Contents

Page
The mystery of migration 4
Advantages of migration 6
The origin of migration 7
    Northern ancestral home theory 8
    Southern ancestral home theory 8
    Theory of photoperiodism 9
    Theory of continental drift 11
When birds migrate 11
    Movements of species and groups 12
    Nocturnal and diurnal migration 15
How birds migrate 18
    Speed of flight and speed of migration 18
    Altitude at which birds travel 26
    Orientation 28
    Segregation during migration 31
Where birds migrate 34
    Short and undetermined migrations 34
    Variable migrations within species 35
    Fall flights not far south of breeding ranges 37
    Long-distance migrations 38
Routes of migration 41
    Wide and narrow migration lanes 42
    The fly ways 46
    Atlantic oceanic route 48
    Atlantic coast route and tributaries 53
    Mackenzie Valley—Great Lakes—Mississippi
        Valley Route and tributaries
60
    Great Plains—Rocky Mountain routes 62
    Pacific coast route 63
    Pacific oceanic route 66
    Arctic routes 68
Evolution of migration routes 70
Vertical migration 72
Vagrant migration 73
Perils of migration 75
    Storms 75
    Aerial obstructions 76
    Exhaustion 78
Influence of the weather on migration 80
Problems of migration 81
    Banding studies 81
    Movements of residents 82
    Migration of the white-throated sparrow 84
    Migration of the yellow-billed loon 84
Conclusions 85
Appendix I—List of birds mentioned in the text 87
Appendix II—Bird banding 92
Bibliography 94
Index 99