J. M. Sowle, Dryden, Ark.—I came here from Michigan in June, 1890. Located at a place now called Dryden, just west of Gilkerson on the St. Louis Southwestern Railway, with seventeen families and a few single men; seventy in all. The B. & S. W. Railroad now runs through our town.
Two families returned to stay; three more got lonesome here in the woods and went back expecting to stay, and before they were back two months acknowledged that they were homesick to come back and did come back, as they liked the society here, as well as the fine weather and good health. Everyone here now are here to stay, and most of them have bought land.
We have such nice warm sunshine and weather in the winter. Health best of any place we were ever located. Out of the seventy people in the three years and eight months, have had eight persons sick enough to go to bed. One two-year-old girl died; another three-months-old babe died; she was well at midnight, found dead in bed in the morning; and one woman fifty years old died with consumption, think hereditary, as her father, mother and five brothers and sisters died with the same disease. The three who died are counted in the eight sick, except the babe.
The soil here is good and never fails to raise crops on account of drouth or any other cause. We have raised fifty bushels shelled corn to the acre on our poorest land, and a bushel of potatoes to twenty-four hills, and in fact nearly all kind of crops are extra good. The county is naturally suited to peaches, plums and grapes. General good crops are corn, cotton, wheat, oats, timothy, clover, red top, blue grass, blackberries, raspberries, apples, pears and quince.
Society is good; more church members in proportion to population than any place I ever was in. Laws are enforced here better than any place I ever lived.
This county is a peaceful and safe county to live in, as we have the best of accommodating neighbors, as well as law-abiding citizens.
A. K. Fisher, Abbeville, Ga.—My letter published some time ago in your magazine brought me so many letters of inquiry concerning this section, our mode of farming, cost of getting land ready for cultivation, etc., that it required a long letter to each, and I have been unable to comply. I write this letter now to cover all the ground of inquiries.
Abbeville has about 2000 inhabitants, is county seat of Wilcox county, Ga., is on the Savannah, Americus & Montgomery Railroad, sixty-five miles east of Americus, where the railroad crosses the Ocmulgee river. This river is navigable; Brunswick is near its mouth.
Abbeville has two churches—Methodist and Baptist; Presbyterians also have service there. Schools generally are not as good as in most of Northern States, but are gradually improving; have some teachers from the North.
Heretofore the products from this section have been lumber, spirits turpentine, rosin, cotton, some beef cattle and wool.
A few years ago fortunes were made in a short time in lumber and turpentine business when properly managed, but most of the operators increased their business, bought large tracts of land, borrowed money, etc. Now the prices of those products have declined to or below cost of production, and for the past two years our banks have not been loaning money, so those parties are obliged to sacrifice their lands. Although this section has been settling up rapidly, lands can be bought for less than two years ago.
In past twenty years cotton has declined from twenty to seven cents per pound. When cotton brought from fifteen to twenty cents per pound the cotton planter had all the money he required and raised nothing else for market. As a class they spent their money freely; if more money were required before the crop was made they could readily get advances on cotton crop; now the staple is below cost of production, still many are obliged to grow cotton, as it is the only crop on which they can get advances. To change requires an expenditure for farming implements and machinery for putting in and harvesting the crop, stumps are to be gotten out of the way, etc. To grow fruit requires several years to realize. Most of the planters own large tracts of land, and are anxious to dispose of a part; some are hoping each year the acreage in cotton will be reduced (by many putting their lands in other crops), thereby enhancing the price of cotton and they be benefited. They prefer to grow cotton, having never done anything else. Some who tried hay failed on first trial, as they did not have proper implements, and they exposed it to dews and rain after it was cured or partly so.
The timber in this locality is long leaf pine, excepting along the river, where is abundance of hardwoods, viz: different varieties oak, hickory, ash, gum, cypress and some elm. The pines are not thick on the land; the principal roots go straight down; the surface soil is sandy, intermixed with dark pebbles and clay subsoil. The mode of clearing land is to deaden by girdling the trees, burn the logs and trash on the ground, fence and put in the plough. To one not accustomed to it, this looks very slovenly, but I believe it is the best plan, as in a few years the trees rot and fall to the ground. The trees are no more in the way than the stumps; the dead hearts can much more readily be split into rails or burned than when green. The heart rails will last fifteen years; it costs about $10.00 per thousand to put rails into fences; rails are ten feet long. I am building board fences; lumber costs me at mill $5.00 per thousand feet. There are plenty of mills. I have my posts split from dead hearts and faced with axe; they cost me about three cents each at fence. When the ground is wet a man can dig seventy holes in a day; when dry the clay subsoil becomes very hard and one half above number would be good work.
