240;
sources of,
269;
theory of,
335
Liberty, natural,
155
Liberty, moral,
155
Liberty, municipal,
241-244
Liberty, personal, two meanings of,
154
Liberty,
political, origin of,
283;
secret of,
443;
principles of,
450
Liberty, of the press,
advantages arising from the,
64,
81,
264
Liberty, social,
155
Liberties, English, causes of the,
283,
424
Liberties, of the Franks, Mannert on the,
143
Liuva I., reign of,
210
Liuva. II., death of,
211
London, early political importance of,
365
Lords, committee of, appointed,
501
Lords, struggles of the,
with royalty,
502;
with the Commons,
496,
498
Lords,
House of,
419-423,
435;
results of the establishment of,
437
Lords,
ordainers, institution of,
456,
measures of the,
477
Louis the Debonnair, reign of,
98,
99,
158,
171
Louis the Prince,
conquest of England by,
318;
his resignation of the kingdom,
320
Louis, St.,
arbitration of, between Henry III. and his barons,
360
Loyalty,
general requirements of,
123
M.
Magistrates,
appointment of,
45,
361;
various kinds of,
238
Magistrates,
municipal,
198,
199
Magistrates,
local,
238
Magna Charta,
309;
analysis of,
313-316;
violation of,
317;
confirmation of,
493
Magnum Concilium,
290
Magnum commune consilium regni,
448
Majority, sovereignty of the,
340
Man, a free agent,
427
Mannert, on "the liberties of the Franks,"
143
Mariana, Abbé, on Councils of Toledo,
241
Marshals of England appointed,
327
Martel, Charles,
91,
92;
seizure of church property by,
118;
despotism of,
157
Matilda, queen of Henry I.,
273
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., coronation of,
274
Mayors of the palace,
institution of,
90;
authority of,
164
Members of Parliament,
383;
nomination of,
377;
election of,
385;
classification of,
421-422;
inviolability of,
511;
salaries paid to,
383,
461
Merovingians,
fall of the,
91,
160;
tendency of events under the,
94
Might and right, amalgamation of,
431
Ministers of State, responsibility of,
488
Monarchy,
issue of, from feudalism,
174;
progress of, under Charlemagne,
15,
157
Monarchy,
absolute, in France,
56,
149
Monarchy,
absolute, in England,
519
Monarchy,
Anglo-Saxon,
48
Monarchy, English,
266;
character of the,
267;
increasing powers of,
451
Monarchy, Frankish,
89;
decline of,
158
Monarchy, French,
86;
extension of,
148,
149
Monarchy, of the Visigoths,
208-214,
221;
destruction of the, by the Arabs, and consequent results,
254
Montesquieu, on "Representative government,"
56
Montesquieu, on the "Tenure of Benefices,"
116
Montesquieu, on the "Origin of Nobility,"
142
Montfort, Simon de,
rebellion of,
355,
360;
death of,
362
Municipia,
181;
constitution of the,
184;
growing importance of,
186;
burdens of the,
188;
decay of the,
191
Murder, punishment of,
under the feudal system,
137,
138
N.
Nations, free, history of,
260
Nature, law of,
8,
129
Neustria, kingdom of,
88,
89
Nobles, functions of the, in early Parliaments,
292
Nobility, origin of the,
142,
143
Nobility, Montesquieu on,
142
Normandy,
union of, to the British crown,
273;
reunion of, to the crown of France,
310
Normandy,
feudalism in,
285
Normans, the,
100;
resemblance of, to the Anglo-Saxons,
281;
national assemblies of the,
290
Norway, election of the kings of,
298,
311
O.
Oath of the Adalid,
248
Oaths of fidelity,
123
Office of kings appointed,
53
Offices held by Leudes,
141
Officers, municipal,
183,
198
Officium palatinum,
234
Omnipotence, great question of,
441
Oppression, primary cause of,
133,
134
Ordeal, trials by,
249,
251,
252
Ordinances, nature of,
482
Organization, monarchical,
158
Ostrogoths, in Italy,
236
Oxford, Parliament of,
356;
acts of the,
357
P.
Palace, keeper of the,
166
Palace, mayors of the,
90,
164
Palatines, appointment of,
167
Parliament, English,
a secret assembly,
81;
origin of the,
266,
268;
formation of,
350-354,
366,
388;
progress of,
326,
360,
370,
372,
453;
final establishment of the,
372;
composition of,
374,
376;
original constitution of,
419;
sittings of,
421;
present constitution of,
423;
object of,
442;
first name of,
448;
power and attributes of,
449;
vicissitudes of,
452;
development of,
467;
prorogations of,
479,
499;
reaction against,
503;
climax of the power of,
518;
suspension of,
520;
admission of the Commons to,
370
Parliament, Anglo-Norman,
290
Parliament, two Houses of,
necessity for the,
265;
origin of the division,
418-421,
434
Parliament, the Good,
490
Parliament, of Oxford,
356,
367;
acts of the,
357
Parliament, the Wonderful,
502
Parliaments,
annual,
496;
statutes relating to,
477
Parliament, of Edward II.,
370,
371,
374,
454,
455
Parliament, of Edward III.,
455,
477
Parliament, of Henry II.,
292
Parliament, of Henry III.,
360,
362
Parliament, of Richard II.,
494-507
Party influence, action of,
406
Peers, origin of the House of,
52;
functions of the,
435;
advantages of,
436
Pembroke, Earl of,
320
People, sovereignty of the,
69
Pepin, ancestors of,
90,
91
Pepin the Short,
96;
despotism of,
157,
160
Perers, or Pierce, Alice, influence of,
488
Persons, classification of,
132;
principles of,
134,
193
Peter de Roches,
322
Petition, right of,
463,
465,
469;
abuse of the,
470;
right of, superseded,
515
Petitions, practice regarding,
459;
presentation of,
464,
468,
482;
discussions of,
472;
usage of, exchanged for bills,
513
Phenomena of nature and of mind,
102
Philosophy of fact,
426
Philosophy of will,
337,
338,
344
Philosophy school of,
426,
427,
430,
432
Plurality, definition of, by Pascal,
62
Police regulations,
42,
271
Poll-tax levied,
497,
498
Politics, art of,
443
Popes, origin of the right of, to make and unmake kings,
96;
powers of the,
311,
317,
321;
resistance of the Commons to the,
490
Power, derivation of,
346;
legitimacy of,
349 absolute, characteristics of,
58,
59,
233,
299,
346;
fallibility of,
77;
theory of,
341;
causes which led to the establishment of, in France,
424;
bulwarks against,
442;
struggles of, in England,
495-502
Power, administrative, division of, in England,
289
Power, central, division of,
444;
relation of, to representative government,
445
Power, ecclesiastical,
275,
276;
decline of, in England,
282
Power, electoral,
264;
division of, in England,
266
Power, executive,
288;
tendency of,
289;
theory of,
340
Power, judicial,
288,
441;
division of,
289,
517;
concentration of, in the person of Henry II.,
296
Power, legislative,
288;
division of, in England,
418-424;
effects of,
446
Power, monarchical, progress of,
15
Power, regal,
extension of,
148,
151;
causes of the,
160,
276;
theory of,
218,
446;
origin of,
219;
struggles of, with feudal powers,
308-325;
restrictions to,
361;
resistance of the Commons to,
477
Powers, division of, essential to government,
79,
289;
results of, in England,
268
Powers, emancipation of, in France,
289
Powers, which rule society,
288
Precaria, origin of the,
117
Prerogative, royal origin of,
300;
maintenance of,
503
Problem of government,
78
Progress, the law of nature,
129
Property, territorial,
126-129
Proprietors, isolation of,
130 allodial,
135 beneficiary,
135
Prorogation of Parliament,
499;
right of,
478,
479
Publicity,
an essential characteristic of representative government,
80,
265
Publicity, in England,
81
R.
Reason, unity of,
79;
sovereignty of,
343,
346
Reason, the source of power,
346
Recared I., reign of,
211
Recared II., reign of,
212
Recesuinth, accession of,
213;
laws of,
244
Reconciliation, theory of,
338
Recommendation, feudal system of,
125,
126
Reformation, causes which led to the,
491
Regent, title of, first adopted,
320
Régime, feudal, in France,
97
Relations, social, rule of,
428
Religion, influence of, on royal power,
161,
162
Rentals, origin of,
127
Representation,
political meaning of the term,
334,
348;
theories of,
335,
336,
341;
doctrine of,
347;
first development of, in English government,
354,
355;
progress of,
363,
367
Representation of counties,
363
Representation of boroughs,
364-366
Representation of universities,
373
Representation of will,
339
Representatives of counties,
election of,
381;
payment of,
383,
461;
number of,
405;
coalition of, with members for boroughs,
422;
qualifications of,
410
Representatives of boroughs, election of,
384,
385;
assembly of,
419
Republic, Venetian, result of the,
69
Requirements, historic, of the present age,
261
Revenue, public employment of the,
499
Revenues of the Norman kings,
296
Revolutions,
general effects of, on society,
2,
10;
epochs of,
187
Revolutions, French, effects of the,
40
Richard Cœur de Lion,
279;
death of,
280;
reign of,
306
Richard II.,
reign of,
494-506;
government of,
500;
deposition of,
505,
506,
509;
political character of,
507,
508
Right,
impossibility of defining,
429;
philosophy of,
426,
437,
430;
legitimacy of,
431
Right and might, amalgamation of,
431
Right, derived from capacity,
394
Right, Divine, theory of,
213,
446
Right, of enquiry,
473,
487
Right, hereditary,
435
Right,
initiative,
464,
471;
completion of the,
514
Right, of petition,
463,
469
Right, of prorogation,
478,
479
Rights, electoral,
406,
407
Rights, municipal,
200,
385,
386
Rights, national,
63
Rights, political,
63;
separation of, from municipal rights,
200
Rights, public, combination of,
391;
independence of,
392
Robert, duke of Normandy,
273
Robertson, history by,
259,
260;
Rochester, siege of,
317
Rome,
political institutions of,
184;
classification of the inhabitants of,
193,
200;
centralization of power in,
202
Rousseau,
his hypothesis of society,
57;
his theory of representation,
335,
337,
339
Royalty, theory of,
218;
struggles with feudal aristocracy,
311,
317,
322,
327
Royalty, among the Franks,
159
Royalty,
Anglo-Norman,
295;
wealth and power of,
296-299
Runnymede, conference at,
312
S.
Salic lands,
107
Salic law,
107
Salisbury, Parliament at,
373
Savigny, M. de,
on the laws of the Visigoths,
241,
244
Saxons,
enmity of, to the Danes,
270;
analogy of, with the Normans,
282;
national assemblies of the,
291-293
School, philosophic,
fundamental principles of,
426;
errors of the,
427,
429,
430,
432
School,
historic principles of the,
426;
errors of the,
433
Science, political,
389
Scribæ,
199
Scotland,
early independence of,
484;
wars of,
486
Senators, Roman,
194
Serfs, see Slaves.
Service, military,
origin of,
109;
limits of,
110;
exaction of,
326
Siesbut, reign of,
211
Sisenand, usurpation of,
212
Slaves,
33,
38;
causes of the condition of,
136;
laws regarding,
227
Socialism, first law of,
57
Society,
classification of,
33;
origin of,
57;
philosophy of,
57;
desire and tendency of,
66,
438,
439;
earliest condition of,
133;
tests of the social condition of,
137;
meaning and object of,
441;
government of,
288;
parliamentary classification of,
420,
422;
great aim of,
432,
438
Society, Anglo-Saxon,
34-37
Society, Christian,
influence of, on the fallen powers of Rome,
187;
growth of,
189
Sovereignty,
right of,
58;
effects of,
67;
theories of,
263,
264;
opinions of Bracton and Fortescue on,
267
Sovereignty, individual,
theory of,
336-338,
242;
results of,
443;
division of,
445
Sovereignty, of the majority,
340
Sovereignty, of reason,
343
Sovereignty, of will,
341,
344
Spain,
under the Roman Empire,
206;
invasion of,
209;
monarchy in,
210;
fall of the,
214;
division of, into dioceses,
213;
Gothic laws of,
246,
247;
institutions of,
235
Speaker of the House of Commons,
first appointed,
478;
functions of the,