| INTRODUCTION. | |
| PAGE | |
|---|---|
| Rise and progress of railroads | 1 |
| Influence of railroads | 3 |
| Safety of railroad travelling | 5 |
| Preliminary operations | 5 |
| Mechanical principles of locomotion | 6 |
| Determination of character of road | 7 |
| Gauge | 8 |
| General establishment of route | 10 |
| CHAPTER I. | |
| RECONNOISSANCE. | |
| General topography | 12 |
| Barometrical levelling | 18 |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| SURVEY. | |
| Topographical sketching | 24 |
| General establishment of grades | 32 |
| Equating for grades | 34 |
| Comparison of surveyed lines | 39 |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| LOCATION. | |
| Alignment | 41 |
| Final adjustment of grades | 46 |
| Comparison of located lines | 47 |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS. | |
| Specification | 55 |
| Contract | 81 |
| Solicit | 84 |
| Bid | 85 |
| Comparison of bids | 87 |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| LAYING OUT WORK. | |
| Slopes | 89 |
| Culverts | 90 |
| Masonry | 91 |
| Tunnels | 95 |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| EARTHWORK. | |
| Form of railroad sections | 97 |
| Excavation and embankment | 104 |
| Transport of material | 106 |
| Average haul | 106 |
| Drainage | 109 |
| Method of conducting construction operations | 111 |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| ROCKWORK. | |
| Rock excavation | 115 |
| Blasting and quarrying | 115–117 |
| Tunnelling | 118 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| WOODEN BRIDGING. | |
| Of the forces at work in bridges | 122 |
| Extension | 123 |
| Compression | 123 |
| Cross strain | 124 |
| Detrusion | 126 |
| Strength of materials | 126 |
| Rules for practice | 131 |
| Of the truss | 139 |
| Of the arch | 169 |
| Of the road-way | 174 |
| Lateral bracing | 175 |
| Pile bridging | 178 |
| Trestling | 180 |
| Draw bridges | 181 |
| Centres | 182 |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| IRON BRIDGES. | |
| Nature and strength of iron | 192 |
| Classification of iron bridges | 194 |
| Iron truss frames | 195 |
| Suspension bridges | 203 |
| Boiler plate bridges | 223 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| STONE BRIDGING. | |
| Of the water-way | 233 |
| Form of the arch | 236 |
| Thickness of voussoirs | 238 |
| Form and thickness of abutments | 239 |
| Form and dimensions of piers | 245 |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| MASONRY. | |
| Stone | 248 |
| Cements, mortars, and concretes | 249 |
| Construction of arches, wings, and parapet | 253 |
| Culverts and drains | 255 |
| Retaining walls | 256 |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| FOUNDATIONS. | |
| Pile driving, common system | 262 |
| Mitchell’s screw pile | 266 |
| Potts’s atmospheric system | 266 |
| Coffer-dam | 267 |
| Caisson | 269 |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| SUPERSTRUCTURE. | |
| Timber work | 273 |
| Rail section | 276 |
| Chairs and joints | 282 |
| Frogs | 290 |
| Switches | 294 |
| Sidings and crossings | 298 |
| Elevation of exterior rail | 298 |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| EQUIPMENT. | |
| PART I. LOCOMOTIVES. | |
| Introduction | 302 |
| Birth and growth of the locomotive | 302 |
| The English locomotive of 1850 | 304 |
| The American locomotive of 1855 | 305 |
| General description | 306 |
| Mechanical and physical principles | 312 |
| Resistance to the motion of trains | 312 |
| Traction and adhesion | 316 |
| Fuel | 317 |
| Generation of steam | 330 |
| Application of steam | 336 |
| Boiler proportions and dimensions | 340 |
| Rules and tables for practice | 354 |
| Adaptation of locomotives to the movement of trains | 360 |
| Classification of engines | 371 |
| PART SECOND. | |
| CARS. | |
| Wheels and axles | 396 |
| Classification of cars | 400 |
| Retarding of trains | 401 |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| STATIONS. | |
| Classification of buildings | 403 |
| Location of buildings | 403 |
| Terminal passenger house | 403 |
| Terminal freight house | 405 |
| Engine house and appurtenances | 405 |
| Way passenger and freight house | 407 |
| Wood shed and tank | 407 |
| CHAPTER XVI. | |
| MANAGEMENT. | |
| Organization of employees | 413 |
| Duties of employees | 415 |
| Number of trains to be used | 418 |
| Amount of service of engines | 418 |
| Expenses, receipts, profits | 420 |
| Express trains | 428 |
| Comparative cost of working heavy and light trains | 434 |
| Branch roads | 436 |
| Reproduction of road and of stock | 437 |
| Working railroads by contract | 439 |
| Classification of freight | 439 |
| Time tables | 443 |
| Locomotive registers | 444 |
| Electric telegraph | 454 |
| New York and Erie Railroad | 456 |
| APPENDIX. | |
| A.—Decimal Arithmetic | 459 |
| B.—Algebraic formulæ | 461 |
| C.—Weights and measures | 464 |
| D.—Value of the Birmingham gauges | 465 |
| E.—Locomotive boilers | 466 |
| F.—Effect of grades on the cost of working | 468 |
| G.—Form for a locomotive specification | 471 |
| H.—Relative cost of transport by railroad and by stage | 476 |
| I.—Form for experimental trips with locomotives | 478 |
| K.—Proper weight for locomotives | 479 |