I have taken stumps from 200 acres land at a cost of about $2.00 per acre; generally would cost from $2.00 to $6.00 per acre, according to length of time land had been cleared. I have not tried dynamite; some have, but cannot state whether it gave satisfactory results; I believe it would, especially in new land. We plant our corn in rows, generally six feet apart and from two to three feet apart in a row, one stalk in a place. At last working of corn we put in one or two rows of peas to every row of corn; the peas and corn mature at same time. When corn is gathered we gather peas enough for seed, then put in the hogs and they fatten from the peas. Some varieties of those peas will remain on the ground all winter and grow the next summer. The pea crop is worth as much as the corn crop.
Corn grown here is worth seventy cents per bushel. From sixty acres I got over 1200 bushels of corn. I used on the sixty acres two tons of phosphate that cost here $16.00 per ton mixed with the manure from four mules and 200 bushels cottonseed worth fifteen cents per bushel. Some make more, some less, according to cultivation and amount of fertilizers used. One of my neighbors for several years past has been making forty bushels of corn to the acre.
From 100 acres in oats I got 2000 bushels; these are rust proof and always in demand for seed; I sold all for sixty cents per bushel. I used no fertilizers under the oats; I generally cut two crops of hay same season from same land after I cut my oats. I plough, harrow and roll the ground in June. I use under the hay guano worth about $6.00 to every acre and get two tons of hay per acre worth here $18.00 per ton. This grass comes spontaneously after the land is cultivated a few years and makes excellent hay. It does not grow North. This year one of my neighbors cut from twelve acres 600 bushels of oats; put no fertilizers under the oats, but had the year previous oats on same land, and after the oats were cut, in June, he planted it in peas; when the peas matured he turned his hogs in; by October the hogs had gathered the peas, then he ploughed under the pea vines and sowed in the oats. This is the most economical way of improving our lands. The crop of peas pays for all the expense. We feed but little corn to our hogs.
Wheat is grown but little in this section. When cotton was worth twenty cents per pound no one would raise wheat, so the mills were either torn or rotted down, but in a short time there will be a mill to grind wheat in the vicinity. There are plenty of mills to grind corn. Nearly all the vegetables grown North do well here, and come into the market much earlier, and many that do not grow there do well here. Cabbage and Irish potatoes do well here, but when planted in spring mature early in summer and do not keep longer than a couple of months; when planted in July they mature in fall and keep tolerably well, but sometimes it is difficult to get a stand of plants in July.
This is about 32° north latitude; peaches, pears, plums, grapes and some varieties of apples do well here, and all begin bearing at much younger age than North; perhaps are not as long-lived, but heretofore no care has been taken of them.
In the woods the grass grows during summer from one to one and one-half feet high, and makes a splendid pasture, especially for six months, commencing in April. The cattle, sheep and hogs are never fed. At this time of the year all are poor, but in May both cattle and sheep are in good order. By having some winter pastures to keep the cattle fat for winter market the beeves would bring fancy prices in the home market. There is plenty of good beef here in summer; in winter our beef comes from the West (cold storage) and costs by the quarter eight cents per pound.
We sow oats from September to February; I pasture mine some in winter, but there are a number of grasses that make here a good winter pasture. Alfalfa is being grown with success in some portions of this State; no doubt would do well here. These cattle, sheep and hogs on the range have never been improved by crossing with improved breeds; the rule has been to leave every tenth male for breeding purposes. By crossing the native ewes with some of the improved breeds, and feeding some on pasturing in winter, lambs could be put into Northern markets much earlier than from the States farther North. These cattle and sheep are all gotten up at a certain time for shearing and marking, when those for market are sold to buyers who ship them to the cities to sell to butchers. Some of the stock is never seen by the owners. The young are marked with the mark of its mother, the fleece of wool tied up and marked, the owner notified, he pays for sheering and gets it. All land not fenced is range and free to all. One might own 1000 head of cattle and not own an acre of land. Hogs live and grow on range but do much better when fed some; those near river get fat from acorns.
Building material is cheap. Kiln-dried and dressed flooring and ceiling from $8.00 to $12.00 per M feet; No. 1 Brick at kiln $5.00 per M.
Butter is worth thirty cents per pound, eggs fifteen cents per dozen, sweet milk ten cents per quart, buttermilk five cents per quart.
