INDEX.

Absolute heating-power of ocean-currents, 23
〃 amount of heat received from the sun per day, 26
Adhémar, M., theory founded upon a mistake in regard to radiation, 81, 85
〃 on submergence, 368
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 542
Aërial currents increased in action by formation of snow and ice, 76
〃 function of, stated, 51
〃 heat conveyed by, 27
Africa, South, glacial and inter-glacial periods of, 242
〃 boulder clay of Permian age, 300
Age and origin of the sun, 346
Air, on absorption of rays by, 59
〃 when humid, absorbs rays which agree with it in period, 59
〃 when perfectly dry incapable of absorbing radiant heat, 59
Airy, Professor, earth’s axis of rotation permanent, 7
Aitken’s, Mr., experiment on density of polar water, 129
Aland islands, striation of, 447
Alternate cold and warm periods, 236
Allermuir, striations on summit of, 441
America, low temperature in January, 72
〃 thickness of ice-sheet of North, 381
Anderson, Captain Sir James, never observed a stone on an iceberg, 282
Antarctic ice-cap, probable thickness of, 375
〃 diagram representing thickness of, 377
〃 thickness of, estimated from icebergs, 384
Antarctic regions, mean summer temperature of, below freezing-point, 63
Antarctic snowfall, estimates of, 382
Aphelion, glacial conditions at maximum when winter solstice is at, 77
Arago, M., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 536
Arctic climate, influence of ocean-currents on, during glacial period, 260
Arctic regions, influence of Gulf-stream on climate of, 45
〃 mean summer temperature of, 63
Arctic regions, amount of heat received by, per unit surface, 195
〃 warm periods best marked in, 258
〃 warm inter-glacial periods in, 258−265
〃 state of, during glacial period, 260
〃 evidence of warm periods in, 261
〃 occurrence of recent trees in, 261, 265
〃 evidence of warm inter-glacial periods, 293
〃 warm climate during Old Red Sandstone period in, 295
〃 glacial period during Carboniferous age in, 297
〃 warm climate during Permian period in, 301
〃 list of papers relating to, 556
Arctic Ocean, area of, 195
〃 according to gravitation theory ought to be warmer than Atlantic in torrid zone, 195
〃 heat conveyed into, by currents, compared with that received by it from the sun, 195
〃 blocked up with polar ice, 444
Armagh, boulder beds of, 299
Arran, Island of, glacial conglomerate of Permian age in, 299
Astronomical causes of change of climate, 10
Astronomy and geology, supposed analogy between, 355
Atlantic, atmospheric pressure on middle of, 33
〃 inability of, to heat the south-west winds without the Gulf-stream, 34
〃 mean annual temperature of, 36
〃 mean temperature of, raised by Gulf-stream, 36, 40
〃 isothermal lines of, compared with those of the Pacific, 46
〃 area of, from equator to Tropic of Cancer, 194
〃 inquiry whether the area of, is sufficient to supply heat according to Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 194
Atlantic, North, heat received by, from torrid zone by currents, 194
〃 according to Dr. Carpenter’s theory ought to be warmer in temperate regions than in the torrid zone, 195
〃 great depth of warm water in, 198
〃 North, an immense whirlpool, 216
〃 above the level of equator, 221
〃 probable antiquity of, 367
〃 from Scandinavia to Greenland probably filled with ice, 451
Atmosphere-pressure in Atlantic a cause of south-west winds, 33
Atmosphere, on difference between black-bulbed and shaded thermometer in upper strata of, 547
Australia, evidence of ice-action in conglomerate of, 295
Ayrshire, ice-action during Silurian period in, 293
Bakewell, Mr. R., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540
Banks’s Land, discovery of ancient forest in, 261
〃 Professor Heer, on fossilized wood of, 309
Ball, Mr., objection to Canon Moseley’s results, 501
Baltic current, 171
Baltic, glaciation of islands in, 448
Baltic glacier, passage of, over Denmark, 449
Bath, grooved rock surfaces of, 464
Bay-ice grinds but does not striate rocks, 277
Belcher, Sir E., tree dug up by, in latitude 75° N., 263
〃 carboniferous fossils found in arctic regions by, 298
Belle-Isle, Strait of, observations on action of icebergs in, 276
Bell, Mr. A., on Mediterranean forms in glacial bed at Greenock, 254
Belt, Mr. Thomas, theory of the cause of glacial epochs, 415
Bennie, Mr. James, on surface geology, 468
〃 on deposits filling buried channel, 486
Blanford, Mr., on ice-action during Carboniferous age in India, 297
Borings, evidence of inter-glacial beds from, 254
〃 examination of drift by, 467
〃 journals of, 483, 484
Boulder clays of former glacial epochs, why so rare, 269
〃 a product of land-ice, 284
〃 if formed from icebergs must be stratified, 284
〃 scarcity of fossils in, 285
〃 formed chiefly from rock on which it lies, 285
〃 of Caithness a product of land-ice, 435
〃 on summit of Allermuir, 441
Boulders, how carried from a lower to a higher level, 527
Boussingault on absorption of carbon by vegetation, 428
Britain, climate of, affected most by south-eastern portion of Gulf-stream, 33
Brown, Dr. R., cited on Greenland ice-sheet, 378, 380
〃 on inland ice of Greenland, 284
〃 on cretaceous formation of Greenland, 305
〃 on Miocene beds of the Disco district, 310
Brown, Mr. Robert, on growth of coal plants, 421
Brown and Dickeson, on sediment of Mississippi, 330
Buchan, Mr., on atmosphere-pressure in the Atlantic, 33
〃 on force of the wind, 220
Buchanan, Mr. J. Y., on vertical distribution of heat of the ocean, 550
Buckland, Dr., observations by, on occurrence of red chalk on Cotteswold hills, 459
Buff, Professor, on oceanic circulation, 145
Buried river channels, 466
〃 channel from Kilsyth to Grangemouth, 468
〃 section at Grangemouth, 474
〃 from Kilsyth to Clyde, 481
〃 not excavated by sea nor by ice, 469
〃 other examples of, 488−494
Caithness, difficulty of accounting for the origin of the boulder clay of, 435
Caithness, boulder clay of, a product of land-ice, 435
〃 boulder clay not formed by icebergs, 437
〃 theories regarding the origin of the boulder clay of, 437
〃 why the ice was forced over it, 444
〃 Professor Geikie and B. N. Peach on path of ice over, 453
Cambrian conglomerate of Islay, 292
Campbell, Mr., observations of, on icebergs, 276
〃 on supposed striation of rocks by large icebergs, 278
〃 evidence that river-ice does not striate rocks, 279
Canada, change of climate less complete than in Scotland, 71
Carboniferous period of arctic regions, 298
〃 evidence of glacial epoch during, 296−298
〃 temperate climate of, 422
Carboniferous limestone, mode of formation, 433
Carpenter’s, Dr., objections examined, 141
〃 theory, mechanics of, 145
〃 idea of a 〃vertical circulation〃 stated, 153
