BEGINNING OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS.
EDWARD III. 1327-1377.
1327Measures of reform,214
Mortimer’s misgovernment,214
Fruitless campaign against Scotland,214
Opposition to Mortimer,214
1330Conspiracy and death of Kent,215
Edward overthrows Mortimer,215
Edward’s healing measures,216
1332Balliol invades Scotland,216
Edward supports him,216
Siege of Berwick,217
1333Battle of Halidon Hill,217
1334Temporary Submission of Scotland,217
Edward’s claims on France,218
The Scotch, with Philip’s help, renew the War,218
1337Edward therefore produces his claims,218
Edward attacks France,218
1338His alliances on the North-east,219
He is made Imperial Vicar,219
Great taxation,219
He lands in Flanders,220
1339Deserted by his allies, he returns home,220
1340Returns, and wins the Battle of Sluys,220
Fruitless expedition to Tournay,220
Sudden visit to England,221
Displacement of the Ministry,221
1341His dispute with Stratford,221
Edward yields,221
1342Loss of all his allies,222
New opening in Brittany,222
1343Mediation of the Pope offered,223
Decay of Papal influence,223
1344 His mediation accepted conditionally, it fails,224
Edward’s commercial difficulties,224
1345War breaks out again,224
Derby hard pressed in Guienne,224
1346Edward, to relieve him, lands in Normandy,225
Marches towards Calais,225
Battle of Cressy,227
Battle of Neville’s Cross,228
1347Siege of Calais,228
Truce,229
1349The Black Death,229
1355Renewal of the War,229
Destructive March of the Black Prince southwards,229
The “Burnt Candlemas,”231
1356The Black Prince’s expedition northwards,231
Battle of Poitiers,231
Release of King David,232
1357Peace with Scotland,232
Terrible condition of France,232
1359Reviving power of the Dauphin,232
Edward again invades France,233
1360Want of permanent results induce Edward to make The Peace of Brétigny,233
The Treaty is not carried out,234
1364The War in Brittany continues,234
1365Affairs of Castile,234
1366France and England support the rival claimants,234
1367Battle of Navarette,235
1368Taxation in Aquitaine,235
The Barons appeal to Charles,235
1369Renewal of French War,235
Gradual Defeat of the English,236
1370The Black Prince takes Limoges,236
His final return to England,236
1374Loss of Aquitaine,236
1372Naval victory of the Spaniards,236
1375Discontent in England,236
Politics of the Time,237
1376The Good Parliament,239
Death of the Black Prince,240
Lancaster regains power,240
1377The Lancastrian Parliament,240
Trial of Wicliffe,240
Uproar in London,240
Death of the King,240

BEGINNING OF THE FACTION FIGHT AMONG THE NOBILITY.
RICHARD II. 1377-1399.
1377Difficulties of the new reign,242
Regency and administration of Lancaster,242
Patriotic government,243
1380Money wanted for the War in Brittany,243
The Poll Tax,243
1381Insurrection of the Villeins,244
Death of Wat Tyler,244
The insurrection suppressed,245
Parliament rejects the Villeins’ claims,245
1383Suspicions of Lancaster’s objects,245
He deserts Wicliffe,245
He is charged with the failure in Flanders,246
1385Jealousy of him thwarts the Scotch invasion,246
He is glad of the excuse to leave England to support his claims in Castile,246
Gloucester takes Lancaster’s place,246
The King’s Favourites,247
1386Gloucester heads an opposition,247
Change of Ministry demanded,247
Impeachment of Suffolk,247
Commission of Government,247
1387The King prepares a counterblow,248
The Five Lords Appellant,248
They impeach the King’s friends,248
Affair of Radcot,248
1388The Wonderful Parliament,248
1389Gloucester’s unimportant Government,249
Richard assumes authority,249
1393Final Statute of Provisors,250
1394Expedition to Ireland,250
1397Marriage with Isabella of France,251
Richard’s vengeance after seven years’ peace,251
1398Hereford and Norfolk banished,252
His arbitrary rule alienates the people,253
1399During his absence in Ireland,253
Hereford returns and is triumphantly received,253
He captures Richard,254
Makes him resign the Kingdom,254
———————
State of Society.
———————

MONARCHY BY PARLIAMENTARY TITLE.
HENRY IV. 1399-1413.
1399Henry’s position in English History,275
Reversal of the Acts of the late King,276
Tumultuous scene in the First Parliament,276
The King’s insecure position for nine years,276
1400Insurrection of the late Lords Appellant,277
Imprisonment and secret death of Richard,277
Hostile attitude of France and Scotland,278
Useless and impolitic march into Scotland,278
1401Insurrection Wales,278
Owen Glendower,278
1402Quarrel with the Percies,278
The pretended Richard,279
Causes of the quarrel with Northumberland,279
1403The Percies combine with Glendower,279
Battle of Shrewsbury,280
1404Submission of Northumberland,280
Widespread Conspiracy,280
1405Flight of the young Earl of March,280
Renewed activity of Northumberland, Scrope and Mowbray,281
Events which secured Henry’s triumph,281
Capture of James of Scotland,281
1407Murder of Orleans,282
1408Final defeat and death of Northumberland,282
Henry’s improved position,282
His enforced respect for the Commons,282
Climax of their power,283
Explained by the King’s failing health,283
1412Renewed vigour at the end of his reign,283
Henry’s foreign policy,283
His alliance with the Church,284
His persecuting Statute,285
Views of the nation with regard to the Church,285
Henry’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales,285
RENEWAL OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR.
HENRY V. 1413-1422.
1413Fortunate opening of his reign,287
General amnesty and release of prisoners,288
1414 Signs of slumbering discontent,288
The Lollards,288
Henry’s reason for the impolitic French War,289
State of France,290
Expulsion of the Burgundians from Paris,290
Attempt at national government,290
Henry’s double diplomacy and outrageous claims,291
His preparations,291
1415He lands in France,292
Conspiracy of Cambridge,292
Capture of Harfleur,292
Henry compelled to retire upon Calais,293
Battle of Agincourt,295
The French Government falls into the hands of the Armagnacs,296
1416Visit of Sigismund,297
His position in Europe,297
His close union with Henry,297
Failure of his mediation,298
1417Armagnac attacks Queen Isabella,298
She allies herself with Burgundy,298
Henry’s second Invasion,298
1418The Parisians, anxious for peace, admit the Burgundians,298
1419Fall of Rouen,299
Negotiations for peace,300
Attempted reconciliation of the French parties,300
Murder of Burgundy,300
Young Burgundy joins England,300
1420Treaty of Troyes,300
1421English defeat at Beaugé,301
Henry hurries to Paris,301
1422While re-establishing his affairs he dies,301
Death of Charles VI.,302
LOSS OF FRANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BARONAGE.
HENRY VI. 1422-1461.
1422Arrangements of the Kingdom,303
Position of affairs in France,304
1423Bedford’s marriage,304
Release of the Scotch King,304
1424Battle of Verneuil,305
Consequent strength of the English position in France,305
It is disturbed by the consequences of Gloucester’s marriage,305
The first blow to the Burgundian alliance,305
1425Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester,306
1426Gloucester’s marriage with Eleanor Cobham,307
Bedford again secures Burgundy,307
1428And attacks Orleans,307
1429Battle of the Herrings,308
Danger of Orleans,308
Joan of Arc,308
Causes of her success,310
The siege is raised,310
March to Rheims to crown the Dauphin,310
Unsuccessful attack on Paris,311
1430Capture of Joan of Arc,311
Coronation of King Henry,311
1431Joan’s death,311
1432Increasing difficulties of the English,312
State of England,312
Conduct of Gloucester,312
Death of the Duchess of Bedford,312
Bedford re-marries. Second blow to the Burgundian alliance,312
1433Efforts at peace, and313
1434Rise of a War party under Gloucester,313
1435Great Peace Congress at Arras,314
Bedford’s death,314
Consequent defection of Burgundy,314
1436Obstinacy of the War party,314
Continued ill success,315
Danger from Scotland,315
1437James’s death,315
1440Peace party procures the liberation of Orleans,316
1442Peace becomes necessary,316
Rise of Suffolk,316
1445Marriage of Henry with Margaret of Anjou,316
1446Pre-eminence of Suffolk,317
1447Gloucester’s death,317
York takes his place,317
1448Ministry of Suffolk,318
His unpopularity,318
Renewal of the War,318
1449Fall of Rouen,319
Popular outbreak against Suffolk,319
1450Murder of Suffolk,319
Continued discontent,320
Jack Cade,320
1452York’s appearance in arms; Civil War begins,320
He is duped into submission,321
1453Imbecility of the King,321
1454Prince of Wales born,321
York’s First Protectorate,322
Recovery of the King,322
1455York again appears in arms,322
First Battle of St. Albans,322
Character of the two parties,323
1456York’s Second Protectorate,324
1457With the Nevilles he retires from Court,324
1458Hollow reconciliation of parties,325
1459Renewed hostilities,325
Battle of Blore Heath,325
Flight of the Yorkists from Ludlow,325
Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry,325
1460Fresh attack of the Yorkists,325
Battle of Northampton,326
Yorkist Parliament in London,326
York at last advances claims to the throne,326
The Lords agree on a compromise,326
York is defeated and killed at Wakefield,326
1461The young Duke of York wins the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross,327
The Queen, advancing to London, wins second Battle of St. Albans,327
Sudden rising of the Home Counties,327
Triumphant entry of Edward,327