A number of parties from Ohio came to this section last February; some bought when they came, others bought this winter; all remained. They say they do not feel the heat any more than in Ohio, as we have more breeze and the nights are pleasant. Sunstrokes are unknown. A few days ago a party from Ohio bought 300 acres of land one and one-half miles from Abbeville, thirty acres of which is cleared, all salable timber cut from the balance, but enough for farm purposes on the land; buildings worth $150; no orchard; 250 acres fair pine lands, fifty acres of but little value, price paid $1600; $1150 cash, $450 in twelve months. The buyer intends going into the dairy business; also fruit and improved stock. Lands can be bought at from $2.00 to $10.00 per acre, according to distance from railway, improvements, etc., and my experience is a better profit can be made farming from an acre here than from an acre in the Northern States, where their lands are valued at from $50.00 to $75.00 per acre. Taxes are about fifty cents on values of $100. Near rivers, ponds, etc., are subject to some fevers. I have lived here for past twelve years; have not had case of fever among my family or hands on the place.
We have no sand flies nor mosquitoes, except near ponds and water courses there are mosquitoes. We are not subject to tornadoes or cyclones as in some parts of the West. Our labor is mixed, mostly negroes. Farm hands are paid from $8.00 to $12.00 per month and rations. A ration consists of four pounds of bacon and one peck meal for six day’s work. Where it is white labor they are boarded in the family of the farmers. The negroes here are strong competitors in many of the trades, especially carpenters, blacksmiths and painters; also masons. Our climate is so mild that it is not necessary for comfort for a house to be plastered or ceiled inside; very few farmers’ houses are; neither is so expensive clothing required as in the North. On the nights of the fifth and sixth instant we had very little ice on shallow water on the ground; those were the coldest nights this winter. I have seen snow a few times in last twelve years; have seen none this winter. Ploughs can run all winter. A few peach trees are in bloom now (February 14th). There are no government or State land to homestead or for sale in this State, but plenty of lands for sale either unimproved or improved. We cultivate too much land here; we should cultivate less and work and fertilize better.
The people are anxious for Northern farmers to come and settle here and will render home seekers any service in their power, furnish them stock to ride or drive and take care of them whilst they are procuring locations, etc. I would not advise anyone without some capital to come; anyone coming should come with the expectation of working for himself and not for others. I notice that the Big Four and St. Louis Railway are selling round-trip tickets to points in Georgia, good for twenty days, for one fare. These tickets are issued for March 8th and April 9th.
It seems strange that farmers of the North will purchase land for farming purposes at $100 or more per acre when in the South there is an abundance of land at from $5 to $25 an acre, from which, acre for acre, a larger revenue can be derived. Because of the variety of products raised in the North no farm of less than forty acres is regarded as sufficiently large to maintain a family.
The tendency in the North is towards larger farms, and many farmers are not satisfied with a farm of less than 160 acres. Make the acreage only forty, and the farm is worth $4000. On twenty acres of land in Florida that can be bought at $25 per acre, one can get a larger annual return in dollars than he can from the $4000 farm in the North.
This statement needs no proof. It is being demonstrated year by year all over the State, and only needs to be understood by the great army of home-seekers of the country to bring such an influx of them as will make Florida one of the most populous portions of the country. Thousands of people in the North want just such homes as are within their reach here. They have not money enough to pay for a satisfactory home at the high prices of the North, but they possess enough property to be able to secure a good home in Florida. If they could only be enlightened as to what awaits them here, they would come in force.—The Citizen, Jacksonville, Fla.
The Savannah Morning News sees cause for favorable comment in the improved methods of the Southern farmer. It says: “Contrasted with the average Southern farm of fifteen years ago, the average Southern farm of today presents a striking object lesson of the New South’s progress. Plows, hoes and other agricultural implements are no longer left in the fields, or without shelter in the barnyards, overnight, or for weeks at a time, according to the whim of the user. Wagons and carts are not left standing, covered with mud, at the most convenient place to drop them. Harnesses are not thrown on a fence, or a peg, or a hitching post, exposed to the weather, until wanted. These things now have their orderly places under shelter and are properly looked after. Rainy days are no longer spent in loafing about the kitchen, but employer and hired man put in the time of the rainy day in the barn mending harness, oiling machinery, tightening wagon bolts, etc.”
All of this goes to show thrift and economy, and partly explains why many a Georgia farmer has surplus funds to loan at interest.
At a meeting of the Georgia State Agricultural Society, held at Brunswick, Ga., February 14, Col. Waddell, the president of the society, said, in an address:
“The condition of the farmers of Georgia is not really understood. The view entertained by the optimist being too rosy, that of the pessimist too depressing. They are nearer out of debt than they have ever been, they have more home-raised supplies than for many years, and they are managing their affairs with more judgment and prudence than ever before. But they experienced the pinching scarcity of money, and some of them are burdened with debts which would have been cancelled but for the shrinkage in the value of their lands and the products of their farms. You who are practical farmers know there is no money in raising cotton at seven or eight cents a pound, and that our only hope of success is in producing every possible article of necessity at home. Fortunately, we are not dependent on the cotton crop, for in variety and diversity of products, and in soil and climate, Georgia produces unequalled advantages, and these advantages are being recognized and utilized more and more every year.”
