Acts of the Oxford Parliament, 357
Adalid Mayor, 248
Adalides,
  election and office of the,  247, 248
Administration of Diocletian, 24
Alaric II.,
  king of the Visigoths, in Gaul, 208
Alfaqueque,
  appointment of, 249
Alfred the Great,
  influence of,
  on English legislature, 30, 41;
  right of, to the throne, 53
Algila,
  king of the Visigoths, 210
Allodium,
  characteristics of the, 107
Allods, 106;
  conversion of, into benefices, 125;
  proprietors of, 107, 135
Almocadene,
  appointment of the,  249
Almogavars, 248
Alode,
  origin of the term, 106
Amalaric,
  king of Spain, 209
Ambassadors,
  French, 108
America,
  elections in, 407, 408
Anglo-Saxons, 29, 37;
  resemblance of, to the Normans, 281;
  subjection of the, 286;
  general assemblies of the, 49;
  institutions of the, 38, 46, 282, 284
Anglo-Saxons, Saxon heretochs,
  election of, 247
Anglo-Saxons, Normans,
  institutions of the, 282, 314
Antiquity,
  study of, 5-7
Antrustions, see Leudes.

Apocrisiary, or keeper of the palace, 166
Arianism, introduction of, into Spain, 210
Arimanni, or Rathimburgi, 146
Aristocracy,
  origin of the, 34;
  signification of the term, 56;
  historical definition of, 66;
  influence of the, 235
Aristocracy,
  feudal origin of the, 135, 143;
  powers of the, 299
Aristocracy, French, 97
Aristocracy, Norman, cohesion of the, 286
Aristocracy, Saxon, 271
Army, privileges of the,
  under the Roman Empire, 194
Arthur, duke of Bretagne, 309;
  death of, 310
Assembly, general, of the Saxons,
  see Wittenagemot

Assemblies,
  Germanic, 47, 163
Assemblies,
  national, first termed Parliaments, 356
Assemblies,
  of the Franks, 163, 164;
  decay of, 171;
  revival of, under Charlemagne, 164;
  Hincmar, on the, ib.

Assemblies, of the Normans, 298, 311
Assemblies, of the Saxons, 291, 293
Assemblies, of the Visigoths, 210
Assessors,
  appointment and duties of, 44, 158, 239

Assizes, first appointed, 315
Athanogild, 210
Austrasia,
  kingdom of, 88;
  queen of, 89, 210
Authority,
  judicial, institution of, 239
Authority,
  parental, legitimacy of, 345
Authority,
  regal, progress of, in England, 499, 500, 521

B.

Ballot, origin of the scheme, 408
Barbarianism, epoch of, 258
Barons,
  original qualifications of, 294;
  tyranny of the, 358;
  wealth of the, 457;
  struggles of,  with the Commons, 497-501
Barons,
    Council of, 423
Barons,
    factions of the, 518, 519
Barons, Norman,
    coalition of the, 300, 303, 309, 311;
    increasing powers of the, 306;
    contests of,
      with King John, 311-318;
      with Henry III., 322;
      with Edward I., 327;
      with Edward II., 456
Barons,  French, powers of the, 101
Basques, see Vascons.

Becket, Thomas,
  rise of, 275;
  fall of, 278
Belgium, settlement of the Franks in, 84
Benefices, 112;
  tenure of, 114, 115, 120, 135;
  transference of, 116;
  conditions attached to, 124;
  character of, 125
Benefices, Montesquieu on, 117
Benefices,hereditary, 119
Beneficiaries, 135, 160
Benevolences, substitution of, for taxes, 520
Bills,
  parliamentary, origin of, 514;
  amendments to, first permitted, 515
Bills, of attainder, 517
Bishops,
  powers of, in Gaul, 143;
  nomination of, 144;
  position of, in the Roman Empire, 200, 205;
  political preponderance of, 221
Black Prince, the, 489, 490
Borough representation, corruption of, 386
Boroughs,
  progress of the liberties of, 28;
  deputies of, first called to Parliament, 361;
  forms of elections for, 387
Boroughs, representatives of, 384, 385
Bracton, on "Sovereign power," 267
Breviarium Aniani, 209, 241, 245;
  abolition of the, 244
Britain, a Roman colony, 25;
  first inhabitants of, 270
Britons, origin of the, 270
Brunehaut,
  queen of Austrasia, 89  ancestors of, 210

C.