Carpenter’s, Dr., radical error in theory of, 155
〃 on difference of density between waters of Atlantic and Mediterranean, 168
〃 theory, inadequacy of, 191
〃 estimate of thermal work of Gulf-stream, 199
Charpentier’s, M., theory of glacier-motion, 513
Carse clays, date of, 405
Cattegat, ice-markings on shore of, 446
Cave and river deposits, 251
Chalk, erratic blocks found in, 304
〃 débris, conclusion of Mr. Searles Wood, 460
Challenger’s temperature-soundings at equator, 119
〃 crucial test of the wind and gravitation theories, 220
Chambers, Dr. Robert, on striated pavements, 255
〃 observations on glaciation of Gothland, 446
Champlain Lake, inter-glacial bed of, 241
Chapelhall, ancient buried channel at, 491
〃 inter-glacial sand-bed, 244
Chart showing the agreement between system of currents and system of winds, 212
Christianstadt, crossed by Baltic glacier, 450
Circulation without difference of level, 176
Climate, Secular changes of, intensified by reaction of physical causes, 75, 76
〃 affected most by temperature of the surface of ground, 88
〃 ocean-currents in relation to, 226
〃 cold conditions of, inferred from absence of fossils, 288
〃 cold condition of, difficulty of determining, from fossil remains, 289
〃 warm, of arctic regions during Old Red Sandstone period, 295
〃 rough sketch of the history of, during the last 60,000 years, 409
〃 of Coal period inter-glacial in character, 420
〃 alternate changes of, during Coal period, 426
Climates, Mr. J. Geikie on difficulty of detecting evidence of ancient glacial conditions, 289
〃 evidence of, from ancient sea-bottoms, 289
Coal an inter-glacial formation, 420
Coal beds, alternate submergence and emergence during formation of, 424
〃 preservation of, by submergence, 426
Coal period, flatness of the land during, 430
Coal plants, conditions necessary for, preservation of, 423
Coal seams, thickness of, indicative of length of inter-glacial periods, 428
Coal seams, time occupied in formation of, 429
Coal strata, on absence of ice-action in, 429
Coal measures, oscillations of sea-level during formation of, 425
Cold periods best marked in temperate regions, 258
Colding, Dr., oceanic circulation, 95
Confusion of ideas in reference to the agency of polar cold, 179
Continental ice, inadequate conceptions of, 385
〃 absence of, during glacial epochs of Coal period, 432
Contorted drift near Musselburgh, 465
Cook, Captain, description of Sandwich Land by, 60
〃 on South Georgia, 60
Cornwall, striated rocks of, 464
Cotteswold hills, red chalk from Yorkshire found on, 459
Couthony, Mr., on action of icebergs, 275
Coutts, Mr. J., on buried channel, 493
Craig, Mr. Robert, on inter-glacial beds at Overton Hillhead and Crofthead, 247
Craiglockhart hill, inter-glacial bed of, 245
“Crawling” theory considered, 507
“Crevasses,” origin of, according to molecular theory, 521
Cretaceous period, evidence of ice-action during, 303−305
Cretaceous age, evidence of warm periods during, 304
Cretaceous formation of Greenland, 305
Crofthead, inter-glacial bed at, 248
Cromer forest bed, 250
Crosskey, Rev. Mr., comparison of Clyde and Canada shell beds, 71
〃 on southern shells in Clyde beds, 253
Croydon, block of granite found in chalk at, 303
Crucial test of the wind and gravitation theories, 220
Crystallization, force of, a cause of glacier-motion, 523
Currents, effects of their stoppage on temperatures of equator and poles, 42
〃 produced by saltness neutralize those produced by temperature, 106
Dalager, excursion in Greenland by, 378
Dana, Professor, on action of icebergs, 275
〃 on striations by icebergs, 275
〃 on thickness of ice-sheet of North America, 381
Darwin, Mr., on alternate cold and warm periods, 231
〃 on migration of plants and animals during glacial epoch, 395
〃 on peat of Falkland Islands, 422
Date of the 40-foot beach, 409
Date when conditions were favourable to formations of the Carse clay, 409
Davis’ Straits, current of, 132
Dawkins, Mr. Boyd, on the animals of cave and river deposits, 251
Dawson, Principal, on esker of Carboniferous age, 296
〃 on habitats of coal plants, 424
Deflection of ocean-currents chief cause of change of climate, 68
De la Beche, Sir H. T., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 539
De Mairan, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 528
Denmark, crossed by Baltic glacier, 449−452
Denudation, method of measuring rate of, 329
〃 as a measure of geological time, 329
〃 measured by sediment of Mississippi, 330
〃 subaërial rate of, 331
〃 law which determines rate of, 333
〃 marine, trifling, 337
Deposition, rates of, generally adopted, quite arbitrary, 360
〃 rate of, determined by rate of denudation, 362
〃 range of, restricted to a narrow fringe surrounding the continents, 364
〃 area of, 365
〃 during glacial epoch probably less than present, 366
Deposits from icebergs cannot be wholly unstratified, 437
Despretz, tables by, of temperature of maximum density of sea-water, 117
Desor, M., on tropical fauna of the Eocene formation in Switzerland, 306
Derbyshire, breaks in limestone of, marks of cold periods, 434
Derbyshire limestone a product of inter-glacial periods, 434
Devonshire, boulder clay discovered in, 463
Diagram illustrating descent of water from equator to poles, 155
〃 showing variations of eccentricity, 313
〃 illustrative of fluidity of interior of the earth, 396
〃 showing formation of coal beds, 426
Dick, Mr., chalk flints in boulder clay, 454
Dick, Mr. R., on buried channel, 491
Difference of level essential to gravitation theory, 176
Dilatation of sea-water by increase of temperature calculated by Sir John Herschel, 116
Disco district, Dr. R. Brown cited on Miocene beds of, 310
Disco Island, Upper Miocene period of, 307−308
Distribution, how effected by ocean-currents, 231
Dove, Professor, method of constructing normal temperature tables by, 40
〃 on mean annual temperature, 401
Dover, mass of coal imbedded in chalk found at, 303
Drayson, Lieutenant-Colonel, on obliquity of ecliptic, 410
Drayson, Lieutenant-Colonel, theory of the cause of the glacial epoch, 410
Drift, examination by borings, 467
Drumry, deep surface deposits at, 482
Dubuat’s, M., experiments, 182
〃 experiments by, on water flowing down an incline, 120
Duncan, Captain, on under current in Davis’ Strait, 134
Dürnten lignite beds, 240
Dürnten beds an example of inter-glacial coal formation, 433
Durham, buried river channel at, 488
Earth’s axis of rotation permanent, 7
Earth, mean temperature of, increased by water at equator, 30
〃 not habitable without ocean-currents, 54
〃 mean temperature of, greatest in aphelion, 77, 78
〃 centre of gravity of, effects of ice-cap on, 370, 371
Eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, Mr. Stockwell’s researches regarding, 54
〃 primary cause of change of climate, 54
〃 primary cause of glacial epochs, 77
〃 how it affects the winds, 228
〃 tables of, 314−321
〃 its influence on temperature, 323
〃 explanation of tables of, 324
〃 De Marian, on influence of, on climate, 528
〃 Sir J. F. Herschel, on influence of, on climate, 529
〃 Œpinus, on influence of, on climate, 529
〃 R. Kirwan, on influence of, on climate, 529
〃 of planetary orbits, superior limits as determined by Lagrange, Leverrier, and Mr. Stockwell, 531
〃 Sir Charles Lyell, on influence of, on climate, 529, 535
〃 M. Arago, on influence of, on climate, 536
〃 Baron Humboldt, on influence of, on climate, 538
〃 Sir H. T. de la Beche, on influence of, on climate, 539
〃 Professor Phillips, on influence of, on climate, 539
〃 Mrs. Somerville, on influence of, on climate, 540
〃 L. W. Meech, on influence of, on climate, 540
〃 Mr. R. Bakewell, on influence of, on climate, 540
〃 M. Jean Reynaud, on influence of, on climate, 541
〃 M. Adhémar, on influence of, on climate, 542
Equator, reduction of level by denudation, 336
Ecliptic, supposed effect of a change of obliquity of, 8
〃 changes of, effects on climate, 398−417
〃 obliquity of, Lieutenant-Colonel Drayson on, 410
Emergence, physical cause of, 368
England, inter-glacial beds of, 249
〃 glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of, 294
〃 ice-action during Permian period in, 298
〃 North of, ice-sheet of, 456
〃 ice-sheet of South of, 463
Eocene period, total absence of fossils in flysch, 286
〃 glacial epoch of, 305
Eocene and Miocene periods, date of, 357
Equator, heat received per square mile at, 26
〃 temperature of earth increased by water at, 30
〃 and poles, effects of stoppage of currents on temperature of, 42
〃 surface-currents warmer than the under currents, 92
〃 heat transferred by currents from southern hemisphere compared with that received by land at, 93
〃 temperature soundings at, 119
〃 temperature of sea at, decreases most rapidly at the surface, 119
〃 heat received by the three zones compared with that received by the, 194
〃 migration across, 234
〃 glaciation of, 234
Equatorial current, displacement of, 229
Erratic blocks in stratified rocks, evidence of former land-ice, 269
〃 in chalk, 304
〃 why not found in coal strata, 432
Erratics extend further south in America than in Europe, 72
Etheridge, R., jun., on glacial conglomerate in Australia of Old Red Sandstone age, 295
Europe, influence of Gulf-stream on climate of, 31
〃 effect of deflection of Gulf-stream on condition of, 68
〃 glacial condition of, if Gulf-stream was stopped, 71
〃 river systems of, unaltered since glacial period, 393
Faraday, Professor, on cause of regelation, 554
Faroe Islands glaciated by land-ice from Scandinavia, 450
Ferrel, Mr., on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 126
〃 argument from the tides, 184
Findlay, Mr. A. G., objection by, considered, 31, 203
〃 estimate of heat conveyed by Gulf-stream, 206
Fisher, Rev. O., on the 〃trail〃 of Norwich, 251
〃 on glacial submergence, 387
Fitzroy, Admiral, on temperature of Atlantic, 36
Fluid molecules crystallize in interstices, 523
Fluvio-marine beds of Norwich, 250
“Flysch” of Eocene period, absence of fossils in, 286
〃 of Switzerland of glacial origin, 306
Fogs prevent the sun’s heat from melting ice and snow in arctic regions, 60
Forbes, Professor J. D., method adopted by, of ascertaining temperatures, 48
〃 on temperature of equator and poles, 48
〃 on the conductivity of different kinds of rock, 86
〃 on underground temperature, 86
〃 experiments by, on the power of different rocks to store up heat, 86
Forest bed of Cromer, 250
Former glacial periods, 266−310
〃 why so little known of, 266
〃 geological evidence of, 292
France, evidence of ice-action during Carboniferous period in, 296
Fraserburgh, glaciation of, 450
〃 crossed by North Sea ice, 454
Fundamental problem of geology, 1
Ganges, amount of sediment conveyed by, 331
Gases, radiation of, 38
Gastaldi, M., on the Miocene glacial epoch of Italy, 306
Geikie, Professor, on geological agencies, 1
〃 on inter-glacial beds of Scotland, 243
〃 remarks on inter-glacial beds, 245
〃 on striated pavements, 256
〃 on ice-markings on Scandinavian coast, 281
〃 striated stones found in carboniferous conglomerate by, 296
〃 on sediment of European rivers, 332
〃 on modern denudation, 332
〃 suggestion regarding the loess, 452
〃 on striation of Caithness, 453
〃 on buried channel at Chapelhall, 491
〃 and Mr. James, on glacial conglomerate of Lower Carboniferous age, 296
Geikie, Mr. James, on Crofthead inter-glacial bed, 248
〃 on the gravels of Switzerland, 268
〃 on difficulty of recognising former glacial periods, 289
〃 on Cambrian conglomerate of north-west of Scotland, 293
〃 on ice-action in Ayrshire during Silurian period, 293
〃 on boulder conglomerate of Sutherland, 301
〃 on buried channels, 492
Geogr. Mittheilungen, list of papers in, relating to arctic regions, 556
Geological agencies climatic, 2
Geological principle, nature of, 4
Geological climates, theories of, 6
Geological time, 311−359
〃 measurable from astronomical data, 311
〃 why it has been over-estimated, 325
〃 method of measuring, 328, 329
〃 Professor Ramsay on, 343
Geology, fundamental problem of, 1
〃 a dynamical science, 5
〃 and astronomy, supposed analogy between, 355
German Polar Expedition on density of polar water, 151
〃 list of papers relating to, 556
German Ocean once dry land, 479
Germany, Professor Ramsay on Permian breccia of, 300
Gibraltar current, Dr. Carpenter’s theory of, 167
〃 cause of, 215
Glacial conditions increased by reaction of various physical causes, 75
〃 reach maximum when winter solstice arrives at aphelion, 77
Glacial epoch, date of, 327
〃 circumstances which show recent date of, 341
〃 Mr. Belt’s theory of cause of, 415
Glacial epochs dependent upon deflection of ocean-currents, 68
〃 caused primarily by eccentricity, 77
〃 why so little known of, formerly, 266
〃 boulder clays of former, why so rare, 269
〃 geological evidence of former, 292
Glacial period in America more severe than in Western Europe, 73
〃 mean temperature of the earth greatest at aphelion during, 78
〃 records of, fast disappearing, 270
〃 of the Eocene formation, 305
Glacial periods, indirect evidence of, in Eocene and Miocene formations, 287
〃 difficulty of determining, from fossil remains, 289
Glacial submergence resulting from displacement of the earth’s centre of gravity, 389
Glaciation a cause of submergence, 390
〃 remains of, found chiefly on land surfaces, 267
〃 of Scandinavia inexplicable by theory of local glaciers, 448
