portrait, 145

Huxley, in comparative anatomy, 161;
influence on biology, 430;
in palæontology, 335;
portrait, 430


I

Inheritance, alternative, Mendel, 316;
ancestral, 318;
Darwin's theory of, 306;
material basis of, 311-313;
nature of, 305

Inheritance of acquired characters, 314;
Lamarck on, 377;
Weismann on, 398

Inquiry, the arrest of, 17

Insects, anatomy of, Dufour, 106;
Malpighi, 63;
illustration, 65;
Newport, 100;
Leydig, 102;
Straus-Dürckheim, 96;
Swammerdam, 70, 75;
illustration, 77;
theology of, 91


J

Jardin du Roi changed to Jardin des Plantes, 372

Jennings, on animal behavior, 109, 441

Jonston, 114


K

Klein, 118

Koch, Robert, discoveries of, 300;
portrait, 301

Koelliker, in embryology, 224;
in histology, 171;
portrait, 174

Kowalevsky, in embryology, 224;
portrait, 225


L

Lacaze-Duthiers, 158;
portrait, 159

Lamarck, changes from botany to zoölogy, 372;
compared with Cuvier, 327;
education, 371;
first announcement of his evolutionary views, 375;
forerunners of, 411;
first use of a genealogical tree, 131;
founds invertebrate palæontology, 326;
on heredity, 377;
laws of evolution, 376;
military experience, 370;
opposition to, 414;
Philosophie Zoologique, 375;
portrait, 373;
position in science, 132;
salient points in his theory, 378;
his theory of evolution, 374;
compared with that of Darwin, 390, 391;
time and favorable conditions, 378;
use and disuse, 374

Leeuwenhoek, 77-87;
new biographical facts, 78;
capillary circulation, 84, 85;
sketch of, 83;
comparison with Malpighi and Swammerdam, 87;
discovery of the protozoa, 105;
other discoveries, 85;
and histology, 178;
his microscopes, 81;
pictures of, 82, 83;
occupation of, 78;
portrait, 80;
scientific letters, 83;
theoretical views, 86

Leibnitz, 208

Leidy in palæontology, 337

Lesser's theology of insects, 91

Leuckart, 136;
portrait, 136

Leydig, 102;
anatomy of insects, 102;
in histology, 175;
portrait, 175

Linnæan system, reform of, 130-138

Linnæus, 118-130;
binomial nomenclature, 127;
his especial service, 126;
features of his work, 127, 128;
his idea of species, 128, 129;
influence on natural history, 125;
personal appearance, 125;
personal history, 119;
portrait, 124;
helped by his fiancée, 120;
return to Sweden, 123;
and the rise of natural history, 100-130;
the Systema Naturæ, 121, 125, 127;
professor in Upsala, 123;
celebration of two hundredth anniversary of his birth, 124;
as university lecturer, 123;
wide recognition, 122;
summary on, 129-130

Lister, Sir Joseph, and antiseptic surgery, 302;
portrait, 302

Loeb, 234;
on artificial fertilization, 441;
on regulation, 440

Ludwig, in physiology, 160;
portrait, 160

Lyell, epoch-making work in geology, 330;
letter on Darwin and Wallace, 420-422;
portrait, 331

Lyonet, 89;
portrait and personality, 90;
great monograph on insect anatomy, 91;
illustrations from, 92, 94, 94, 95;
extraordinary quality of his sketches, 92


M

Malpighi, 58-67;
activity in research, 62;
anatomy of plants, 66;
anatomy of the silkworm, 63;
compared with Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam, 87;
work in embryology, 66, 202;
rank as embryologist, 205;
honors at home and abroad, 61;
personal appearance, 58;
portraits, 60, 204;
sketches from his embryological treatises, 204;
and the theory of pre-delineation, 204

Man, antiquity of, 364;
evolution of, 363;
fossil, 340, 364

Marsh, O.C., portrait, 337

Meckel, J. Fr., 162;
portrait, 162

Men, of biology, 7, 8;
the foremost, 437;
of science, 7

Mendel, 315;
alternative inheritance, 316;
law of, 315;
purity of the germ-cells, 316;
portrait, 315;
rank of Mendel's discovery, 316, 317

Microscope, Hooke's, Fig. of, 55;
Leeuwenhoek's, 81,
Figs. of, 82, 83

Microscopic observation, introduction of, 54;
of Hooke, 55;
Grew, 55;
Ehrenberg, 106;
Malpighi, 66, 67;
Leeuwenhoek, 81, 84, 85, 105

Microscopists, the pioneer, 54

Middle Ages, a remolding period, 19;
anatomy in, 24

Milne-Edwards, portrait, 157

Mimicry, 387

Mohl, Von, 268;
portrait, 269

Müller, Fritz, 230;
O. Fr., 106

Müller, Johannes, as anatomist, 163;
general influence, 185;
influence on physiology, 185;
as a teacher, 185;
his period in physiology, 184;
personality, 185;
portrait, 188;
physiology after Müller, 188


N

Nägeli, portrait, 268

Naples, biological station at, 446;
picture of, 445

Natural history, of Gesner, 112, 113, 114;
of Ray, 115-118;
of Linnæus, 118-130;
sacred, 110;
rise of scientific, 110-130

Natural selection, 383;
discovery of, 427;
Darwin and Wallace on, 429;
extension of, by Weismann, 397;
illustrations of, 384;
inadequacy of, 389