The tobacco growers have formed an association for mutual benefit and for the promotion of this branch of crop cultivation. It is to be called the Cigar Leaf Tobacco Growers’ Association, and intends publishing a paper in the interests of Texas tobacco.
O. A. Smith, of Willis, is president; H. F. Malone, of Willis, vice-president, and J. F. Irvine, secretary and treasurer. The executive committee is composed of the following: Clark Arnold, of Galveston; J. M. Buckley, of Willis; T. G. Wools, of Hondo; J. H. Bruning, of Galveston; J. J. Strozier, of Willis; C. F. Rhode, of Galveston; O. A. Smith, of Willis, and H. S. Elders, of Willis.
The by-laws of the National Tobacco Growers’ Association, as adopted at Washington, are adopted by this association.
The New York Journal of Commerce, in an article on rice growing in Southwestern Louisiana, says: A couple of years ago the crop was excessive, but the last crop is well sold up, and there is little doubt that the consumption of rice will vastly increase in this country. Scientifically and practically it is one of the best of foods, and the taste for it is growing. Portions of this section of Louisiana are sufficiently watered by natural overflow, but a good deal of it is artificially irrigated. Some of the farmers say that it is a little more work to cultivate rice than wheat or corn, but most of them think it is less; there is no great difference in the cost. The general testimony is that it costs $5 or $6 an acre to cultivate it, exclusive of irrigation, which, as already said, is not always necessary. A dollar for seed, two for cultivation and two for harvesting is the estimate of many farmers, though a few put the cost at a dollar or two more, and some go as high as $10 or $12. Ten barrels in the rough is regarded by many cultivators as a fair average crop, but yields of twelve and fifteen barrels are common. The farmers generally get from $2 to $3 a barrel, and sometimes a little more. A rice cultivator at Lake Author, La., writes: “I can say honestly and positively that a man can make a big fortune in four or five years raising rice.... I know a number of farmers that have for the past three years averaged fifteen barrels per acre, and their net average price per barrel for the three years was $2.85.” These figures give gross receipts of $42.75 per acre.
At the recent annual meeting of the Louisiana State Agricultural Society, F. H. Burnette, the horticulturist of the State Experiment Station at Baton Rouge, read an interesting paper upon Southern fruits.
Prof. Burnette has given much time to the development of the fruit industry of Louisiana, experimenting upon the different varieties of fruit indigenous to the climate, utilizing his knowledge of foreign horticulturing and experimenting at the station. He gave a full report of these experiments. The paper was of especial interest to small fruit growers, dwelling upon the varieties of peach, pear and orange which can be grown with success in Louisiana, and of the new variety of Japanese and Chinese plums and persimmons which he has grown at Baton Rouge with success.
At the same meeting Judge Lewis, of Opelousas, spoke of the cultivation of figs as a marketable crop and one which has never failed of producing remunerative results by close attention to the cultivation of the trees. He also spoke of the preserves made in Opelousas of the rind of the sour orange and also of figs, which are sold in the stores of Opelousas. The fig tree is self-supporting, and as an orchard which produces and supplies itself, being free from climatic influences. He spoke at length upon the possibilities of canning the fruits of Louisiana and shipping them to Northern markets.
The farmers of Sumter county, Georgia, the county in which Americus is located, are more and more abandoning the all cotton business and turning to the growing of fruits.
Mr. J. B. Dubose of Ridge Spring, Edgefield county, S. C., has experimented with great success in the growing of celery. It is claimed that the product of his farm is equal in every way to the best Kalamazoo celery.
The business of truck gardening around Weldon, N. C., has undergone great development in the last year or two. To accommodate this growing industry the Wilmington & Weldon railroad is putting in additional side track facilities.
The State of Georgia has one of the agricultural experiment stations established by the United States Government, which has been in existence about four years. Its purpose is to aid the farmers of the State by experiments in the preparation, fertilization and cultivation of the soil, etc. It is maintained by an annual appropriation of $15,000 by the United States government. The property used for the purposes of the station belongs to the State. This property consists of 130 acres of land with buildings, including dairy, ginnery, greenhouse, tobacco barn, laboratory, etc.
A bulletin of results is published once a quarter and is sent free to any citizen of Georgia engaged in any branch of farming. The station is located at Experiment, near Griffin. Its organization is as follows: R. J. Redding, director; H. C. White, Ph. D., vice-director and chemist; H. N. Starnes, horticulturist; James M. Kimbrough, Agriculturist; H. J. Wing, dairyman.
