The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities

Author: marquis de Pierre Simon Laplace

Translator: Frederick Lincoln Emory

Frederick Wilson Truscott


Release date: February 13, 2019 [eBook #58881]
Most recently updated: May 3, 2019

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58881

Credits: Produced by Turgut Dincer, Chris Pinfield, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAY ON PROBABILITIES ***

Transcriber's Note:

Apparent typographical errors have been corrected.

The corrections noted in the Errata section have been incorporated in the text. Three further corrections have also been made: 9/10 in place of 1/10, and 9/10 in place of 6/10, on page 110; and "ex voto" in place of "ex veto" on page 173.

A PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAY
ON
PROBABILITIES.

BY
PIERRE SIMON, Marquis de LAPLACE.

TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH FRENCH EDITION
BY

FREDERICK WILSON TRUSCOTT, Ph.D. (Harv.),
Professor of Germanic Languages in the West Virginia University,

AND

FREDERICK LINCOLN EMORY, M.E. (Wor. Poly. Inst.),
Professor of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics in the West Virginia
University; Mem. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng.

FIRST EDITION.
FIRST THOUSAND.

NEW YORK:
JOHN WILEY & SONS.
London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited.
1902.

Copyright, 1902,
BY
F. W. TRUSCOTT
AND
F. L. EMORY.

ROBERT DRUMMOND PRINTER, NEW YORK


TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
PART I.
A PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAY ON PROBABILITIES.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction 1
CHAPTER II.
Concerning Probability 3
CHAPTER III.
General Principles of the Calculus of Probabilities 11
CHAPTER IV.
Concerning Hope 20
CHAPTER V.
Analytical Methods of the Calculus of Probabilities 26
PART II.
APPLICATION OF THE CALCULUS OF PROBABILITIES.
CHAPTER VI.
Games of Chance 53
CHAPTER VII.
Concerning the Unknown Inequalities which may Exist among Chances Supposed to be Equal 56
CHAPTER VIII.
Concerning the Laws of Probability which result from the Indefinite Multiplication of Events 60
CHAPTER IX.
Application of the Calculus of Probabilities to Natural Philosophy 73
CHAPTER X.
Application of the Calculus of Probabilities to the Moral Sciences 107
CHAPTER XI.
Concerning the Probability of Testimonies 109
CHAPTER XII.
Concerning the Selections and Decisions of Assemblies 126
CHAPTER XIII.
Concerning the Probability of Testimonies 132
CHAPTER XIV.
Concerning Tables of Mortality, and the Mean Durations of Life, Marriage, and Some Associations 140
CHAPTER XV.
Concerning the Benefits of Institutions which Depend upon the Probability of Events 149
CHAPTER XVI.
Concerning Illusions in the Estimation of Probabilities 160
CHAPTER XVII.
Concerning the Various Means of Approaching Certainty 176
CHAPTER XVIII.
Historical Notice of the Calculus of Probabilities to 1816 185

ERRATA.

Page 89, line 22, for Pline read Pliny
" 102, lines 14, 16, " minutes " days
" 143, line 25, " sun " soil
" 177, lines 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24,  for  primary read prime
" 182, line 5, for conjunctions read being binary