Cambridge, University of,
  first represented in Parliament, 373
Capacity,
  electoral, 395, 396;
  legal signs of, 397
Capitularies, 168
Carlovingians,
  wealth of the, 113;
  dissolution of the kingdom under the, 95;
  monarchy of the, 157;
  fall of the, 160, 171
Catalonia, origin of the name, 207
Castile, ancient customs of, 246
Centralization,
  origin of, 39;
  object of, 201
Centralization,
  progress of, in England, 268, 275, 289, 316, 364
Centralization,
  tendency to, in France, 94, 158;
  progress of, 160, 170, 201
Centralization,  in Rome, 184, 201
Centralization, monarchical, 158
Centralization,
  of power opposed to representative government, 520;
  origin of, 289;
  tendency to, in England, 364, 497;
  tendency to, in France, 100, 289
Ceorls, history of the, 33-37

Chamberlain, office of, 166
Champs de Mars,
  assemblies of, 80, 163-169
Champs de Mai, 171
Chancery, courts of, 297
Charlemagne,
  political aspect of the reign of, 96 98;
  attempt of, to establish monarchy, 149, 158;
  government of, 154, 157, 170
Charles the Bald,
  reign of, in France, 99;
  government of, 158, 171;
  laws of tenure under, 120
Charles the Fat, reign of, 100
Charters,
  origin of, 300
Charters, English,
  history of, 302-306;
  general character of, 319;
  statute in confirmation of, 330
Charters,  of Edward I., 328
Charters, of Henry I., 273, 304
Charters, of Henry II., 306
Charters,  of Henry III., 320;
    violation of the, 321;
    revocation of, 322;
    confirmation of, 323, 324
Charters, of John, 309, 311, 316
Charters,  Magna, or the great, 313-317
Charters,
  relating to forests, 316, 321;
  confirmation of, 493
Charters, of Stephen, 305
Charters, of William the Conqueror, 303 n.
Charters, of manumission, 498
Charters, granted to the clergy, 311
Chartularii, 147
Chiefs, Frankish, 83
Childeric, 83
Chindasuinth, 212
Chintila, reign of, 212
Christianity,
  dawn and growth of, in Rome, 187, 189;
  effects of, on society, 162, 190
Chronicles, European, 259
Church,
  early endowment of the, 144;
  first union of, with the state, 144
Church,
  property, seizure of, 118
Cinq Ports,
  political importance of the, 365
Cities, defenders of,
  appointed, 199;
  duties of, 242
Citizenship, Roman,
  terms of admission to, 182, 185
Civil list,
  origin of the, 496
Civil courts, powers of the, established, 276
Civilization,
  effects of, on society,  32, 33;
  its aid to power, 39;
  progress of, 155;
  chief aim of, 161
Civilization,
  in England, 282
Civilization,
    European, unity of, 257
Clarendon, constitution of, 276-278, 292
Clarissimi, 193, 194
Classification of persons,
  principles of, 134, 135, 137, 138, 193
Classification of members, 421, 422,

Classification of governments, 61, 75
Clement V.,
  bull of, 332, 333;
  letter of, to Edward I., 332
Clergy,
  influence of the, 98, 162, 177, 190, 205, 212;
  privileges of the, 194;
  political predominance of, 220;
  incompetency of, for government, 232;
  powers of the, 276, 310;
  decline of, in England, 282, 491;
  contests of, with royalty, 310;
  charters granted to, 311;
  statutes in favour of, 499
Clovis,
  wars of, 84;
  death of, 85;
  successors of, 86
Code of English laws, 286
Code of the Visigoths, 177
Colonies,
  Roman, 25;
  state of the, 179
Comitia, the, in Rome, 184, 185
Commons,
  admission of the, to Parliament, 370-373, 451;
  formation of the, 422;
  intervention of, in matters of peace or war, 485;
  political influence of, 452, 487, 495;
  progressive rights of the, 400, 476, 480, 488, 496, 516;
  resistance of, to regal power, 477, 499, 501;
  power of, in government, 495, 497;
  annihilation of the, 521