A number of Germans living near Axtell, Texas, have recently engaged in the apiary business with much success. Mr. L. J. Miller who lives in that neighborhood produced 1187 pounds of honey last year, and 165 pounds of beeswax. The honey brought twelve and a half cents and the wax seventeen and a half cents.
A recent bulletin issued from the Texas Experimental Station gives some interesting comparisons of the four leading crops in the State. The cotton crop of Texas covers 4,520,310 acres, and is worth $69,439,476; the corn crop covers 3,166,353 acres and is worth $28,429,125; the wheat crop covers 442,337 acres and is worth $5,244,303; the sweet potato crop covers 29,928 acres and is worth $1,503,764. According to the above statistics the value of each crop per acre is: Cotton, $15.36; corn, $8.94; wheat, $11.88; sweet potatoes, $50.24. The cost of growing an acre of either is not materially different. Here is a big difference in favor of sweet potatoes.
Mr. Jere Mabry, of Belton, Texas, reports as the result of his work for 1893, on a rented farm of eighty acres, cash receipts aggregating $1,974.91. Besides what he sold he raised, for the most part his food supplies. His total cash expenses were $506.85, leaving $964.06 as the net cash profit of the year’s work.
An intelligent farmer of Rowan county, N. C., said the other day: “The farmers in my county were never better off. They have plenty of corn, wheat, meat and other produce, and many of them have a bale or so of cotton stored away. There is no necessity for the cry of hard times among the farmers of Rowan. True, they have little money, but they do not need it, they have all at home that they can consume. Why, many of the farmers are raising everything they need on the farm. I know of men who now have plenty of meat who a few years ago did not raise a hog, so you see they are growing wiser and are prospering as all good farmers should. True, a few of Rowan’s farms are mortgaged and badly in debt, but they are generally of that sort that lounge around town in idleness the greater portion of the time and let their crops go, trusting to a mortgage for the next year.”
The “Southern Pines Orchard Co.” purchased in 1890 1200 acres of wooded land near Southern Pines, and 360 acres of this has been cleared and planted as follows: 51,000 peach trees, 5000 pears, 1000 plums, 16,000 blackberry. In that section the peach crop never fails. Last year the new trees bore a few peaches and this year they are expected to bear freely. The president of the company is Mr. J. Van Lindley, of Greensboro, N. C., who is also proprietor of the Pomona Nurseries at Greensboro.
During the last few weeks there has been much activity among the farmers in the vicinity of Oglethorpe, Ga., and from all parts of the county as well. The time has again rolled round when they must plant their crops, and right energetically are they going at this duty. Not near so much fertilizer is being used as in previous years, and the farmers of Macon county, Ga., are reported by the Macon News to be in better condition than in a long time. Nearly all have more than a sufficiency of home-raised meat to supply them during the year. Few complaints are heard of hard times.
Some advanced tobacco growers in Texas have been experimenting with the object of growing a fine quality of Cuban cigar leaf, and the results, it is said, have been entirely satisfactory. The reports from Brazos, Paris, Calhoun, Nueces, Liberty, Grimes, Walker, Montgomery and other counties show that a very fine quality of Cuban tobacco can be grown in Southern and Southeastern Texas.
The rice acreage in Orange county, Texas, will be materially increased this year, and there will be almost a corresponding increase in fruit farming, for which that section is eminently adapted.
Mr. G. W. Duncan, of Greenville, Ala., has fattened thirty-nine hogs this season on twenty acres of ground peas, and says there are enough peas in the ground now to fatten as many more hogs and to keep them fat for a month yet.
I am asked to contribute a paper to the Southern States, giving my impressions of my first trip South. I will reply as I have done to my friend Mr. Clark Howell, of Atlanta, Ga., for the columns of his paper, from the stand-point of a business man and farmer, and not in my relation to the party who recently visited the seaboard States, composed in the main of medical editors, their wives and friends.
Too much praise cannot be awarded Dr. W. C. Wile, of Danbury, Conn., for promoting and organizing the party of Northern medical editors and their friends, thus bringing to their attention the unusual advantages of the Piedmont section of the Southern seaboard States to Northern emigration.
These distinguished gentlemen will shortly communicate their views through their respective journals, but what I shall say now will be quite free from all professional considerations.
Either North Carolina or Georgia must be regarded as the paradise of the fruit grower. I have had a large experience in vine growing and wine making in Western New York, having planted one of the first vineyards on the shores of Lake Keuka, and being one of the promoters of the Urbana Wine Co., and I am familiar in a practical way with that most remunerative culture of the black raspberry, in Yates county, New York, which furnishes the evaporated dried fruit so much now in demand, and may fairly be classed as one qualified to speak, in a practical way, as to the general features of fruit growing. The wine-growing industry, yet in its infancy in North Carolina, has gone far enough to demonstrate an assured success in a lucrative way, to those who carry on its productions on business methods. The experiments made at Southern Pines, N. C., have gone far enough to leave no manner of doubt of splendid results in the near future.
