A

Abiogenesis, 277

Acquired characters, inheritance of, 314;
Weismann on, 398

Agassiz, essay on classification, 137;
agreement of embryological stages and the fossil record, 334;
fossil fishes, 334;
portrait, 334

Aldrovandi, 115

Alternative inheritance, 316

Amphimixis, the source of variations, 396

Anatomical sketches, the earliest, 32;
from Vesalius, 31, 33

Anatomical studies, recent tendencies of, 442

Anatomy, of Aristotle, 23;
beginnings of, 23;
earliest known illustrations, 32;
of Galen, 24;
of the Middle Ages, 24;
comparative, rise of, 141-165;
of insects, Dufour, 109;
Lyonet, 91;
Malpighi, 63;
Newport, 100;
Réaumur, 96;
Roesel, 96;
Straus-Dürckheim, 96;
Swammerdam, 70, 73-77;
minute, progress of, 89-104;
of plants, Grew, 56;
Malpighi, 66

Ancients, return to the science of, 112

Animal behavior, studies of, 441

Animal kingdom of Cuvier, 133

Aquinas, St. Thomas, on creation, 409

Arcana Naturæ, of Leeuwenhoek, 78

Aristotle, 9-15;
books of, 13;
errors of, 13;
estimate of, 10;
extensive knowledge of animals, 12;
the founder of natural history, 9;
influence of, 15;
personal appearance, 13, 14;
portrait, 14;
position in the development of science, 11

Arrest of inquiry, effect of, 17

Augustine, St., on creation, 409

Authority declared the source of knowledge, 18


B

Bacteria, discovery of, 276;
disease-producing, 300;
and antiseptic surgery, 302;
nitrifying, of the soil, 303

Bacteriology, development of, 276

Baer, Von, and the rise of embryology, 195-236;
his great classic on development of animals, 214;
and germ-layers, 218;
makes embryology comparative, 220;
and Pander 218;
period in embryology, 214-226;
portraits, 216, 217;
his rank in embryology, 220;
his especial service, 217;
sketches from his embryological treatise, 222

Balfour, masterly work of, 226;
his period in embryology, 226-232;
personality, 228;
portrait, 227;
tragic fate, 228;
university career, 227

Bary, H.A. de, 271;
portrait, 272

Bassi, and the germ-theory of disease, 293"

Bell, Charles, discoveries on the nervous system, 183;
portrait, 184

Berengarius, 26

Bernard, Claude, in physiology, 190;
personality, 191;
portrait, 191

Biblia Naturæ of Swammerdam, 73

Bichat, and the birth of histology, 166-178;
Buckle's estimate of, 166, 167;
education, 167;
in Paris, 167;
personality, 168;
phenomenal industry, 168;
portrait, 169;
results of his work, 170;
writings, 170;
successes of, 170

Binomial nomenclature of Linnæus, 126

Biological facts, application of, 443

Biological laboratories, establishment and maintenance of, 445;
the station at Naples, 444;
picture of, 445;
the Woods Hole station, 444

Biological periodicals, 446

Biological progress, continuity of, 434;
atmosphere engendered by, 448;
from Linnæus to Darwin, 138-140

Biology, defined, 4;
domain of, 4, 5;
epochs of, 20;
progress of, 3, 5;
applied, 443

Boerhaave, quoted, 71, 72;
and Linnæus, 122

Bois-Reymond, Du, 189;
portrait, 189

Bones, fossil, 322, 324

Bonnet, and emboîtement, 208;
opposition to Wolff, 211;
portrait, 212

Books, the notable, of biology, 435

Brown, Robert, discovers the nucleus in plant-cells, 243

Buckland, 324

Buckle, on Bichat, 166, 167

Buffon, 129, 411;
portrait, 412;
position in evolution, 412


C

Cæsalpinus, on the circulation, 50

Cajal, Ramon y, 176;
portrait, 176

Camper, anatomical work of, 143;
portrait, 144

Carpenter, quoted, 170

Carpi, the anatomist, 26

Castle, experiments on inheritance, 316

Catastrophism, theory of, Cuvier, 326;
Lyell on, 331

Caulkins, on protozoa, 109

Cell, definition of, 258;
diagram of, 257;
earliest known pictures of, 238, 239;
in heredity, 257

Cell-lineage, 234, 442

Cell-theory, announcement of, 242;
effect on embryology, 222, 224;
founded by Schleiden and Schwann, 242;
Schleiden's contribution, 247;
Schwann's treatise, 248;
modifications of, 250;
vague foreshadowings of, 237

Child, studies on regulation, 440

Chromosomes, 254, 312

Circulation of the blood, Harvey, 46, 47;
Servetus, 50;
Columbus, 50;
Cæsalpinus, 50;
in the capillaries, 84;
Leeuwenhoek's sketch of, 83;
Vesalius on, with illustration, 49

Classification of animals, tabular view of, 137-138

Cohn, portrait, 271

Color, in evolution, 386

Columbus, on the circulation, 50

Comparative anatomy, rise of, 141-165;
becomes experimental, 165

Cope, in comparative anatomy, 165;
portrait, 336;
important work in palæontology, 337, 437

Creation, Aquinas on, 409;
St. Augustine on, 408;
special, 410;
evolution the method of, 348

Cuvier, birth and early education, 149;
and catastrophism, 326;
comprehensiveness of mind, 154;
correlation of parts, 133;
debate with St. Hilaire, 416;
domestic life, 155;
forerunners of, 143;
founds comparative anatomy, 154;
founder of vertebrate palæontology, 325;
his four branches of the animal kingdom, 132;
goes to Paris, 151;
life at the seashore, 150;
opposition to Lamarck, 414;
portraits, 152, 153;
physiognomy, 152;
and the rise of comparative anatomy, 141-156;
shortcomings of, 156;
successors of, 156;
type-theory of, 133


D

Darwin, Charles, his account of the way his theory arose, 427;
factors of evolution, 380;
habits of work, 426;
home life, 423;
at Downs, 426;
ill health, 426;
naturalist on the Beagle, 425;
natural selection, 383;
opens note-book on the origin of species, 426;
personality, 422;
portraits, 382, 423;
parallelism in thought with Wallace, 427;
publication of the Origin of Species, 429;
his other works, 391, 429;
theory of pangenesis, 306;
variation in nature, 382;
the original drafts of his theory sent by Hooker and Lyell to the Linnæan Society, 420-422;
working hours, 426;
summary of his theory, 405

Darwin, Erasmus, 413;
portrait, 413

Darwinism and Lamarckism confused, 391;
not the same as organic evolution, 347

Davenport, experiments, 319

Deluge, and the deposit of fossils, 323

De Vries, mutation theory of, 402;
portrait, 403;
summary, 406

Dufour, Léon, on insect anatomy, 100

Dujardin, 250, 262;
discovers sarcode, 250, 266;
portrait, 265;
writings, 264


E

Edwards, H. Milne-, 157;
portrait, 157

Ehrenberg, 106, 107;
portrait, 108

Embryological record, interpretation of, 229

Embryology, Von Baer and the rise of, 194-236;
experimental, 232;
gill-clefts and other rudimentary organs in embryos, 361;
theoretical, 235

Epochs in biological history, 20

Evolution, doctrine of, generalities regarding, 345;
controversies regarding the factors, 346, 369;
factors of, 368;
effect on embryology, 225;
on palæontology, 332;
nature of the question regarding, 348;
a historical question, 348;
the historical method in, 348;
sweep of, 366;
one of the greatest acquisitions of human knowledge, 366;
predictions verified, 367;
theories of, 369;
Lamarck, 369;
Darwin, 386;
Weismann, 392;
De Vries, 402;
summary of evolution theories, 404;
vagueness regarding, 346

Evolutionary series, 351;
shells, 351;
horses, 354

Evolutionary thought, rise of, 407-433;
views of certain fathers of the church, 408

Experimental observation, introduced by Harvey, 39-53

Experimental work in biology, 439


F

Fabrica, of Vesalius, 30

Fabricius, Harvey's teacher, 41;
portrait, 43

Factors of evolution, 369

Fallopius, 36;
portrait, 37

Flood, fossils ascribed to, 323

Fossil life, the science of, 320-341;
bones, 322, 325;
horses in America, 355;
collections in New
Haven, 355;
in New York, 355;
man, 340, 364;
Neanderthal skull, 365;
ape-like man, 364

Fossil remains an index to past history, 329

Fossils, arrangement in strata, 328;
ascribed to the flood, 323;
their comparison with living animals, 324;
from the Fayûm district, 341;
method of collecting, 340;
nature of, 322;
determination of, by Cuvier, 325;
Da Vinci, 322;
Steno, 322;
strange views regarding, 320


G

Galen, 23, 180;
portrait, 25

Galton, law of ancestral inheritance, 318;
portrait, 317

Geer, De, on insects, 95

Gegenbaur, 163;
portrait, 164

Generation, Wolff's theory of, 210

Germ-cells, organization of, 210

Germ-layers, 218

Germ-plasm, continuity of, 393;
complexity of, 395;
the hereditary substance, 311;
union of germ-plasms the source of variations, 396

Germ-theory of disease, 293

Germinal continuity, 224, 308;
doctrine of, 224, 311, 393

Germinal elements, 305

Germinal selection, 397

Germinal substance, 310

Gesner, 112;
personality, 113;
portrait, 114;
natural history of, 113

Gill-clefts in embryos, 361

Goodsir, 174

Grew, work of, 56


H

Haeckel, 431;
portrait, 432

Haller, fiber-theory, 242;
opposition to Wolff, 211;
in physiology, 181;
portrait, 182

Harvey, and experimental observation, 39-53;
his argument for the circulation, 51;
discovery of the circulation, 47;
his great classic, 46;
education, 40;
in embryology, 198;
embryological treatise, 199, 200;
frontispiece from his generation of animals (1651), 202;
influence of, 52;
introduces experimental method, 47;
at Padua, 41;
period in physiology, 180;
personal appearance and qualities, 42, 44, 45;
portrait, 44;
predecessors of, 48;
question as to his originality, 46;
his teacher, 43;
writings, 45

Heredity, 305;
a cellular study, 257;
according to Darwin, 307;
Weismann, 309;
application of statistics to, 314;
inheritance of acquired characters, 314;
steps in advance of knowledge of, 308

Hertwig, Oskar, portrait, 231;
service in embryology, 232;
Richard, quoted, 125

Hilaire, St., portrait, 416;
see St. Hilaire

His, Wilhelm, 232;
portrait, 234

Histology, birth of, 166-178;
Bichat its founder, 170;
normal and pathological, 172;
text-books of, 177

Hooke, Robert, 55;
his microscope illustrated, 55

Hooker, letter on the work of Darwin and Wallace, 420-422

Horse, evolution of, 354

Human ancestry, links in, 364, 365

Human body, evolution of, 363

Human fossils, 340, 364

Hunter, John, 144;