8. Circumferences and Circular Areas of Numbers from
1 to 100

INDEX

[Figures in italics indicate pages upon which illustrations occur.]

• Andirons and bar, 159.
• Angle blow, see beveling blow.
• Annealing, 86, 87.
• Anvil, 5, 6, 7.
• Areas, formulas of, 197.
• Art smithing, 146.
• Backing-up blow, 35, 36.
• “Backing-up” metal, 43.
• Banding with clips, 147.
• Basic iron, 174.
• Bellows, 1.
• Bench and measuring tools, 22-28.
• Bench vise, 22, 23.
• Bending, 40, 41;
• stock calculation for, 118-121.
• Bending or twisting fork, 149;
• wrench, 150, 151.
• Bessemer iron, 173;
• process, 187-193.
• Bevel, 25, 26.
• Beveling blow, 32, 33, 34.
• Bevel or taper tool, 135.
• Blackband, 164.
• Blast, 168-170.
• Blast furnace, see reduction furnace.
• Blister steel, 184.
• Block, swage, 19, 20.
• Bloomery, 177.
• Blooming mill, 191.
• Blue billy, 180.
• Blue chip, 186.
• Bolsters, 136.
• Bolt, hexagonal head, 66, 67.
• Boring tools, 103, 104.
• Box tongs, see tool tongs.
• Brass tool, 101, 102.
• Brown hematite, see limonite.
• Bulldog, 180.
• Burned steel, 189.
• Butterfly scarf, 115, 116, 117.
• Button head set, 19.
• Butt weld, 52, 53.
• Calcination, see roasting.
• Calipers, 25, 26, 118, 119.
• Cape chisel, 24.
• Carbon, percentage of, in tool steel, 83-85.
• Casehardening, 92, 93.
• Cast steel, 185.
• Cementation steel, see blister steel.
• Center punch, 24, 25.
• Chain grabhook, 80, 81, 82.
• Chain making, 73, 74.
• Chain swivel, 76-80.
• Charcoal, 5, 167.
• Charcoal iron, 174.
• Checking tool or side fuller, 130, 131.
• Chisel, trimming, 127, 128.
• Chisels, 23, 24, 108, 109.
• Chisel tongs 10, 11.
• Circular cutter, 127.
• Circumferences and circular areas of numbers from 1 to 100: 205, 206.
• Classification of pig iron, 173.
• Clay ironstone, 164.
• Cleft weld, 52, 53.
• Clincher, see clip tightener.
• Clip, 148.
• Clip former, 151, 152;
• holder, 152, 153;
• tightener or clincher, 153, 154.
• Coal box, 1.
• Coke, 5, 167.
• Cold chisel, 23, 24, 89, 108, 109.
• Cold cutters, 12, 13, 110, 111, 128-130.
• Collars, see bolsters.
• Colored oxides, 88, 89.
• Combination fuller and set, 132, 133.
• Combined spring fullers, 131, 132;
• top and bottom swages, 133, 134.
• Connecting lever, 142, 143;
• rod, 138, 139.
• Converter, 187, 188.
• Crank shaft, 137, 138.
• Crowbar, steel-faced, 113, 114.
• Crucible, 184.
• Crucible process, 184-187.
• Crucible steel, alloys of, 186.
• Crushing, 166.
• Cutter, see hack.
• circular, 127;
• cold, 12, 13, 128-130;
• hardening, 14;
• hot, 12, 13, 14, 109, 110.
• Cutting-off or parting tool, 102, 103.
• Cutting stock, 128, 129, 130.
• Decimals of an inch for each ¹⁄₆₄th, 198.
• Designing, 146.
• Diamond point tool, 104-106.
• Dies, 43, 123, 124.
• Dimensions of nuts and bolts, 197.
• Dipper, 4.
• Dividers, 25, 26.
• Dolomite as a flux, 168.
• Door hasp, 64-66.
• Double and single offsets, 143-145.
• Double-faced sledge, 9.
• Drawing, 37-40.
• Draw spike, 59.
• Drop hammer, 123, 124.
• Eccentric jaw, 140, 141.
• Edge-to-edge blow, 31, 32.
• Eye or ring bolts, 114, 115, 116-118.
• Fagot welding, 69.
• Ferromanganese, 189.
• Ferrous carbonate, 164.
• Fettlings, 180.
• Files, 27, 28.
• Finery process, see open-hearth process.
• “Finished,” definition of, 137.
• Fire cracks, 85.
• Fire set, 159, 160;
• separated, 160.