Glacier des Bois, 497
Glacier-motion, Canon Moseley’s theory of, 507
〃 Professor James Thomson’s theory of, 512
〃 M. Charpentier’s theory of, 513
〃 molecular, 516
Glacier-motion, present state of the question, 514
〃 molecular theory of, 514−527
〃 heat necessary to, 515
〃 due to force of crystallization, 523
〃 due chiefly to internal molecular pressure, 523
Glaciers, pressure exerted by, 274
〃 physical cause of the motion of, 495−527
〃 difficulties in accounting for motion of, 495
Glasgow, actual January temperature of, 28° above normal, 72
Godwin-Austen, Mr., on ice-action during the Carboniferous period in France, 296
〃 on evidence of ice-action during Cretaceous period, 303
〃 on mass of coal found in chalk at Dover, 304
〃 on the flatness of the land during Coal period, 430
Gothland, glaciation of, 446
Grangemouth, buried river channel at, 468
〃 surface-drift of, 484
Gravitation, the whole work of, performed by descent of water down the slope, 154
〃 of sun’s mass, 348
〃 insufficient to account for sun’s heat, 349, 350
Gravitation theory, its relation to the theory of Secular changes of climate, 97
〃 three modes of determining it, 115
〃 mechanics of, 145
〃 of the Gibraltar current, 167
〃 inadequacy of, 191
〃 crucial test of, 220
〃 of the sun’s heat, 346−355
Gravity, force of, impelling water from equator to poles, 119, 120
〃 force of, insensible at a short distance below the surface, 120
〃 work performed by, 150
〃 diagram illustrating the action of, in producing currents, 155
〃 amount of work performed by, due solely to difference of temperature between equatorial and polar waters, 164
〃 specific difference in, between water of Atlantic and Mediterranean insufficient to produce currents, 169
〃 centre of, displacement, by polar ice-cap, 368
Greenland, summer warm if free from ice, 59
〃 receives as much heat in summer as England, 66
〃 continental ice free from clay or mud, 284
〃 North, warm climate during Oolitic period in, 302
〃 Cretaceous formation of, 305
Greenland, evidence of warm conditions during Miocene period in, 307
〃 Professor Heer cited on Miocene flora of, 308, 309
〃 state of, during glacial period, 259
〃 effect of removal of ice from, 260
Greenland ice-sheet, probable thickness of, 378
〃 invaded the American continent, 445
Greenland inland ice, 379
Gulf-stream, estimate of its volume, 24
〃 United States’ coast survey of, 24
〃 absolute amount of heat conveyed by, 25, 26
〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that carried by aërial currents, 27
〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that received by the frigid zone from the sun, 27
〃 influence on climate of Europe, 31
〃 efficiency of, due to the slowness of its motion, 32
〃 climate of Britain influenced by south-eastern portion of, 33
〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that derived by temperate regions from the sun, 34
〃 heat of, expressed in foot-pounds of energy, 35
〃 mean temperature of Atlantic increased one-fourth by, 36
〃 the only current that can heat arctic regions, 45
〃 influence of, on climate of arctic regions, 45
〃 the compensating warm current, 46
〃 palæontological objections to influence of, 53
〃 agencies which deflect the, in glacial periods, 69
〃 result, if stopped, 71
〃 large portion of the heat derived from southern hemisphere, 94
〃 Lieut. Maury on propulsion of, by specific gravity, 102
〃 contradictory nature of, the causes supposed by Lieut. Maury for the, 110
〃 higher temperature of, considered by Lieut. Maury as the real cause of its motion, 111
〃 amount of heat conveyed by, not over-estimated, 197
〃 amount of heat conveyed by, 192
〃 amount of heat conveyed by, compared with that by general oceanic circulation, 194
〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that received by torrid zone from the sun, 194
〃 heat conveyed by, into Arctic Ocean compared with that received by it from the sun, 195
〃 Capt. Nares’s observations of, 198
〃 Dr. Carpenter’s estimate of the thermal work of, 199
Gulf-stream, volume and temperature of, according to Mr. A. G. Findlay, 203, 206
〃 erroneous notion regarding depth of, 207
〃 list of papers relating to, 556
Haughton, Professor, on recent trees in arctic regions, 263
〃 on fragments of granite in carboniferous limestone, 296
〃 on coal beds of arctic regions, 298
〃 on Ammonites of Oolitic period in arctic regions, 303
Hayes, Dr., on Greenland ice-sheet, 379
Heat received from the sun per day, 26
〃 received by temperate regions from the sun, 34
〃 radiant, absorbed by ice remains insensible, 60
〃 sun’s, amount of, stored up in ground, 87
〃 transferred from southern to northern hemisphere, 93
〃 internal, supposed influence of, 176
〃 received by the three zones compared with that received by the equator, 194
〃 amount radiated from the sun, 346
〃 received by polar regions 11,700 years ago, 403
〃 necessary to glacier-motion, 515
〃 how transmitted through ice, 517
Heat-vibrations, nature of, 544
Heath, Mr. D. D., on glacial submergence, 387
Heer, Professor, on Dürnten lignite beds, 241
〃 on Miocene flora of Greenland, 308−310
〃 on Miocene flora of Spitzbergen, 309
Hills, ice-markings on summits of, as evidence of continental ice, 458
Helmholtz’s gravitation theory of sun’s heat, 348
Henderson, Mr. John, on inter-glacial bed at Redhall quarry, 247
Herschel, Sir John, on influence of eccentricity, 11
〃 estimate of the Gulf-stream by, 25
〃 on the amount of the sun’s heat, 26
〃 on inadequacy of specific gravity to produce ocean-currents, 116
〃 his objections to specific gravity not accepted, 117
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529
Home, Mr. Milne, on buried river channels, 478
Hooker, Sir W., on tree dug up by Capt. Belcher, 264
Hooker, Dr., on preponderance of ferns among coal plants, 421
Horne, Mr. J., on conglomerates of Isle of Man, 295
Hoxne, inter-glacial bed of, 241
Hudson’s Bay, low mean temperature of, in June, 62
Hull, Professor, on ice-action during Permian age in Ireland, 299
〃 on equable temperature of Coal period, 421
〃 on estuarine origin of coal measures, 424
Hull, buried channel at, 489
Humboldt, Baron, on loss of heat from radiation, 82
〃 on rate of growth of coal, 429
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 538
Humphreys and Abbot on sediment of Mississippi, 330
Ice, latent heat of, 60
Ice, effects of removal of, from polar regions, 64
〃 heat absorbed by, employed wholly in mechanical work, 60
〃 slope necessary for motion of continental, 375
〃 does not shear in the solid state, 516
〃 how heat is transmitted through, 517
〃 how it can ascend a slope, 525
〃 how it can excavate a rock basin, 525
Icebergs do not striate sea-bottom, 272
