely to be brought to bear. On the form of such a work it is perhaps premature to offer an observation; but, to be perfect, it ought to range with that remarkable monument of a lady's patient industry, Mrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance. On the materials to be employed, all your readers have such an interest in the subject as to warrant them in making suggestions; and it will be well to do so before the plans are fully matured.

It ought, in my opinion, to be more comprehensive than even the largest scheme suggested by your correspondent; for, in addition to the comments which may be thought most worthy of insertion in full, or nearly so, it ought to contain at least a reference to every known comment, in the slightest degree worthy of notice, in relation to any passage in the work. To accomplish this would of course be a work of enormous labour, and the object of the present Note is to suggest, as first step, the circulation of a list of works intended to be consulted, for the purpose of inviting additions; not that such a list should encumber the pages of "N. & Q." but I am much mistaken if you would not afford facilities for receiving the communications asked for. This course is the more necessary, inasmuch as, in addition to works written exclusively on the subject of Shakspeare, there is a vast amount of Shakspearian criticism spread over works, the titles of which give no indication of the necessity for consulting them. For instance, upwards of two hundred pages of Coleridge's Literary Remains are so employed; and though, perhaps, the work is so well known that it would have found a place in the first copy of the list I have suggested, it may serve as an illustration of the sort of information which it would be desirable to invite.

J. F. M.

MOTTOS OF THE EMPERORS OF GERMANY.

I was much interested in the lists given in "N. & Q." last year of the mottos adopted by serjeants-at-law on arriving at that dignity; and it then occurred to me, that it would be curious to collect in like manner a complete list of the sentences, which, as is well known to students of history, the Emperors of Germany were accustomed to assume at their coronations. A recent visit to Frankfort has given me an opportunity of making and sending you such a list. The materials are collected from inscriptions on a series of imperial portraits which adorn the principal chamber in the Römer or town hall of that city. The list, if it have no other interest, will at least serve to remind us that some of the Latin aphorisms and "wise saws" current among us now, have been doing duty in the same capacity for centuries:

Conrad I. 911. (Franconia.) Fortuna cum blanditur fallit.

Henry I. 918. (Saxony.) Ad vindictam tardus, ad beneficentiam velox.

Otho I. (The Great.) 936. (Saxony.) Satius est ratione æquitatis mortem oppetere, quam fugere et inhonesta vivere.

Otho II. 974. (Saxony.) Cum omnibus pacem; adversus vitia bellum.

Otho III. 983. (Saxony.) Facile singula rumpuntur jacula; non conjuncta.

Henry II. 1002. (Bavaria.) Nihil impense ames, ita fiet ut in nullo contristeris.

Conrad II. 1024. (Franconia.) Omnium mores, imprimis observato.

^[1]Henry III. 1039. (Franconia.) Qui litem aufert; execrationem in benedictionem mutat.

Henry IV. 1056. (Franconia.) Multi multa sciunt, se autem nemo.

Henry V. 1106. (Franconia.) Miser qui mortem appetit, miserior qui timet.

Lothaire. 1125. (Saxony.) Audi alteram partem.

Conrad III. 1137. (Swabia.) Pauca cum aliis, multa tecum loquere.

Frederick I. (Barbarossa.) 1152. (Swabia.) Præstat uni probo quam mille improbis placere.

Henry VI. 1190. (Swabia.) Qui tacendi non habet artem, nec novit loquendi.

Philip. 1197. (Swabia.) Quod male cœptum est, ne pudeat mutasse.

Otho IV. 1208. (Brunswick.) Strepit anser inter olores.

Frederick II. 1218. (Swabia.) Complurimum Thriorum, ego strepitum audiri.

1250-1272. Grand interregnum. (See Hallam, Middle Ages, ch. v.)

Rodolph of Hapsburgh. 1273. Melius bene imperare quam imperium ampliare.

Adolphus. 1291. (Nassau.)

Albert I. 1298. (Austria.) Fugam victoria nescit.

Henry VII. 1308. (Luxemburg.) Calicem vitæ dedisti mihi in mortem.^[2]

Louis IV. 1314. (Bavaria.)

Charles IV. 1347. (Bohemia.)

Wenceslaus. 1378. (Bohemia.)

Robert. (Count Palatine.) 1400. Misericordia non causam, sed fortunam spectat.

Sigismund. 1411. (Luxemburg.) Mala ultro adsunt.

Albert II. 1438. (^[3]Austria, House of Hapsburgh.) Amicus optimæ vitæ possessio.

Frederick III. 1440. Austriæ imperare orbi universo.

Maximilian I. 1493. Tene mensuram et respice finem.

Charles V. 1519. Plus ultra.

Ferdinand I. 1558. Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus.

Maximilian II. 1564. Deus providebit.

Rodolph II. 1576. Fulget Cæsaris astrum.

Matthew. 1612. Concordi lumine major.

Ferdinand II. 1619. Legitime certantibus.

Ferdinand III. 1637. Pietate et justitiâ.

Leopold I. 1657. Consilio et industriâ.

Joseph I. 1705. Amore et timore.

Charles VI. 1711. Constantiâ et fortitudine.

Charles VII. 1742.

Francis I. 1745. Pro Deo et imperio.

Joseph II. 1765. Virtute et exemplo.

Leopold II. 1790. Opes regum, corda subditorum.

Francis II. 1792. Lege et fide.

I have added, by way of rendering the catalogue more complete, the name of the particular family of German princes, for which each emperor was selected. A glance at these names furnishes a remarkable illustration of an observation of Sismondi:

"That the great evil of an elective monarchy, is the continual struggle on the part of the rulers to make it hereditary."

It is scarcely necessary to remind your readers, that the integrity of Charlemagne's empire was preserved until the deposition of Charles the Fat; that France and Germany did not become separate until after that event; and that Conrad was, therefore, the first of the German sovereigns, as he was certainly the first elected by the confederate princes.

Joshua G. Fitch.

POEMS BY MISS DELAVAL.

If the accompanying songs have not been printed before, they may perhaps be worth preserving. They were written and set to music by a highly accomplished lady, the daughter of Edward Hussey Delaval, Esq., the last of his name and race, sometime Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge; the cotemporary of Gray and Mason, and well known for his literary and scientific attainments: