| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | ung-r (young) | ung-t | ung |
| Acc. | ung-an | ung-t | ung-a |
| Dat. | ung-um | ung-u | ung-ri |
| Gen. | ung-s | ung-s | ung-rar |
| Pl. Nom. | ung-ir | ung | ung-ar |
| Acc. | ung-a | ung | ung-ar |
| Dat. | ung-um | ung-um | ung-um |
| Gen. | ung-ra | ung-ra | ung-ra |
84. So also fagr (fair), fem. fǫgr, neut. fagrt.
85. Some insert j before a and u: nȳr (new), nȳjum, nȳjan.
86. Some insert v before a vowel: hār (high), hāvan, dökkr (dark), dökkvir, kykr (alive), kykvir.
87. The t of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: nȳtt, hātt. Monosyllables in ð, dd, tt form their neut. in -tt: breiðr (broad), breitt; leiddr (led), leitt. gōðr (good) has neut. gott. sannr (true) has neut. satt. In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, tt is shortened to t: kallaðr (called), kallat; blindr (blind), blint, harðr (hard), hart, fastr (firm), fast.
88. l and n assimilate a following r: gamall (old), fem. gǫmul, fem. acc. gamla, dat. gamalli. vǣnn (beautiful), gen. pl. vænna.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | mikill (great) | mikit | mikil |
| Acc. | mikinn | mikit | mikla |
| Dat. | miklum | miklu | mikilli |
| Gen. | mikils | mikils | mikillar |
| Pl. Nom. | miklir | mikil | miklar |
| Acc. | mikla | mikil | miklar |
| Dat. | miklum | miklum | miklum |
| Gen. | mikilla | mikilla | mikilla |
90. Dissyllables in -inn have -it in the neut., and -inn in the masc. sg. acc.: tīginn (distinguished), tīgit, tīginn, pl. tīgnīr. So also kominn (come).
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | annarr (other) | annat | ǫnnur |
| Acc. | annan | annat | aðra |
| Dat. | ǫðrum | ǫðru | annarri |
| Gen. | annars | annars | annarrar |
| Pl. Nom. | aðrir | ǫnnur | aðrar |
| Acc. | aðra | ǫnnur | aðrar |
| Dat. | ǫðrum | ǫðrum | ǫðrum |
| Gen. | annarra | annarra | annarra |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | ung-i | ung-a | ung-a |
| Acc. | ung-a | ung-a | ung-u |
| Dat. | ung-a | ung-a | ung-u |
| Gen. | ung-a | ung-a | ung-u |
| Pl. Nom. | ung-u | ung-u | ung-u |
| Acc. | ung-u | ung-u | ung-u |
| Dat. | ung-u | ung-u | ung-u |
| Gen. | ung-u | ung-u | ung-u |
92. So also fagri, hāvi, mikli, etc.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | yngri (younger) | yngra | yngri |
| Acc. | yngra | yngra | yngri |
| Dat. | yngra | yngra | yngri |
| Gen. | yngra | yngra | yngri |
| Pl. Nom. | yngri | yngri | yngri |
| Acc. | yngri | yngri | yngri |
| Dat. | yngrum | yngrum | yngrum |
| Gen. | yngri | yngri | yngri |
93. So also all comparatives, such as meiri (greater), and pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as gefandi (giving), dat. pl. gefǫndum.
94. (1) with -ari, -astr: rīkr (powerful), rīkari, rīkastr; gǫfugr (distinguished), gǫfgari, gǫfgastr.
95. (2) with -ri, -str and mutation: langr (long), lęngri, lęngstr; stōrr (big), stœrri, stœrstr; ungr (young), yngri, yngstr.
96. The following are irregular:
| gamall (old) | ęllri | ęlztr |
| gōðr (good) | bętri | bęztr |
| illr (bad) | vęrri | vęrstr |
| lītill (little) | minni | minstr |
| margr (many) | fleiri | flestr |
| mikill (great) | meiri | mestr |
| Cardinal | Ordinal | |
| 1. | einn (one) | fyrstr (first) |
| 2. | tveir | annarr |
| 3. | þrīr | þriði |
| 4. | fjōrir | fjōrði |
| 5. | fimm | fimmti |
| 6. | sex | sētti |
| 7. | sjau | sjaundi |
| 8. | ātta | ātti |
| 9. | nīu | nīundi |
| 10. | tīu | tīundi |
| 11. | ellifu | ellifti |
| 12. | tōlf | tōlfti |
| 13. | þrettān | þrettāndi |
| 14. | fjōrtān | |
| 15. | fimmtān | |
| 16. | sextān | |
| 17. | sjautān | |
| 18. | ātjān | |
| 19. | nītjān | |
| 20. | tuttugu | |
| 21. | einn ok tuttugu, etc. | |
| 30. | þrīr tigir, etc. | |
| 100. | tīu tigir | |
| 110. | ellifu tigir | |
| 120. | hundrað | |
| 1200. | þūsund |
einn is declined like other adjectives:--
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | einn | eitt | ein |
| Acc. | einn | eitt | eina |
| Dat. | einum | einu | einni |
| Gen. | eins | eins | einnar |
It also has a pl. einir, einar, ein; gen. einna, etc. in the sense of 'some.'
The next three show various irregularities.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | tveir | tvau | tvær |
| Acc. | tvā | tvau | tvær |
| Dat. | tveim | tveim | tveim |
| Gen. | tvęggja | tvęggja | tvęggja |
Similarly bāðir (both):
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | bāðir | bæði | bāðar |
| Acc. | bāða | bæði | bāðar |
| Dat. | bāðum | bāðum | bāðum |
| Gen. | bęggja | bęggja | bęggja |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | þrīr | þrjū | þrjār |
| Acc. | þrjā | þrjū | þrjār |
| Dat. | þrim | þrim | þrim |
| Gen. | þriggja | þriggja | þriggja |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | fjōrir | fjogur | fjōrar |
| Acc. | fjōra | fjogur | fjōrar |
| Dat. | fjōrum | fjōrum | fjōrum |
| Gen. | fjogurra | fjogurra | fjogurra |
103. The others are indeclinable up to þrīr tigir, etc.; the tigir being declined regularly as a plural strong u-masculine tigir, tigu, tigum, tiga.
104. hundrað is a strong neut.: tvau hundruð (240), tveim hundruðum, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does þūsund): fimm hundruð gōlfa, 'five (six) hundred chambers.'
105. þūsund is a strong ir-feminine: tvær þūsundir (2400).
106. hundrað and þūsund are rarely = 100 and 1000.
107. Of the ordinals fyrstr and annarr (§ 91) are strong, the others weak adjectives. þriði inserts a j: þriðja, etc.
| Sg. Nom. | ek (I) | þū (thou) | -- |
| Acc. | mik | þik | sik (oneself) |
| Dat. | mēr | þēr | sēr |
| Gen. | mīn | þīn | sīn |
| Dual. Nom. | vit | it | -- |
| Acc. | okkr | ykkr | sik |
| Dat. | okkr | ykkr | sēr |
| Gen. | okkar | ykkar | sīn |
| Pl. Nom. | vēr (we) | þēr (ye) | -- |
| Acc. | oss | yðr | sik (oneselves) |
| Dat. | oss | yðr | sēr |
| Gen. | vār | yðar | sīn |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | hann (he) | þat (it) | hon (she) |
| Acc. | hann | þat | hana |
| Dat. | honum | þvī | hęnni |
| Gen. | hans | þess | hęnnar |
| Pl. Nom. | þeir (they) | þau | þær |
| Acc. | þā | þau | þær |
| Dat. | þeim | þeim | þeim |
| Gen. | þeira | þeira | þeira |
109. ek was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, being sometimes added twice over: mætta-k (I might), sā-k-a-k (I saw not; a='not'). So also þū: er-tu (art thou), skalt-u (shalt thou) = *skalt-tu.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | minn (my) | mitt | mīn |
| Acc. | minn | mitt | mīna |
| Dat. | mīnum | mīnu | minni |
| Gen. | mīns | mīns | minnar |
| Pl. Nom. | mīnir | mīn | mīnar |
| Acc. | mīna | mīn | mīnar |
| Dat. | mīnum | mīnum | mīnum |
| Gen. | minna | minna | minna |
110. So also þinn (thy), sinn (his, etc., reflexive).
111. vārr, vārt, vār (our) is regular: acc. masc. vārn, masc. plur. vārir, vāra, vārum, vārra, etc.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | yðarr (your) | yðart | yður |
| Acc. | yðarn | yðart | yðra |
| Dat. | yðrum | yðru | yðarri |
| Gen. | yðars | yðars | yðarrar |
| Pl. Nom. | yðrir | yður | yðrar |
| Acc. | yðra | yður | yðrar |
| Dat. | yðrum | yðrum | yðrum |
| Gen. | yðarra | yðarra | yðarra |
112. So also okkarr (our two) and ykkarr (your two).
113. hans (his), þess (its), hęnnar (her), and þeira (their) are indeclinable.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | sā (that) | þat | sū |
| Acc. | þann | þat | þā |
| Dat. | þeim | þvī | þeiri |
| Gen. | þess | þess | þeirar |
| Pl. Nom. | þeir | þau | þær |
| Acc. | þā | þau | þær |
| Dat. | þeim | þeim | þeim |
| Gen. | þeira | þeira | þeira |
115. hinn, hitt, hin (that) is inflected like minn (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. hinn, plur. masc. hinir, hina, hinum, hinna.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | þessi (this) | þetta | þessi |
| Acc. | þenna | þetta | þessa |
| Dat. | þessum | þessu | þessi |
| Gen. | þessa | þessa | þessar |
| Pl. Nom. | þessir | þessi | þessar |
| Acc. | þessa | þessi | þessar |
| Dat. | þessum | þessum | þessum |
| Gen. | þessa | þessa | þessa |
The prefixed definite article is declined thus:
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | inn | it | in |
| Acc. | inn | it | ina |
| Dat. | inum | inu | inni |
| Gen. | ins | ins | innar |
| Pl. Nom. | inir | in | inar |
| Acc. | ina | in | inar |
| Dat. | inum | inum | inum |
| Gen. | inna | inna | inna |
118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short (un-accented) vowel, as in auga-t (the eye), but keeps it after a long vowel, as in ā-in (the river), trē-it (the tree). The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; not, however, after the -ar, -r, of the gen. sg., nor in męnninir (men, nom.), męnn-ina (men, acc.). The -m of the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed -num.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | fiskr-inn | skip-it | gjǫf-in |
| Acc. | fisk-inn | skip-it | gjǫf-ina |
| Dat. | fiski-num | skipi-nu | gjǫf-inni |
| Gen. | fisks-ins | skips-ins | gjafar-innar |
| Pl. Nom. | fiskar-nir | skip-in | gjafar-nar |
| Acc. | fiska-na | skip-in | gjafar-nar |
| Dat. | fisku-num | skipu-num | gjǫfu-num |
| Gen. | fiska-nna | skipa-nna | gjafa-nna |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | bogi-nn | auga-t | tunga-n |
| Acc. | boga-nn | auga-t | tungu-na |
| Dat. | boga-num | auga-nu | tungu-nni |
| Gen. | boga-ns | auga-ns | tungu-nnar |
| Pl. Nom. | bogar-nir | augu-n | tungur-nar |
| Acc. | boga-na | augu-n | tungur-nar |
| Dat. | bogu-num | augu-num | tungnu-num |
| Gen. | boga-nna | augna-nna | tungna-nna |
119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable er, often preceded by sā: sā er = he who, who, sū er who fem.
120. The neut. hvat has gen. hvess, dat. hvī, which last is chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.'
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | hvārr (which of two) | hvārt | hvār |
| Acc. | hvārn | hvārt | hvāra |
| Dat. | hvārum | hvāru | hvārri |
| Gen. | hvārs | hvārs | hvārrar |
| Pl. Nom. | hvārir | hvār | hvārar |
| Acc. | hvāra | hvār | hvārar |
| Dat. | hvārum | hvārum | hvārum |
| Gen. | hvārra | hvārra | hvārra |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | hvęrr (which, who) | hvęrt | hvęr |
| Acc. | hvęrn | hvęrt | hvęrja |
| Dat. | hvęrjum | hvęrju | hvęrri |
| Gen. | hvęrs | hvęrs | hvęrrar |
| Pl. Nom. | hvęrir | hvęr | hvęrjar |
| Acc. | hvęrja | hvęr | hvęrjar |
| Dat. | hvęrjum | hvęrjum | hvęrjum |
| Gen. | hvęrra | hvęrra | hvęrra |
123. einn-hvęrr, eitthvęrt, einhvęr (some one) keeps an invariable ein- in the other cases, the second element being inflected as above.
124. sumr (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | nakkvarr (some) | nakkvat | nǫkkur |
| Acc. | nakkvarn | nakkvat | nakkvara |
| Dat. | nǫkkurum | nǫkkuru | nakkvarri |
| Gen. | nakkvars | nakkvars | nakkvarrar |
| Pl. Nom. | nakkvarir | nǫkkur | nakkvarar |
| Acc. | nakkvara | nǫkkur | nakkvarar |
| Dat. | nǫkkurum | nǫkkurum | nǫkkurum |
| Gen. | nakkvarra | nakkvarra | nakkvarra |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Sg. Nom. | engi (none, no) | ekki | engi |
| Acc. | engan | ekki | enga |
| Dat. | engum | engu | engri |
| Gen. | engis | engis | engrar |
| Pl. Nom. | engir | engi | engar |
| Acc. | enga | engi | engar |
| Dat. | engum | engum | engum |
| Gen. | engra | engra | engra |
127. In hvār-tvęggja (each of the two, both) the first element is declined as above, the second is left unchanged.
128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak. Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by adding ð (d, t).
129. The ð of the 2 pl. is dropt before þit (ye two) and þēr (ye): gefi þēr, gāfu þit.
130. There is a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the 1 pers. sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding sk to the active endings, r being dropt, the resulting ts, ðs being written z (§ 36): kvezk (active kveðr 'says'), þu fekkzk (fekkt 'gottest').
131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb gefa (give), which will show those endings which are common to all verbs:
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
| Present sg. 1. | gef | gef-a | |
| 2. | gef-r | gef-ir | |
| 3. | gef-r | gef-i | |
| pl. 1. | gef-um | gef-im | |
| 2. | gef-ið | gef-ið | |
| 3. | gef-a | gef-i | |
| Preterite sg. 1. | gaf | gæf-a | |
| 2. | gaf-t | gæf-ir | |
| 3. | gaf | gæf-i | |
| pl. 1. | gāf-um | gæf-im | |
| 2. | gāf-uð | gæf-ið | |
| 3. | gāf-u | gæf-i | |
Imperative sg. 2 gef; pl. 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið.
Participle pres. gef-andi; pret. gef-inn.
Infin. gefa.
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
| Present sg. 1. | gef-umk | gef-umk | |
| 2. | gef-sk | gef-isk | |
| 3. | gef-sk | gef-isk | |
| pl. 1. | gef-umk | gef-imk | |
| 2. | gef-izk | gef-izk | |
| 3. | gef-ask | gef-isk | |
| Preterite sg. 1. | gāf-umk | gæf-umk | |
| 2. | gaf-zk | gæf-isk | |
| 3. | gaf-sk | gæf-isk | |
| pl. 1. | gāf-umk | gæf-imk | |
| 2. | gāf-uzk | gæf-izk | |
| 3. | gāf-usk | gæf-isk | |
Impers. sg. 2 gef-sk; pl. 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk.
Partic. pres. gef-andisk; pret. gef-izk neut.
Infin. gef-ask.
132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: gāfumk. The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: skaut (he shot), skutu (they shot), skyti (he might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: hljōpi, inf. hlaupa (leap).
133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three persons: ek skȳt, þū skȳtr, hann skȳtr, infin. skjōta (shoot). e however is not mutated: ek gef, þū gefr. The inflectional r is liable to the same modifications as the r of nouns (§ 32): skīnn, vęx, infin. skīna (shine), vaxa (grow).
134. Verbs in ld change the d into t in the 1, 3 sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: helt (held), halt (hold!), infin. halda. nd becomes tt, and ng becomes kk under the same conditions: binda (bind), ganga (go), pret. batt, gekk, imper. bitt, gakk.
135. The t of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long accented vowel: þū sātt (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. indic. ends in t or ð, the 2 sg. ends in zt: lēt (I let), þū lēzt, bauð (I offered) þū bauzt.
136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.
| Infin. | Third Pres. | Prt. Sing. | Prt. Pl. | Ptc. Prt. |
| falla (fall) | fęllr | fell | fellu | fallinn |
| lāta (let) | lætr | lēt | lētu | lātinn |
| rāða (advise) | ræðr | rēð | rēðu | rāðinn |
| heita (call) | heitr | hēt | hētu | heitinn |
| halda (hold) | hęldr | helt | heldu | haldinn |
| ganga (go) | gęngr | gekk | gengu | gęnginn |
| fā (get) | fær | fekk | fengu | fęnginn |
| -------------------------- | ||||
| auka (increase) | eykr | jōk | jōku | aukinn |
| būa (dwell) | bȳr | bjō | bjoggu | būinn |
| hǫggva (hew) | hǫggr | hjō | hjoggu | hǫggvinn |
| hlaupa (leap) | hleypr | hljōp | hljōpu | hlaupinn |
138. The following have weak preterites in r:
| Infin. | Third Pres. | Prt. Sing. | Prt. Pl. | Ptc. Prt. |
| grōa (grow) | grœr | gröri | gröru | grōinn |
| rōa (row) | rœr | röri | röru | rōinn |
| snūa (twist) | snȳr | snöri | snöru | snūinn |
139. heita in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a weak present: ek heiti, þū heitir.