〃 markings made by, are soon effaced, 273
〃 exerting little pressure perform little work, 273
〃 behaviour of, when stranded, 274
〃 action of, on sea-bottoms, 274
〃 rocks ground smooth, but not striated by, 276
〃 stones seldom seen on, 281
〃 evidence of, in Miocene formation of Italy, 307
〃 comparative thickness of arctic and antarctic, 381
〃 great thickness of antarctic, 382
Ice-cap, effects of, on the earth’s centre of gravity, 369
〃 probable thickness of antarctic, 375
〃 evidence from icebergs as to thickness of antarctic, 383−385
Ice-markings, modern, observed by Sir Charles Lyell, 280
Ice-sheet, probable thickness of in Greenland, 380
〃 of north of England, 456
Ice-worn pebbles found on summit of Allermuir, 441
Iceland, lignite of Miocene age in, 308
〃 probably glaciated by land-ice from North Greenland, 451
India, evidences of glacial action of Carboniferous age in, 297
Indian Ocean, low temperature at bottom, 123
Internal heat, no influence on climate, 6
〃 supposed influence of, 176
Inter-tropical regions, greater portion of moisture falls as rain, 29
Inter-glacial bed at Slitrig, 243
〃 at Chapelhall, 244
〃 of Craiglockhart hill, 245
〃 at Kilmaurs, 248
Inter-glacial beds, Professor Geikie on, 243
〃 of Dürnten, 240
〃 of Scotland, 243
〃 of England, 249
〃 at Norwich, 250
〃 evidence of, from borings, 254
Inter-glacial character of cave and river deposits, 251
Inter-glacial climate during Old Red Sandstone period in arctic regions, 295
Inter-glacial periods, 236
〃 reason why overlooked, 237
〃 of Switzerland, 239
〃 evidence of, from shell-beds, 252
〃 evidence from striated pavements of, 255
〃 reasons why so few vestiges remain of, 257
〃 in arctic regions, 258−265
〃 of Silurian age in arctic regions, 293
〃 of Carboniferous age in arctic regions, 297
〃 of Eocene formation in Switzerland, 306
〃 formation of coal during, 420
〃 length of, indicated by thickness of coal-seams, 428
Inglefield, Captain, erect trees found in Greenland by, 309
Ireland, on ice-action during Permian age in, 299
Isbister, Mr., on carboniferous limestone of arctic regions, 297
Islay, Cambrian conglomerate of, 292
Italy, glacial epoch of Miocene period in, 306
Jack, Mr. R. L., on deflection of ice across England, 461
Jamieson, Mr. T. F., on boulder clay of Caithness, 435
〃 opinion that Caithness was glaciated by floating ice, 437
〃 on thickness of ice in the north Highlands, 439
〃 glaciation of headland of Fraserburgh, 450, 455
January temperature of Glasgow and Cumberland, difference between, 72
Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Swedish glacial shell beds, 253
Johnston, Dr. A. Keith, on coast-line of the globe, 337
Joule’s, Dr., experiments on the thermal effect of tension, 552
Judd, Mr., on boulders of Jurassic age in the Highlands, 302
Jukes, Mr., on warm climate of North Greenland during Oolitic period, 302
July, why hotter than June, 89
Kane, Dr., on mean temperature of Von Rensselaer Harbour, 62
Karoo beds, glacial character of, 301
〃 evidence of subtropical during deposition of, 301
Kelvin, ancient bed of, 481
Kielsen, Mr., excursion upon Greenland ice-sheet, by, 378
Kilmours, inter-glacial bed at, 248
Kirwan, Richard, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529
Kyles of Bute, southern shell bed in, 253
Labrador, mean temperature of, for January, 72
〃 Mr. Packard on glacial phenomena of, 282
Lagrange, M., on eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 54
〃 table of superior limits of eccentricity, 531
Land at equator would retain the heat at equator, 30
〃 radiates heat faster than water, 91
〃 elevation of, will not explain glacial epoch, 391
〃 submergence and emergence during glacial epoch, 368−397
〃 successive upheavals and depressions of, 391
Land-ice necessarily exerts enormous pressure, 274
〃 evidence of former, from erratic blocks on stratified deposits, 269
Land-surfaces, remains of glaciation found chiefly on, 267
〃 (ancient) scarcity of, 268
Laplace, M., on obliquity of ecliptic, 398
Laughton, Mr., on cause of Gibraltar current, 215
Leith Walk, inter-glacial bed at, 246
Leverrier, M., on superior limit of eccentricity, 54
〃 on obliquity of ecliptic, 398
〃 table, by, of superior limits of eccentricity, 531
〃 formulæ, of, 312
Lignite beds of Dürnten, 240
Loess, origin of, 452
London, temperature of, raised 40° degrees by Gulf-stream, 43
Lomonds, ice-worn pebbles found on, 439
Lubbock, Sir J., on cave and river deposits, 252
Lucy, Mr. W. C., on glaciation of West Somerset, 463
〃 on northern derivation of drift on Cotteswold hills, 460
Lyell’s, Sir C., theory of the effect of distribution of land and water, 8
〃 on action of river-ice, 280
〃 on tropical character of the fauna of the Cretaceous formation, 305
〃 on warm conditions during Miocene period in Greenland, 307
〃 on influence of eccentricity, 324
〃 on sediment of Mississippi, 331
〃 on comparison of existing rocks with those removed, 362
〃 on submerged areas during Tertiary period, 392
〃 on change of obliquity of ecliptic, 418
〃 on climate best adapted for coal plants, 420
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529, 535
Mackintosh, Mr., observations on the glaciation of Wastdale Crag, 457
Magellan, Straits of, temperature at midsummer, 61
Mahony, Mr. J. A., on Crofthead inter-glacial bed, 248
Mälar Lake crossed by ice, 447
Man, Isle of, Mr. Cumming on glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of, 294
Mars, uncertainty as to its climatic condition, 80
〃 objection from present condition of, 79
Marine denudation trifling, 337
Markham, Clements, on density of Gulf-stream water, 129
〃 on motion of icebergs in Davis’ Straits, 133
Martins’s, Professor Charles, objections, 79
Mathews, Mr., on Canon Moseley’s experiment, 499
Maury, Lieutenant, his estimate of the Gulf-stream, 25
〃 his theory examined, 95
〃 on temperature as a cause of difference of specific gravity, 102
〃 on difference of saltness as a cause of ocean-currents, 103
〃 discussion of his views of the causes of ocean-currents, 104
〃 his objection to wind theory of ocean-currents, 211
McClure, Captain, discovery of ancient forest in Banks’s Land, 261
Mecham, Lieutenant, discovery of recent trees in Prince Patrick’s Island, 261
Mechanics of gravitation theory, 145
Mediterranean shells in glacial shell bed of Udevalla, 253
〃 shells in glacial beds at Greenock, 254
Meech, Mr., on amount of sun’s rays cut off by the atmosphere, 26
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540
Melville Island, summer temperature of, 65
〃 discovery of recent trees in, 262
〃 plants found in coal of, 298
Mer de Glace, Professor Tyndall’s observations on, 498
Meteoric theory of sun’s heat, 347
Method of measuring rate of denudation, 329
Miller, Hugh, on absence of hills in the land of the Coal period, 431
Migration of plants and animals, how influenced by ocean-currents, 231
〃 across equator, 234
Millichen, remarkable section of drift at, 483
Miocene glacial period, 286
Miocene period, glacial epoch of, in Italy, 306
Miocene, warm period of, in Greenland, 307
Miocene and Eocene periods, date of, 357
Mississippi, amount of sediment in, 330
〃 volume of, 330
Mitchell, Mr., on cause of Gulf-stream, 131
Molecular theory of origin of 〃Crevasses,” 521
〃 modification of, 523
Moore, Mr. J. Carrick, on ice-action of Silurian age in Wigtownshire, 293
Moore, Mr. Charles, on grooved rocks in Bath district, 464
Morlot, M., on inter-glacial periods of Switzerland, 240
Moseley, Canon, experiment to determine unit of shear, 498
〃 on motion of glaciers, 498
〃 unit of shear uncertain, 504
〃 his theory examined, 507
Motion of the sea, how communicated to a great depth, 136
Motion in space, origin of sun’s heat, 353
Mühry, M., on circumpolar basin, 133, 556
Mundsley, freshwater beds of, 250
Muncke on the expansion of sea-water, 118
Murchison, Sir R., on southern shells at Worcester, 253
〃 on trees in arctic regions, 262
〃 on striation of islands in the Baltic, 448
Murphy’s, Mr., theory, 66
Musselburgh, section of contorted drift near, 465
Nares, Captain, on low temperature of antarctic regions, 64
〃 discovery of great depth of warm water in North Atlantic, 198
〃 estimate of volume and temperature of Gulf-stream, 198
〃 temperature soundings by, 119, 222
〃 thermal condition of Southern Ocean, 225
Natal, boulder clay of, 300
Newberry, Professor, on inter-glacial peat-bed of Ohio, 249
〃 on boulder of quartzite found in seam of coal, 296
Nicholson, Dr., on Wastdale Crag, 457
Nicol, Professor, on inter-glacial buried channel, 244
Nordenskjöld, Professor, on inland ice of Greenland, 379
North Sea rendered shallow by drift deposits, 443
Northern seas probably filled with land-ice during glacial period, 438
Northern hemisphere, condition of, when deprived of heat from ocean-current, 68
Norway, southern species in glacial shell beds, 253
Norwich Crag, its glacial character, 249
Norwich fluvio-marine beds, 250
Norwich inter-glacial beds, 250
Obliquity of ecliptic, its effects on climate, 398−419
〃 change of, influence on sea-level, 403
〃 Lieutenant-Colonel Drayson on, 410
〃 Mr. Belt on change of, 415
〃 Sir Charles Lyell on change of, 418
Ocean, imperfect conception of its area, 135
〃 condition of, inconsistent with the gravitation theory, 136
〃 low temperature at bottom a result of under currents, 142
〃 circulation, pressure as a cause of, 187
〃 antiquity of, 367
Ocean-currents, absolute heating power of, 23
〃 influence of, on normal temperatures overlooked, 40
〃 maximum effects of, reached at equator and poles, 49
〃 compensatory at only one point, 49
〃 heating effects of, greatest at the poles, 50
〃 cooling effects of, greatest at equator, 50
〃 earth not habitable without, 51
〃 result of deflection into Southern Ocean, 68
〃 palæontological objections against influence of, 53
〃 deflection of, the chief cause of changes of climate, 68
〃 how deflected by eccentricity, 69
〃 deflected by trade-winds, 70
〃 temperature of southern hemisphere lowered by transference of heat to northern hemisphere by, 92
〃 take their rise in the Southern Ocean, 92
〃 cause of, never specially examined by physicists, 95
〃 if due to specific gravity, strongest on cold hemisphere, 97
〃 if due to eccentricity, strongest on warm hemisphere, 97
〃 if due to specific gravity, act only by descent, 99
〃 mode by which specific gravity causes, 100, 101
〃 the true method of estimating the amount of heat conveyed by, 207
〃 due to system of winds, 212
〃 system of, agrees with the system of the winds, 213
〃 how they mutually intersect, 219
〃 in relation to climate, 226
〃 direction of, depends on direction of winds, 227
〃 causes which deflect, affect climate, 228
〃 in relation to distribution of plants and animals, 231
〃 effects of, on Greenland during glacial period, 260
Œpinus on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529
Ohio inter-glacial beds, 249
Old Red Sandstone, evidence of ice-action in conglomerate of, 294, 295
Oolite of Sutherlandshire, 454
Oolitic period, evidence of ice-action during, 301−303
〃 warm climate in North Greenland during, 302
Organic remains, absence of, in glacial conglomerate of Upper Miocene period, 286
Organic life, paucity of, a characteristic of glacial periods, 287
Orkney Islands, glaciated by land-ice, 444
Osborne, Captain, remarks on recent forest trees in arctic regions, 262, 263
Oudemans, Dr., on planet Mars, 80
Overton Quarry, inter-glacial bed in, 247
Pacific Ocean, depth of, 147
Packard, Mr., on glacial phenomena of Labrador, 282
Page, Professor, on temperate climate of Coal period, 422
〃 on character of coal plants, 421
〃 on old watercourse at Hailes quarry, 490
Palæontological objections against influence of ocean-currents, 53
Palæontological evidence of last glacial period, 285
Parry, Captain, discovery of recent trees in Melville Island by, 262
Peach, Mr. C. W., on inter-glacial bed at Leith Walk, 246
〃 on boulder clay of Caithness, 436
〃 on striated rock surfaces in Cornwall, 464
Peach, Mr. B. N., on striation of Caithness, 453
Pengelly, Mr. W., on raised beaches, 407
Perigee, nearness of sun in, cause of snow and ice, 74
Perihelion, warm conditions at maximum when winter solstice is at, 77
Permian period, evidence of ice-action in, 298−303
Perthshire hills, ice-worn surfaces at elevations of 2,200 feet on the, 440
Petermann, Dr. A., on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 138
〃 on thermal condition of the sea, 138
〃 chart of Gulf-stream and Polar current, 219
〃 Geogr. Mittheilungen of, list of papers in relation to arctic regions, 556
Phillips, Professor, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 539
Poisson’s theory of hot and cold parts of space, 7
Polar regions, effect of removal of ice from, 64
〃 influence of ice on climate, 64
〃 low summer temperature of, 66
Polar cold considered by Dr. Carpenter the primum mobile of ocean-currents, 173
〃 confusion of ideas regarding its influence, 180
〃 influence of, according to Dr. Carpenter, 180
Polar ice-cap, displacement of the earth’s centre of gravity by, 368
Port Bowen, mean temperature of, 63
Portobello, striated pavements near, 255, 256
Post-tertiary formations, hypothetical thickness of, 366
Pouillet, M., on the amount of the sun’s heat, 26
〃 on amount of sun’s rays cut off by the atmosphere, 26
Pratt, Archdeacon, on glacial submergence, 387
Prestwich, Professor, on Hoxne inter-glacial bed, 241
Pressure as a cause of circulation, 187
Principles of geology, nature of, 4
Prince Patrick’s Island, discovery of recent tree in, 261
Radiation, rate of, increases with increase of temperature, 37
〃 of gases, 38
〃 the way by which the earth loses heat, 39
〃 how affected by snow covering the ground, 58
〃 how affected by humid air, 59
〃 accelerated by increased formation of snow and ice, 75
Raised beaches, date of, 407
〃 Mr. Pengelly on, 407
Ramsay, Professor, on glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of North of England, 294
〃 on Old Red Sandstone, 367
〃 on geological time, 343
〃 on ice-action during Permian period, 298
〃 on boulders of Permian age in Natal, 301
〃 on thickness of stratified rocks of Britain, 267, 361
Redhall Quarry, inter-glacial bed in, 247
Red Sea, why almost rainless, 30
Regelation, rationale of, 520, 554
〃 Professor James Thomson on cause of, 554
〃 Professor Faraday on cause of, 554
Regnault, M., on specific heat of sandstone, 86
Reynaud, Jean, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 541
Rhine, ancient, bed in German Ocean, 480
Ridge between Capes Trafalgar and Spartel, influence of, 167
Rink, Dr., on inland ice of Greenland, 380
River-ice, effect of, 279
River-ice does not produce striations, 279
River systems, carrying-power measure of denudation, 336
River valleys, how striated across, 525
Robertson, Mr. David, on Crofthead and Hillhead inter-glacial beds, 247, 248
〃 on foraminifera in red clay, 485
Rock-basins, how excavated by ice, 525
Rocks removed by denudation, 361
Ross, Capt. Sir James, on South Shetland, 61
〃 on temperature of antarctic regions in summer, 63
Sandwich Land, description by Capt. Cook, 60
〃 cold summers of, not due to latitude, 64
Salter, Mr., on carboniferous fossils of arctic regions, 298
〃 on warm climate of North Greenland during Oolitic period, 302
Saltness of the ocean, difference of, as a cause of motion, 103
〃 in direct opposition to temperature in producing ocean-currents, 104
Scandinavian ice, track of, 447
Scandinavian ice-sheet in the North Sea, 444
Scoresby, Dr., on condition of arctic regions in summer, 58, 62
〃 on density of Gulf-stream water, 129
Scotland, inter-glacial beds of, 243−249
〃 evidence of ice-action in carboniferous conglomerate of, 296
〃 buried under ice, 439
〃 ice-sheet of, in North Sea, 442
〃 why ice-sheet was so thick, 452
Sea, height of, at equator above poles, 119
〃 rise of, due to combined effect of eccentricity and obliquity, 403
〃 bottoms not striated by icebergs, 272
Sea and land, present arrangement indispensable to life, 52
Sea-level, oscillations of, in relation to distribution, 394
〃 oscillations of, during formation of coal measures, 424
〃 raised, by melting of antarctic ice-cap, 388
〃 influence of obliquity of ecliptic on, 403
Section of Mid-Atlantic, 222
Section across antarctic ice-cap, 377
Sedimentary rocks existing fragmentary, 361
〃 of the globe, mean thickness of, hitherto unknown, 361
〃 how mean thickness might be determined, 362
〃 mean thickness of, over-estimated, 364
Shearing-force of ice, 496
〃 momentary loss of, 518
Shetland islands glaciated by land-ice from Scandinavia, 450
Shetland, South, glacial condition of, 61
Shell-beds, evidence of warm inter-glacial periods from, 252
Shells of the boulder clay of Caithness, 450
Shore-ice, striations produced by, in Bay of Fundy, 280
Silurian period, ice-action in Ayrshire during, 293
〃 evidence in Wigtownshire of ice-action during, 293
Slitrig, inter-glacial bed of, 243
Slope of surface of maximum density has no power to produce motion, 120
〃 from equator to pole, erroneous view regarding, 120
Smith, Mr. Leigh, temperature soundings, 129
Smith, Mr., of Jordanhill, on striated pavements, 256
Snow, how radiation is affected by, 58
〃 common in summer in arctic regions, 62
〃 rate of accumulation of, increased by sun’s rays being cut off by fogs, 75
〃 formation increased by radiation, 75
Somerset, West, glaciation of, 463
Somerville, Mrs., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540
South Africa, glaciation of, 242
〃 boulder clay of Permian age in, 300
South of England ice-sheet, 463
South Shetland, glacial condition of, at mid summer, 61
South-west winds, heat conveyed by, not derived from equatorial regions, 28
〃 heat conveyed by, derived from Gulf-stream, 28
Southern hemisphere, present extension of ice on, due partly to eccentricity, 78
〃 why colder than northern, 81−92
〃 absorbs more heat than the northern, 90
〃 lower temperature of, due to ocean-currents, 92
〃 surface currents from, warmer than under currents to, 92
〃 glacial and inter-glacial periods of, 242
Southern Ocean, thermal condition of, 225
Specific gravity can act only by causing water to descend a slope, 99
〃 mode of action in causing ocean-currents, 100
〃 inadequacy of, to produce ocean-currents demonstrated by Sir John Herschel, 116
Spitzbergen, Gulf-stream and under current at, 134
〃 Miocene flora of, 309
Stellar space, temperature of, 35
〃 received temperature of, probably too high, 39
Stewart, Professor Balfour, experiment on radiation, 37
〃 on cause of glacial cold, 79
Stirling, Mr., on old watercourse near Grangemouth, 481
St. John’s River, action of ice on banks of, 279
St. Lawrence, action of ice on bank of river, 279
Stockwell, Mr., on eccentricity of earth’s orbit, 54
〃 on obliquity of ecliptic, 399
〃 table of superior limits of eccentricity, 531
Stone, Mr., on eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 322
Stow, G. W., on glacial beds of South Africa, 242
〃 on Karoo beds, 301
Striæ, direction of, show the clay of Caithness came from the sea, 436
Striations obliterated rather than produced by icebergs, 274
Striated pavements why so seldom observed, 256
〃 evidence of inter-glacial periods from, 255
Striated stones found in conglomerate of Lower Carboniferous age by Professor Geikie, 296
〃 in Permian breccias, 299
〃 in the glacial conglomerate of the Superga, Turin, 306
Stratified rocks may be formed at all possible rates, 360
〃 rate of formation of, as estimated by Professor Huxley, 363
Struve, M., formula of obliquity of ecliptic, 404
Subaërial denudation, rate of, 331
Submarine forests, 409
〃 (ancient), coal seams the remains of, 428
Submergence, physical causes of, 368
〃 coincident with glaciation, 389
〃 of land resulting from melting of antarctic ice-cap, 389
〃 how affected by fluidity of interior of the earth, 395
〃 necessary for preservation of coal plants, 423
〃 frequent during formation of coal beds, 426
Subsidence insufficient to account for general submergence, 390
〃 necessary to accumulation of coal seams, 427
Sun supposed by some to be a variable star, 8
〃 maximum and minimum distance of, 55
〃 rays of, cut off by fogs in ice-covered regions, 60
〃 nearness in perigee a cause of snow and ice, 74
〃 total amount of heat radiated from, 346
〃 age and origin of, 346
〃 source of its energy, 347
〃 heat of, origin and chief source of, 349
〃 originally an incandescent mass, 350
〃 energy of, may have originally been derived from motion in space, 355
Surface currents which cross the equator warmer than the compensatory under currents, 92
Surface currents from poles to equator, according to Maury, produced by saltness, 108
Sutherland, Dr., observations by, on stranding of icebergs, 275
〃 testimony, that icebergs do not striate rocks, 278
〃 on the boulder clay of Natal, 300
Sutherland, boulder conglomerate of Oolitic period of, 302
Sweden, Southern, shells in glacial shell beds of, 253
Switzerland, inter-glacial period of, 239
〃 M. Morlat on inter-glacial periods of, 240
〃 gravels of, by Mr. James Geikie, 268
〃 Eocene glacial epoch in, 305
Table of June temperatures in different latitudes, 65
〃 soundings in temperate regions, 222
Tables of eccentricity, 314−321
〃 of eccentricity, explanation of, 322
Tay, valley of, striated across, 526
〃 ancient buried channel of, 490
Temperate regions, cold periods best marked in, 258
Temperature of space, 532
〃 reasons why it should be reconsidered, 39
Temperature (mean) of equator and poles compared, 41
〃 why so low in polar regions during summer, 66
〃 how difference of specific gravity is caused by, 102
〃 higher, of the waters of Gulf-stream considered by Lieutenant Maury as the real causes of its motion, 111
〃 of sea at equator decreases most rapidly at the surface, 119
〃 of Greenland in Miocene period, 310
〃 of poles when obliquity was at its superior limit, 402
Tension, effect of, on ice, 522
〃 the cause of the cooling effect produced by, 552
Tertiary period, climate of, error in regard to, 288
Thermal condition of Southern Ocean, 225
Thibet, table-land of, 418
Thomson, Professor James, on cause of regelation, 554
〃 theory of glacier-motion, 512
Thomson, Mr. James, on glacial conglomerate in Arran, 299
〃 on ice-action in Cambrian conglomerate of Islay, 292
Thomson, Professor Wyville, on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 129
〃 cited, 130
〃 thermal condition of the sea, 138
Thomson, Sir W., amount of internal heat passing through earth’s crust, 142
〃 on limit to age of the globe, 343
〃 on influence of ice-cap on sea-level, 372
〃 climate not affected by internal heat, 6
〃 earth’s axis of rotation permanent, 7
〃 on volume and mass of the sun, 347
Tidal wave, effect of friction, 336
Tides, supposed argument from, 184
Time, geological, 311−359
〃 as represented by geological phenomena, 326
〃 represented by existing rocks, 361
Torrid zone, annual quantity of heat received by, per unit of surface, 194
Towncroft farm, section of channel at, 474
Towson, Mr., on icebergs of Southern Ocean, 383
Trade-winds (anti), heat conveyed by, over-estimated, 28
〃 (anti) derive their heat from the Gulf-stream, 32
〃 of warm hemisphere overborne by those of cold hemisphere, 70
〃 causes which determine the strength of, 70
〃 strongest on glaciated hemisphere, 70
〃 reaction upon trade-winds by formation of snow and ice, 76
〃 influence of, in turning ocean-currents on warm hemisphere, 97
〃 do not explain the antarctic current, 211
Tiddeman on North of England ice-sheet, 458
〃 displacement of, 230
Transport of boulders and rubbish the proper function of icebergs, 281
Trafalgar, effect of ridge between Capes Spartel and on Gibraltar current, 167
Turner, Professor, on arctic seal found at Grangemouth, 485
Tylor, Alfred, on denudation of Mississippi basin, 333
Tyndall, Professor, on heat in aqueous vapour, 29
〃 on sifted rays, 47
〃 on diathermancy of air, 59
〃 on glacial epoch, 78
Udevalla, Mediterranean shell in glacial shells, bed of, 253
Under currents to southern hemisphere colder than surface currents from, 92
〃 produced by saltness, flow from equator to poles, 106
〃 account for cold water at equator, 124, 142
〃 in Davis’ Strait, 134
〃 take path of least resistance, 130
〃 why considered improbable, 135
〃 difficulty regarding, obviated, 217
〃 theory of, 217
Underground temperature, Professor J. D. Forbes on, 86
Underground temperature exerts no influence on the climate, 88
〃 absolute amount of heat derived from, 142
〃 supposed influence of, 176
Uniformity, modern doctrine of, 325
United States’ coast survey of Gulf-stream, 24
〃 hydrographic department, papers published by, 556
Unstratified boulder clay must be the product of land-ice, 437
Upsala and Stockholm striated by Baltic glacier, 447
Vertical circulation, Lieutenant Maury’s theory of, 108
〃 according to Dr. Carpenter, 153
Vertical descent of polar column caused by extra pressure of water upon it, 154
〃 effects of, and slope, the same, whether performed simultaneously or alternately, 159
〃 of polar column illustrated by diagram, 160
Vertical distribution of heat in the ocean, Mr. Buchanan’s theory, 550
Vogt, Professor, on Dürnten lignite bed, 241
Warm hemisphere made warmer by increased reaction of physical causes, 76
Warm periods best marked in arctic regions, 258
〃 in arctic regions, evidence of, 261
〃 better represented by fossils than cold periods, 288
〃 evidence of, during Cretaceous age, 304
Warm inter-glacial periods in arctic regions, 258−265
Water at equator the best means of distributing heat derived from the sun, 30
Water, a worse radiator than land, 91
Wastdale granite boulders, difficulty of accounting for transport of, 456
Wastdale Crag glaciated by continental ice, 457
Weibye, M., striation observed by, 280
Wilkes, Lieutenant, on cold experienced in antarctic regions in summer, 63
Wellington Sound, ancient trees found at, 265
Winter-drift of ice on coast of Labrador, 276
West winds, moisture of, derived from Gulf-stream, 29
Wind, work in impelling currents, 219
Winds, ocean-currents produced by, 212
〃 system of, agrees with the system of ocean-currents, 213
Wind theory of oceanic circulation, 210
〃 crucial test of, 220
Wigtownshire, ice-action during Silurian age, 293
Work performed by descent of polar column, 157
Wood, Mr. Nicholas, on buried channel, 488
Wood, Jun., Mr. Searles, middle drift, 250
〃 on occurrence of chalk débris in south-west of England, 460
Woodward, Mr. H. B., on boulder clay in Devonshire, 463
Wunsch, Mr. E. A., on glacial conglomerate in Arran, 299
Yare, ancient buried channel of, 489
Young, Mr. J., objection considered, 482
Yorkshire drift common in south of England, 460
Zenger, Professor, on the moon’s influence on climate, 324