405;
influence of kings upon,
492 n.;
abuses of, first repressed,
491;
parliamentary interference in,
507
Electors,
original qualification of,
377,
381,
385;
two classes of,
393;
rights of,
406,
407
Emperors, powers of the,
28
Empire, Roman,
political sterility of the,
24;
social condition of, in the 5th century,
193-203;
fall of the,
187,
205;
position of bishops under the,
200,
205;
Honorati of the,
243
Enfranchisement,
modes of,
146,
147;
progress of,
173;
effects of, on the continent,
424
Enfranchisement,
general,
498
England,
early history of,
29-31,
270;
division of the soil,
42;
representative government in,
56,
69,
258,
263,
266,
268,
519;
progress of feudalism in,
274,
280;
civilization of,
282;
conquest of, by Louis of France,
318;
facts which decided the political destiny of,
423;
modern state of,
448;
political aspect of, in the reign of Edward III.,
477;
institutions of,
30,
149,
284,
494
Enquiry,
right of,
473
Enquiry,
commissions of, instituted,
487
Epochs of European history,
258
Error, sources of,
4
Error of the Whigs and Tories,
293,
462
Erwig, usurpation of,
213
Escuage,
establishment of,
306;
laws of,
313
Euric, king of the Visigoths,
208
Evesham, battle of,
362
Evil, conflicts of,
68
Exchequer, court of, instituted,
297
Excommunication,
310
F.
Fact, philosophy of,
426
Favourites, empire of, in England,
455,
500,
502
Feudalism,
characteristics of,
14,
35,
104,
120,
173;
first principles of,
41;
importance of, to the formation of society,
130;
rapid extension of,
146,
158,
171;
origin of,
148;
conflicts of,
149;
rudiments of,
151;
influence of,
175;
epoch of,
258;
establishment of, in England,
271,
280;
decline of, in England,
437
Feudalism,
in France,
95,
285;
effects of,
102;
progress of,
110,
111,
113;
predominance of,
153;
attacks on,
173;
source of,
284.
Feudalism,
effects of, on the Saxons,
286
Fidelity, oaths of,
123
Fiefs, book of,
117
Forests, charters relating to,
316,
321,
493
Formation and dissolution, phenomena of,
102
Fortescue, on "Sovereign Power,"
267
Forty-shilling freeholders, origin of,
381
Forum Judicium,
laws of the,
216,
224,
226,
237;
study of the,
255
France,
historical position of,
3;
absolute monarchy in,
56;
representative government in,
62,
175,
519;
early settlements of,
84;
partition of the realm,
87,
92;
national assemblies established in,
163 169;
centralization of power in,
289
Franks,
origin of the,
82;
countries first inhabited by,
88;
institutions of the,
83,
103,
149;
first habitations of,
111;
condition of, under the Romans,
134;
national assemblies of the,
163,
174;
results of their settlement in Gaul,
172
Franks,
under Charlemagne,
97
Fredegonde, queen of Neustria,
89
Free-men,
various classes of,
136;
rank of,
143;
signification of the term,
145
Free-men,
in Rome,
193
Freeholders,
origin of,
295,
378
Freeholders,
court of,
353,
379
Freeholders,
rights of,
380,
381,
385
Fueros, or ancient customs of Castile,
246,
247
G.
Gaul,
invasion of, by the Germans,
26;
conquest of, by Clovis,
84;
by Pepin,
91,
93;
territorial division of,
103,
150;
settlement of the Franks in,
172;
Visigothic monarchy in,
208
Germany,
Franks in,
84;
primitive state of society in,
148;
institutions of,
148
Gibbon, history by,
259,
260
Goths,
character of the,
236;
laws of the,
246
Government,
forms and principles of,
56,
58,
443;
co-existence of, with society,
57;
true laws of,
60;
problem of,
78;
twofold object of,
155;
theories of,
341
Government,
aristocratic,
66,
70;
consequences of,
68,
457
Government,
central, rise of,
289;
principal organ of,
452
Government,
ecclesiastical,
51,
234
Government,
free, progress towards,
302
Government,
English, sources of,
283;
fundamental principles of,
369
Government,
local,
240
Government,
monarchical, sources of,
444;
encroachments upon,
487
Government, parliamentary,
struggles of, with absolute power,
495-501
Government, representative,
origin of,
12;
distinct features of,
47,
61;
principles of,
55,
71,
77,
264,
265,
267,
440,
441;
aim of,
62,
64;
requirements of,
67;
forms of,
77,
266;
characteristics of,
265;
formation of,
302;
nature of,
340,
348,
440
Government, representative, in England,
causes which led to the establishment of,
267,
289,
521;
first development of,
354,
355;
necessity for the perfecting of,
474,
475;
decadence of,
520
Government, representative,
in France,
62,
175,
519 opposed to absolute power,
441
Government, representative,
under the feudal system,
175
Government, representative,
the government of the majority,
72 Motesquieu on,
56
Governments,
classification of,
61,
75
Governments,
free,
449
Grants, parliamentary,
419,
420
Gregory VII., Pope,
contests of, with William the Norman,
272
Gundemar, reign of,
211
H.
Harold, usurpation and death of,
271
Henry I.,
usurpation of,
272;
reign of,
273;
death of,
274;
charters of,
304
Henry II.,
reign of,
275;
charters of,
306;
negotiations of, with Rome,
278;
Parliaments of,
292
Henry III.,
reign of,
319;
charters of,
320,
321,
323;
struggles of, with the barons,
355,
356,
359;
Parliaments convoked by,
360,
362;
political character of,
368
Henry IV., reign of,
518
Henry V.,
parliamentary character of the reign of,
518
Hierarchy of feudalism,
175
Hincmar, Archbishop,
letter of, on national assemblies,
164
History,
simultaneous development of,
1,
2,
11;
aspects of,
259,
260;
adoption of, to the present age,
261
History, of the Anglo-Saxons,
29,
37
History, of England,
sketch of,
270;
remarkable fact in the,
494
History, of English towns,
364
History, European, epochs of,
13,
258
History, of free nations,
260
History, philosophic,
260
History, poetical,
259
History, political,
262
History, practical,
260
Honorati, the,
under the Roman empire,
243
Honorius III.,
decrees of,
321
House of Commons,
origin of the,
268,
419-423,
437;
early importance of,
424;
rights of the,
480;
participation of, in the legislature,
481
House of Commons,
in the 14th century,
388
House of Commons,
in the reign of Henry III.,
484
House of Commons,
in the reign of Edward II.,
458
House of Commons,
speaker of the, first chosen,
478
House of Lords,
origin of the,
419-423,
435;
results of the establishment of the,
437;
increasing powers of,
486;
struggles of, with the Commons,
498
House of Lords, in the 15th century,
515
Houses of Parliament,
origin of the separation of the,
314,
418;
distinct characters of,
372,
478
Hubert de Burgh,
322
Hugh Capet,
101,
160;
succession of,
171
Hullman, Dr.,
views of, on the social state,
104
Hume, history by,
259,
260
I.
Independence under the feudal system,
130
Independence, individual,
156
Industry, national, protection of,
491
Inequality, tendency of society to,
440
Influence, political,
231
Initiative,
right of,
464,
467,
483;
abuse of,
471;
introduction of the present form of,
507
Innocent III., Pope,
311,
317
Institutions,
points necessary to the study of,
32;
three systems of,
148
Institutions,
ancient, study of,
4,
7
Institutions, Anglo-Norman,
282;
political estimation of the,
283,
314,
328
Institutions, Anglo-Saxon,
38,
46,
282,
284;
political estimation of,
283
Institutions,
central,
46,
52,
159,
229,
282
Institutions, English,
foundations of the,
30,
284
Institutions, European,
3,
13;
general character of,
23;
origin of,
281
Institutions, feudal, establishment of,
172
Institutions,
Frankish,
82;
difficulties relating to,
103,
104,
149
Institutions,
free, birth of,
254;
establishment of, in England,
28,
284;
circumstances favourable to,
494;
decline of,
149,
172
Institutions,
of liberty in Germany,
148
Institutions,
local,
1,
150;
results of,
45,
150
Institutions,
of the Visigoths,
237
Institutions,
monarchical, decline of,
158,
172
Institutions,
political, study of,
11
Institutions,
Roman,
235
Insurrections in England,
323,
355,
360
Ireland, conquest of,
279
Irenarchæ,
199
J.
Jews, treatment of, by the Visigoths,
211;
massacre of the,
271
John, reign of,
308-318;
character of,
301;
excommunication of,
310
Judges, laws referring to,
239,
240;
appointment of,
315
Jurisdiction, seignorial, extension of,
153
Jurisdiction,
of counts,
158
Jurisdiction,
of dukes,
152
Jurisdiction,
Norman,
296
Juries, Gothic, in Spain,
247
Jury,
origin of the,
44;
election of officers by,
249
Justice,
character, and power of,
33;
administration of, according to Magna Charta,
314
Justices,
itinerant,
297
Justinian,
laws of,
199;
possessions of,
210
K.
Kingdom of the Franks,
division of the,
92,
95
Kingdoms,
barbarian foundation of,
27,
86,
87
King's court,
291,
294
King's ministers, appointment of,
488
Kings,
origin of the appointment,
53;
private domains of,
113;
progress of the power of,
151,
486;
duties of,
169,
225;
election of,
222
Kings,
Anglo-Saxon,
53
Kings,
Frankish,
113
Kings, of France,
maintenance of,
108
Kings, Norman,
wealth of,
295;
government of,
290,
298
Kings,
of the Visigoths,
207-214
Knights of shires,
appointment of,
351,
353,
354;
admission of, to Parliament,
353;
influence of,
358,
359;
election of,
380,
419
L.
Lands,
distribution of, in France,
111;
condition of, a symbol of the condition of persons,
105
Lands,
allodial,
106;
division of,
106;
taxation of,
108
Lands,
beneficiary,
112
Lands,
salic,
106,
107
Lands,
tributary,
126
Lands,
waste,
128
Landowners,
power of,
47,
377;
benefices conceded by,
124
Language, changes in,
connected with the changes in society,
65
Law,
theory of,
217,
218
Law,
courts, established in England,
297
Law,
of the inviolability of members,
511;
infringement of the,
512
Law,
Divine, the true law of man,
60,
347
Law,
man, subject to,
60,
349
Laws, barbarian,
137,
215
Law,
of compurgation,
250,
251
Law,
criminal, principles of,
226
Laws of Henry I.,
273
Laws relating to judges,
239,
240,
315
Laws relating to slaves,
227
Laws, Saxon,
286
Laws, of tenure,
1,
14,
117,
120,
135
Laws of the Visigoths,
119,
125,
177,
208,
215,
229,
236
Laws of William the Norman,
271
Leicester, Earl of,
result of the insurrection headed by,
323,
355,
360;
government of,
361;
death of,
362
Legislation, theory of,
216
Legislation, Anglo-Saxon,
36,
41
Legislation, according to Magna Charta,
314
Legislation, parliamentary,
480,
481
Legislation, under William the Norman,
45,
272
Legislation,
of the Visigoths,
215,
228;
defects of the,
229
Legislature,
division of the, into three branches,
514
Legislature,
English,
30,
41
Leovigild, reign of,
210
Leudes,
appointment of,
141;
offices held by,
ib.;
duties and emoluments of,
142;
rise of the,
160
Liberalism, progress of,
369
Liberty,
demands of, on society,
133;
character of, in the early ages,
135;
aspects of,
154,
155;
principles of,
201,
205;
guarantees of,