Nature, continuity of, 367;
return to, 19;
renewal of observation, 19

Naturphilosophie, school of, 160

Neanderthal skull, 365

Needham, experiments on spontaneous generation, 281

Neo-Lamarckism, 380

Newport, on insect anatomy, 100

Nineteenth century, summary of discoveries in, 3

Nomenclature of biology, 126, 127

Nucleus, discovery of, by Brown, 243;
division of, 256, 313


O

Observation, arrest of, 17;
renewal of, 19;
in anatomy, 26;
and experiment the method of science, 22, 39

Oken, on cells, 241;
portrait, 160

Omne vivum ex ovo, 200

Omnis cellula e cellula, 309

Organic evolution, doctrine of, 345-367;
influence of, on embryology, 225;
theories of, 368-406;
rise of
evolutionary thought, 407-433;
sweep of the doctrine of, 366

Osborn, quoted, 10, 364, 410;
in palæontology, 339


P

Palæontology, Cuvier founds vertebrate, 325;
of the Fayûm district, 341;
Lamarck founder of invertebrate, 326;
Agassiz, 332;
Cope, 337;
Huxley, 335;
Lyell, 330;
Marsh, 337;
Osborn, 339;
Owen, 332;
William Smith, 328;
steps in the rise of, 329

Pander, and the germ-layer theory, 218

Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of, 306

Pasteur, on fermentation, 293;
spontaneous generation, 288;
inoculation for hydrophobia, 299;
investigation of microbes, 299;
personality, 296;
portrait, 296;
his supreme service, 299;
veneration of, 294

Pasteur Institute, foundation of, 299;
work of, 300

Pearson, Carl, and ancestral inheritance, 318

Philosophie Anatomique of St. Hilaire, 416

Philosophie Zoologique of Lamarck, 375

Physiologus, the sacred natural history, 110-112

Physiology, of the ancients, 179;
rise of, 179-194;
period of Harvey, 180;
of Haller, 181;
of J. Müller, 184;
great influence of Müller, 185;
after Müller, 188

Pithecanthropus erectus, 341, 360

Pliny, portrait, 16

Pouchet, on spontaneous generation, 286

Pre-delineation, theory of, 206;
rise of, Malpighi, 207;
Swammerdam, 208;
Wolff, 210

Pre-formation. See Pre-delineation

Primitive race of men, 366

Protoplasm, 259;
discovery of, 250, 262;
doctrine and sarcode, 270, 273;
its movements, 261;
naming of, 269;
its powers, 260

Protozoa, discovery of, 104;
growth of knowledge concerning, 104-109

Purkinje, portrait, 267


R

Rathke, in comparative anatomy, 163;
in embryology, 223

Ray, John, 115;
portrait, 116;
and species, 117

Réaumur, 96;
portrait, 98

Recapitulation theory, 230

Recent tendencies, in biology, 437;
in embryology, 232

Redi, earliest experiments on the generation of life, 279;
portrait, 280

Remak, in embryology, 223

Roesel, on insects, 95;
portrait, 98


S

Sarcode and protoplasm, 273, 275

Scala Naturæ, 131

Scale of being, 131

Schleiden, 243;
contribution to the cell-theory, 248;
personality, 247;
portrait, 246

Schultze, Max, establishes the protoplasm doctrine, 272;
in histology, 172;
portrait, 273

Schulze, Franz, on spontaneous generation, 284

Schwann, and the cell-theory, 242, 244, 248, 249;
in histology, 171;
and spontaneous generation, 284

Science, of the ancients, return to, 112;
conditions under which it developed, 8;
biological, 4

Servetus, on circulation of the blood, 50

Severinus, in comparative anatomy, 143;
portrait, 143

Sexual selection, 388

Shells, evolution of, 352, 353

Siebold, Von, 134, 135;
portrait, 135

Silkworm, Malpighi on, 63;
Pasteur on, 299

Smith, Wm., in geology, 328

Spallanzani, experiments on generation, 282;
portrait, 283

Special creation, theory of, 410

Species, Ray, 117;
Linnæus, 129;
are they fixed in nature, 350;
origin of, 350-364

Spencer, 418;
his views on evolution in 1852, 419

Spontaneous generation, belief in, 278;
disproved, 292;
first experiments on, 278;
new form of the question, 281;
Redi, 279;
Pasteur,
288;
Pouchet, 286;
Spallanzani, 282;
Tyndall, 290

Steno, on fossils, 322

Straus-Dürckheim, his monograph, 96;
illustrations from, 102

Suarez, and the theory of special creation, 410

Swammerdam, his Biblia Naturæ, 73;
illustrations from, 75, 77;
early interest in natural history, 68;
life and works, 67-77;
love of minute anatomy, 70;
method of work, 71;
personality, 67;
portrait, 70;
compared with Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek, 87

System, Linnæan, reform of, 130-138

Systema Naturæ, of Linnæus, 121, 127


T

Theory, the cell-, 242;
the protoplasm, 272;
of organic evolution, 345-368;
of special creation, 410

Tyndall, on spontaneous generation, 289;
his apparatus for getting optically pure air, 290

Type-theory, of Cuvier, 132


U

Uniformatism, and catastrophism, 331


V

Variation, of animals, in a state of nature, 382;
origin of, according to Weismann, 396

Vesalius, and the overthrow of authority, in science, 22-38;
great book of, 30;
as court physician, 35;
death, 36;
force and independence, 27;