• Fire tools, 4.
• Flat-jawed tongs, 10.
• Flat right-angled weld, 70, 71, 72.
• Flatter, 14, 15, 112, 113.
• Fluxes, 167, 168.
• Forge, XII, 1-3.
• Forging, definition of, 36-37.
• Forging, operations used in, 36-47.
• Forgings, 123.
• Forging tools, 12-28, 107-118.
• Forming, 43, 44.
• Formulas and tables, 197-206.
• Foundry iron, 174.
• Franklinite, 162.
• Fuels, 4, 5, 48, 49, 167.
• Fullers, combined spring, 131, 132;
• top and bottom, 18, 19.
• Gate hook, 62, 63, 64.
• Grabhook, 80, 81, 82.
• Grading iron, 174, 176.
• Hack or cutter, 126, 127.
• Hack saw, 27.
• Hammer blows, 30-36.
• Hammers, 7, 8;
• ball peen, 8;
• cross peen, 8;
• drop, 123, 124;
• hand, 8;
• round and square-edged set, 15, 16, 111;
• steam, 124, 125, 126;
• straight peen, 8.
• Handle punches, 16, 17.
• Hand lever, 141, 142.
• Hardening tool steel, 87-92;
• wrought iron and soft steel, 92, 93.
• Hardy, 12, 13, 111, 112.
• Hasp, door, 64-66.
• Heading tool, 19.
• Heating, 48-50.
• Heating air for blast furnace, 168-170;
• tool steel, 85, 86.
• Heavy boring tool, 103;
• flat tongs, 96, 97, 98.
• Hollow bit tongs, 10, 11.
• Hot cutter, 12-14, 109, 110.
• Ingots, 185, 186.
• Ingot stripper, 189.
• Injuries to steel, 85.
• Iron, cold-short, 168;
• colors and temperatures for, 94;
• distribution of, 162;
• native, 161;
• red-short, 168;
• welding, 47;
• wrought, 178.
• Iron ore, 161-162;
• ferrous carbonate a form of, 164;
• limonite a form of, 163, 164;
• magnetite a form of, 162, 163;
• nickel in, 161;
• red hematite a form of, 163.
• Iron oxide in flux, 177.
• Jardinière stand or taboret, 154-157.
• Jarring, see upsetting by jarring.
• Jump weld, 53, 54.
• Kiln, 167.
• Lap weld, 50-52.
• Lathe tools, 101-107.
• Lengths, formulas of, 197.
• Leverage blow, 34, 35.
• Light boring tool, 103, 104;
• chain tongs, 98-101.
• Limonite, 163, 164.
• Link tongs, 10, 11.
• Machine forgings, 137-145.
• Magnetite, 162, 163.
• Malleable iron, 174.
• Manual training forge, 2, 3.
• Material for welding, 47, 48.
• Meteorites, 161.
• Mild steel, 183.
• Mill iron, 174.
• Mushet, 186.
• Nasmyth, James, 124.
• Native iron, 161.
• Offsets, 143-145.
• Open eye, 114, 115.
• Open-hearth furnace, 192, 193, 194, 195.
• Open-hearth process, 177, 178, 193-196.
• Ore, definition of, 161.
• Ores, preparation of, 165;
• value of, 164, 165.
• Overhanging blow, 32.
• Oxides, colored, 88, 89.
• Oxidizing fire, 49.
• Parting tool, see cutting-off tool.
• Phosphorus in iron, 168.
• Pick-up tongs, 10, 11.
• Pig boiling, 178.
• Pig iron, classification of, 173.
• Pig molding machine, 171-173.
• Pigs, cast-iron, 171.
• Pipe hook, 60, 61, 62.
• Plug punch, use of, 136.
• Preparation of ores, 165.
• Presses, 124.
• Puddling process, 178, 179-183.
• Punches, 16, 17, 24, 25, 136, 137.
• Pure iron, 162.
• Questions for review, 28, 29, 57, 82, 95, 121, 122, 145, 160, 176, 196.
• Ramming, see upsetting by ramming.
• Reading lamp, 158, 159.
• Red hematite, 163.
• Reducing fire, 49, 50.
• Reduction furnace, 170-173.
• Refining pig iron, 177.
• Refining process, four stages of, 180, 181.
• Refining steel, 88.
• Reverberatory furnace, description of, 179, 193, 194.
• Right side tool, 106, 107.
• Ring bolts, see eye bolts.
• Riveting, 147, 148.
• Roasting ore, 166, 167.