Commons, House of, 268, 418-423, 437
Commons, House of, a secret assembly, 81
Commons, House of,  in France,
  enfranchisement of the, 424
Committees, parliamentary, first formed, 492, 497
Compurgation, 250-252
Concilium, attributes of the, 290, 448, 449
Concilium, Regni, 290
Confiscation, 286
Conquest, Norman, 271;
  effects of the, 281, 283, 285;
  results of, 287, 288
Conquest, of England by Louis of France, 318
Conquest, of Gaul, 84, 91
Constitutions of Clarendon, 276-278, 292
Constitutions of English, basis of the, 309
Convocation, writs of, 371, 373
Corporation, municipal, right of, to elect members, 385
Cortes, acts of the, 246
Councils of Clarendon, 276
Councils  of barons, 315, 320, 423
Councils of kings,
  various names of the, 291, 292, 448;
  increase of the, 489
Councils of State, 165
Council, national,
  of England, 448, 449;
  dispersion of the, 459
Council of Northampton, 292
Councillors,
  election of, 165;
  duties of, 167
Counts,
  institution of, 152;
  jurisdiction of, 152;
  rise of, 158
Counties,
  deputies of, called to Parliament, 351, 362
Counties, progress of the representation of, 363
County courts,
  origin and laws of, 43, 150;
  effects of, on feudalism, 287;
  members of, 352;
  functions of, 379
Courts,
  civil powers of, established, 276
Courts, of Chancery, 297
Courts, of Exchequer, 297
Courts, of kings, 291, 294
Courts, of law, established in England, 297
Cromwell, Parliament under, 6, 7
Crusades, 279
Curator, 198
Curatores, 199
Curfew, laws of, 271
Curia,
  attributes of the, 183, 188, 197;
  importance of the, 243;
  abolishment of, 204
Curia, de more, 290, 291
Curia,
  regis, 291;
  constitution of the, 293
Curials of the Roman Empire, 183, 193;
  functions and charges of, 195

D.

Danegeld, the, 296, 305
Danes,
  establishment of, in England, 270;
  affinity of, to the Normans, 271
David Bruce, 486
Debt, national, progress of the, 507
Debates, parliamentary, order of, 515
Decurio, origin of the term, 183
Defensores,
  appointment of, 199;
  result of the, 200;
  duties of, 242
Democracy,
  principles of, 70
Democracy,
  compared with representative government, 73, 445
Denariales, 146
Deputies of boroughs,
  first called to Parliament, 361
Deputies of counties,
  admitted to Parliament, 351, 363;
  relation of, to the great barons, 354;
  election of, 381;
  union of, with borough members, 422
Deputies of towns,
  first admitted to Parliament, 365

Despotism,
  origin of, 156, 158, 341;
  tests of, 170, 187;
  union of, with privilege, 194;
  forms of, 444
Despotism,
  Roman, 161, 199;
  effects of, in the west, 180;
  dangers of, 187;
  principles of, 204
Diocletian, administration of, 24
Dissolution,
  tendency to, in early states, 95, 101;
  phenomena of, 102
Districts, electoral, 404
Donors of benefices, 124
Doomsday-book,
  compilation of, 286;
  tythes granted by, 326 n.

Dukes,
  appointment and jurisdiction of, 152
Duty on wool, first imposed, 326
Duumvir, 198

E.

Edward I.,
  reign of, 325-330;
  exactions of, 326;
  quarrels of, with the nobles, 327, 329;
  statute of, 330;
  character of, 368;
  Parliaments of, 368, 370, 371, 374
Edward II.,
  reign of, 454-461;
  Parliaments of, 455;
  deposition of, 457
Edward III.,
  reign of, 476, 484-489;
  death of, 490;
  Parliaments of, 495-498
Egica, succession of, 214
Eginhard,
  on the "Tenure of Benefices," 117, 124
Election,
  direct advantages of, 408;
  necessity of, 411
Election,
  indirect evils of, 412, 413;
  source of, 416
Elections,
  an element in representative government, 80, 409;
  evils of, 407
Elections,
  American, forms of, 407
Elections,
  of borough members, 387
Elections,
  of councillors, 166
Elections,
  of county members, 381
Elections,
  English, 404-407
Elections,
  French, 408
Elections,
  of kings, 222
Elections,
  of knights, 380, 419;
  by the sheriff, 354
Elections,
  under the Merovingians, 159
Elections,
  by vote, limited power of, 339
Elections,
  character and power of, 63;
  introduction of, 80;
  forms of, 387;
  necessity for, 265;
  effects of, on feudalism, 422;
  advantages of, 408;
  fundamental law of,