The difficulty with which the Northern grower has to contend are the high price of land and labor and the early frost. Labor in both Georgia and North Carolina is abundant and cheap. Eight dollars per month will cover the wages of men with rations, which can be computed at $2.50 per month. Frost is quite out of the question. The cost of land in desirable locations is as low as $3 to $10 per acre, and if unimproved land is taken a net of $10 would be ample to put good land ready to plant the vine. The plow can run in both the States every month in the year.
By way of Norfolk, the markets of New York and Philadelphia are as accessible to the fruit growers of these States as to Western New York, in both time and rate. North Carolina seems to have been chary of the immigration of foreigners. Of that great flood of European blood that has for the past twenty-five years poured into the ports of New York, neither North Carolina nor Georgia has received anything worth naming. It has swept like an enormous wave over the West, but not on the South Atlantic seaboard. You would secure those who are desirable and by proper work could do so.
The citizens of Northern States do not correctly understand your section. They should visit and carefully look into the capacities of your States. Nothing dispels illusions like contact and personal examination. The North is full of active, energetic, industrious men inured to labor, who do not know what advantages you offer or they would flood into and buy up your unoccupied lands and form a splendid factor in the New South now forming. Would the Northern settlers be hospitably received? At the North this would be a controlling question. General Manager Winder, of the Seaboard Air Line, assures me that in his State the Northern settler would be most welcome. Ex-Governor Jarvis, of North Carolina, in a recent conversation, assured me that the Southern welcome would be whole-souled, full and free from the slightest danger of interference. I have equally high authority in Georgia of a similar state of public sentiment. Northern settlers would, strange as it may sound to you, need to be assured in these respects.
The present depressed state of financial affairs is not against such an immigration now. Your splendid railways should give especial facilities in reduced freights to actual settlers. Austin Corbin, one of our greatest railroad workers, transports free over his railways every pound of material an actual settler puts on his land in improvements. I would advocate free transportation of the household goods of every actual Northern settler by your great railway lines.
I do not dare to state what I think of the future of North Carolina and Georgia within the next fifty years. Yes, twenty-five years. No Georgian or Carolinian would believe as much as I see coming in the next generation. With a climate that not only rivals, but excels that of Italy, I say to Georgians and North Carolinians if you will yourselves open to Northern eyes the enormous advantages of your grand States, you will witness a spectacle within the next thirty years as marvelous as that we saw in Atlanta, where a magnificent city has arisen, phœnix-like, from the ashes made by Sherman’s army. And the new States of Georgia and North Carolina will come into a new and grander life, which will be as much a wonder to the next generation as Atlanta is to this.
THE SOUTHERN STATES.
THE
Southern States.
AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE SOUTH.
Published by the
Manufacturers’ Record Publishing Co.
Manufacturers’ Record Building,
BALTIMORE, MD.
SUBSCRIPTION: $1.50 a Year; $1 for Six Months
WILLIAM H. EDMONDS,
Editor and Manager.
BALTIMORE, MARCH, 1894.
The SOUTHERN STATES is an exponent of the Immigration and Real Estate Interests and general advancement of the South, and a journal of accurate and comprehensive information about Southern resources and progress.
Its purpose is to set forth accurately and conservatively from month to month the reasons why the South is, for the farmer, the settler, the home seeker, the investor, incomparably the most attractive section of this country.
In the general discussion of the various agencies to be depended on to bring about an enlarged and accelerated Southern immigration movement, there seems to have been little thought given to private enterprises as one of them.
A great deal has been said about the duty and self interest of railroads in the matter, and much has been spoken and written in advocacy of aggressive measures on the part of the States. It is quite true that the railroads should pursue the most liberal policy in fostering and developing immigration. Every farmer who settles in the territory of any road becomes a permanent producer of traffic for that road, and whether the railroad company be the owner of lands or not, the most profitable expenditures it can make are such as will help to populate and build up the country tributary to its lines. It is also true that every Southern State should have an immigration department or bureau, conducted not by small politicians, but by the most capable men to be had, and not supported by niggardly appropriations, but amply supplied with sufficient money to make possible the most progressive and comprehensive methods.
But, unfortunately, the ideal is not going to be reached as to either the railroads or the States. Both will in the aggregate come very far short of what ought to be done, and this will be more pronouncedly and lamentably true of the State governments.