• Rod strap, 139, 140.
• Rolling machines, 183.
• Rolling tool steel, 182.
• Round-edged set hammer, 15, 16, 112, 113.
• Round weld, 69, 70.
• Rule, 24, 25.
• Saddle, see yoke.
• Scarfing, 50.
• Scriber or scratch awl, 25, 26.
• Scroll bending, 150;
• fastenings, 147, 148;
• former, 148, 149.
• Shearing blow, 36, 37.
• Shingling, 182.
• Ship-smith eye, 117, 118.
• S hook, 59, 60.
• Side fuller, see checking tool.
• Side tongs, 10, 11;
• tool, 106, 107.
• Slag, 168.
• Sledges, 9.
• Snap, see button head set.
• Solid forged, eye, 117, 118;
• ring, 143.
• Spathic ore, 164, 165.
• Spiegeleisen, 163, 164, 189, 190.
• Spring fullers, 131.
• Spring swages, see combined top and bottom swages.
• Square, 25, 26.
• Square-cornered angle, 67-69.
• Square-edged set hammer, 15, 16, 111.
• Standard dimensions of nuts and bolts, 197.
• Staple, 58.
• Steam hammer, 124, 125.
• Steam hammer tools, 126-137.
• Steam hammer work, exercises in, 137-145.
• Steel, 183-196.
• Steel, kind of, suitable for tools, 83.
• Steel, tool, 83-95;
• annealing of, 86, 87;
• colors on surface of, 88, 89;
• injuries to, 85, 86:
• hardening and tempering of, 87-92;
• oil-tempered, 90;
• percentage of carbon in, 83-85;
• proper and improper heating of, 85, 86;
• proper and improper treatment of, 91, 92;
• temperature and color charts for, 94;
• two methods of hardening and tempering, 89, 90;
• water annealing of, 87;
• welding of, 48.
• Steel, uses of different grades of, 84, 85.
• Stock calculation for bonding, 118-121.
• Straightening, 44, 45.
• Sulphur in iron and steel, 168.
• Surface plate, 20, 21.
• Swage block, 19, 20.
• Swages, combined top and bottom, 133, 134;
• top and bottom, 17, 18, 134.
• Swing sledge, see double-faced sledge.
• Swivels, 76-80.
• Tapered mandrels, 21, 22.
• Taper tool, see bevel tool.
• Tempering, temperature and color chart for, 94.
• Tempering heat as determined by colors, 88-91;
• by scientific apparatus, 91, 92.
• Tempering tool steel, 87-92.
• Threading tool, see light boring tool.
• Tilting hammer, 186.
• Tongs, 9, 10, 11, 12, 96-101;
• chisel, 10, 11;
• flat-jawed, 10;
• heavy flat, 96, 97, 98;
• hollow bit, 10, 11;
• light chain, 98, 99, 100, 101;
• link, 10, 11;
• pick-up, 10, 11:
• side, 10, 11;
• tool, 10,11.
• Tool, checking, 130, 131;
• for welding a swivel, 76;
• heading, 19.
• Tools, bench and measuring, 22-28;
• fire, 4;
• forging, 12-28, 107-118;
• lathe, 101-107.
• Tool tongs, 10, 11.
• Top and bottom, fullers, 18, 19;
• swages, 133, 134.
• Trimming chisel, 127, 128.
• Tuyère, 3, 187, 188.
• T weld, 72, 73.
• Twisting, 45, 46.
• Twisting wrench, see bending wrench.
• Umbrella stand, 157, 158, 159.
• Upright blow, 30, 31.
• Upsetting, 41-43;
• by “backing-up,” 43;
• by hammering, 42, 43;
• by jarring, 43;
• by ramming, 43.
• Value of ores, 164-165.
• V block, 135.
• Vise, bench, 22, 23.
• V weld, 54-56.
• Washing ore, 165.
• Water swaging, 18.
• Weathering ore, 165.
• Weights and areas of square and round bars, 202-204.
• Weights, formulas of, 197.
• Weights of flat rolled steel per linear foot, 199-201.
• Welded ring, 74, 75, 76.
• Welding, 46, 47, 147;
• fagot, 69;
• heat, 51, 52;
• material for, 47, 48.
• Welds, 50-56, 69-73;
• butt, 52, 53;
• cleft, 52, 53;
• flat right-angled, 70, 71, 72;
• jump, 53, 54;
• lap, 50-52;
• round, 69, 70;
• T, 72, 73;
• V, 54-56.
• Yoke or saddle, 135, 136.