Outside of these agencies, then, how is the cause of immigration to be advanced? The question and the conditions giving rise to it suggest an opportunity for capital and enterprise. In almost any part of the South very large areas of land may be gotten together at very low prices. With money enough to buy and properly develop farm lands, and with judicious management, there is hardly any limit to the profitable business that could be done by immigration or colonization companies. For example, a company that could buy say 10,000 to 20,000 or more acres of land in a body, or make up this acreage by consolidating a number of farms bought from different owners, and then divide this up into small farms of twenty, forty, eighty or more acres, construct roads throughout the entire area, drain the whole of it, put it all in the best shape for the most advanced farming or gardening operations, building houses, &c., and then direct themselves to the work of colonizing it or selling to individual settlers, such a company, with sufficient capital and properly managed, could quickly settle up almost any area of land and make enormous profits for its stockholders. Besides the tracts sold as small farms, there would necessarily be one or more centrally located village sites which would become immediately valuable as town property. There is nothing easier than getting Northern farmers to go South. The conditions of farming and of life at the South are so incomparably superior to those at the North that they need only to be pressed upon the attention of Northern farmers to be availed of. In its millions of acres of cheap lands the South has the advantage of an entirely new and undeveloped country, and has with this all the advantages and comforts and attractions of an established and advanced civilization. The South is in the main more healthful than any other part of the United States, its range of farm and garden products is greater, it offers better opportunities for profitable agriculture, and it is in all respects a section where life can be lived in greater comfort than at the North. Convinced of these facts, hundreds of thousands of substantial and well-to-do farmers in other parts of the country would quickly move to the South. In fact, there is even now, all over the North and Northwest a disposition to go South. As was stated in a letter published in the January number of the Southern States, “there are thousands who would move South if somebody would start the ball rolling.” These are the conditions. Properly utilized, they can be made to furnish a wide and rich field for some of the millions now lying idle and non-productive in the financial centres.
The legislature of Virginia, in its very proper and commendable desire to promote immigration to the State, is discussing the enactment of some extraordinary legislation. A bill now before the senate provides for the appointment of a commissioner of immigration, who shall keep on file in his office a description of any lands submitted to him by any owner or real-estate agent, and shall receive a commission of not more than 5 per cent. upon the sale of any such lands in lieu of salary. Evidently, to the mind of the author of this bill, the benefits of an increase in the population of the State terminate with the sale of lands, and are confined to owners of such lands. The narrowness of a measure that would impose upon any one class of people the expense of an immigration department is manifest. The innumerable and widely ramifying benefits resulting from judicious immigration effort are shared by everybody, and the expense should be borne by everybody.
Aside from this inequity, there are many objections to the plan of giving the proposed commissioner an interest in the sale of lands. As an officer of the State he should be free from any possibility of bias as to any part of the State or any specific properties.
Let a commissioner of immigration be appointed by all means, and let an adequate fund be set apart for the expenses of his department, but let this come out of the receipts from taxes, and thus be equitably apportioned among all classes.
To say that no other State owes as much to any one man as Florida owes to Hamilton Disston, of Philadelphia, is a comprehensive statement, but it is probably true. About fifteen years ago some Northern capitalists were induced to consider the idea of building railroads in Florida. It was found on investigation that the State could not grant any of its lands to railroad companies, since all the lands of the State were covered by a general mortgage which had been made to secure the State bonds. Without this inducement nobody was willing to put a dollar into railroad building in Florida, for the reason that the early returns from traffic could not be expected to be such as would justify it. In this emergency Mr. Disston came to the rescue of the State. He bought 4,000,000 acres of Florida land, paying for it enough to discharge the entire State debt, thereby releasing the lands owned by the State, and placing it in a position to make grants to railroads. Immediately following this, contracts were made with New York capitalists, and Florida entered upon an era of railroad building and general development.
Of course it is beyond question that the enormous resources and capabilities of Florida would in time have brought railroads, with the development that accompanies them, but it is also true that but for this timely intervention and help from Mr. Disston, the beginning of this period of growth and prosperity would have been delayed, possibly many years.
Following this timely succor, Mr. Disston has now put the State under further obligation to him for one of the most stupendous and one of the most successful works of general improvement ever undertaken in this country. As was briefly told in the February number of the Southern States, he has reclaimed for the State many millions of acres of land that but for his enterprise would have been permanently a waste. True, he has himself reaped large rewards, as it is proper that he should have done, but this does not lessen the benefits the State receives, and moreover, the risk has been all his own, since the only return the State was to make to him for the millions of dollars spent in his drainage works was a share of the lands reclaimed from overflow.
The value of the services that Mr. Disston has rendered Florida are beyond estimate.
The News, of Birmingham, Ala., very correctly maintains that reduced railroad rates will not accomplish much in the way of inducing immigration, unless the measure be accompanied by liberal advertising. The News says:
Ten good settlers can be brought down from the effects of good advertising, without any half rates, where one can be brought down from the mere effects of half rates, and as a rule those who come solely on account of low rates never become settlers, but combined, the two do good service, reaching the better class.
The Southern States is the channel through which to reach the attention of the North and Northwest. It is the only Southern immigration journal; the only publication that can be looked to for information about the soil, climate, agricultural capabilities, etc., of the whole South. It is alone in this field. There has never been a time when there was such eagerness for facts about the South. From New England, the Middle States, the West, and notably from the Northwest, requests for sample copies and letters of inquiry about the South are pouring in upon us.
Advertisements in the Southern States will be read every month by many thousands of people all over the North and Northwest, who are eagerly seeking such information as will enable them to determine what part of the South is most likely to suit them.
The Boston Herald, in an editorial on the work of the Southern States, says: “The reports are extremely favorable in regard to richness and variety of crops, and the chief danger seems to be that the speculators in Southern lands, as well as many of the railroads, hold their lands at such prices as to dissuade the poorer but industrious class of immigrants from taking them up.” The danger apprehended by the Herald does not at all exist. There are many millions of acres of the best land in the South that can be had for prices that are merely nominal. The trouble is not that there is any fault to be found with the land, but there are not people enough in the South to cultivate more than a small part of the land, and the surplus is, therefore, in a sense valueless, no matter how rich and productive it may be. There are a good many millions of acres of railroad land, and in some of the States State land, that can be had for such prices and upon such terms as nobody can find fault with. And as to the private holdings of individuals, there is too much land in every part of the South unused, and therefore too many owners anxious to sell a part of what they own, to make possible any speculative putting up of prices.
That North Carolina needs immigrants of the right kind is too universally admitted to call for proof; and that all efforts heretofore made in this direction have been practically a failure seems also clear. It seems equally clear that circulars, handbooks and the State press fail of their purpose in this respect, because they never reach the class we desire to influence.—The Gazette, Washington, N. C.
The Gazette is right. Many thousands of dollars are wasted in printing books and pamphlets that nobody ever reads. There is a way, however, to reach the class it is desired to influence. It can be done through the Southern States. The Southern States is a journal of information about the South. It is engaged in the work of making known the resources in soil, climate and agricultural capabilities, of the Southern States. And such is the desire for accurate and comprehensive information about this section that although the magazine has been in existence only a year it goes into every part of New England, the Middle States, the West and the Northwest, and is read by thousands of farmers and business men who are seeking to inform themselves as to the most attractive localities in the South.
The Southern States furnishes a channel through which to reach effectively the class of possible immigrants needed in the South.
In the general and very proper demand for railroad aid to the cause of Southern immigration, it should not be forgotten that many of the Southern roads have been for years giving conspicuous and liberal attention to this work. Through the efforts of such roads, for example, as the Mobile & Ohio, the Illinois Central, the Baltimore & Ohio, the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the St. Louis Southwestern and others, hundreds of thousands of substantial farmers, artisans and business men have been induced to move to the South, and all of those roads are constantly enlarging their immigration work. A notable instance of broad and progressive management in furtherance of immigration is furnished by the Georgia Southern & Florida road, whose methods were made the subject of an article published in the January number of the Southern States.
Other Southern roads are becoming roused on this subject. The Seaboard Air Line system, which has a management as progressive and liberal as any road in the country, is preparing to inaugurate a comprehensive immigration policy, and the Richmond & Danville road is also adopting measures to induce Northern farmers to settle along its lines. The Louisville & Nashville and the Central Railroad of Georgia systems are also taking advanced steps in the same direction.
The introduction of artesian water in some of the Southern towns, notably Albany and Brunswick, Ga., has revolutionized the health of those places; the two localities named, which were formerly noted for the prevalence of malarial and other disorders, being now equally noted as health resorts. The last Georgia town to enter the artesian well procession is Quitman, Ga. The April number of the Southern States will contain an exhaustive article by Mr. James R. Randall, on drinking water. Mr. Randall has for many years been making investigations on this subject, and his article will be a revelation, not only to the general public, but to most physicians and hygienists as well.
The Augusta Chronicle, quoting the sage remark of a man who had amassed much wealth, who when asked how he had made his money, said that he always bought when everybody wanted to sell, and sold when everybody wanted to buy, urges that the present is the time for people with money to make investments. Prices of every sort have reached a minimum, and in view of the assured early reaction and the inevitable rebound to very high prices that will follow the long term of depression, this would seem to be as the Chronicle suggests, the time to buy things.
No sooner is Atlanta well under way with its great International Exposition project for 1895 than Macon comes to the front with an exposition enterprise of its own. A movement has been started to hold an exposition in the fall of 1894. These Georgia towns are great hustlers.
In Mr. Clark Bell’s article, published elsewhere, there is this statement: