Bronze Varnishes.
—I.—The following process yields a top varnish for bronze goods and other metallic ware in the most varying shades, the varnish excelling, besides, in high gloss and durability. Fill in a bottle, pale shellac, best quality, 40 parts, by weight; powdered Florentine lake, 12 parts, by weight; gamboge, 30 parts, by weight; dragon’s blood, also powdered, 6 parts, by weight; and add 400 parts, by weight, of spirit of wine. This mixture is allowed to dissolve, the best way being to heat the bottle on the water bath until the boiling point of water is almost reached, shaking from time to time until all is dissolved. Upon cooling, decant the liquid, which constitutes a varnish of dark-red color, from any sediment that may be present. In a second bottle dissolve in the same manner 24 parts, by weight, of gamboge in 400 parts, by weight, of spirit of wine, from which will result a varnish of golden-yellow tint. According to the hue desired, mix the red varnish with the yellow variety, producing in this way any shade from the deepest red to the color of gold. If required, dilute with spirit of wine. The application of the varnish should be conducted as usual, that is, the article should be slightly warm, it being necessary to adhere strictly to a certain temperature, which can be easily determined by trials and maintained by experience. In order to give this varnish a pale-yellow to greenish-yellow tone, mix 10 drops of picric acid with about 3 parts, by weight, of spirit of wine, and add to a small quantity of the varnish some of this mixture until the desired shade has been reached. Picric acid is poisonous, and the keeping of varnish mixed with this acid in a closed bottle is not advisable, because there is danger of an explosion. Therefore, it is best to prepare only so much varnish at one time as is necessary for the immediate purpose.
Brown Varnish.
—An excellent and quickly drying brown varnish for metals is made by dissolving 20 ounces of gum kino and 5 ounces of gum benjamin in 60 ounces of the best cold alcohol; 20 ounces of common shellac and 2 ounces of thick turpentine in 36 ounces of alcohol also give a very good varnish. If the brown is to have a reddish tint, dissolve 50 ounces of ruby shellac, 5 ounces balsam of copaiba, and 2 to 5 ounces of aniline brown, with or without 1/2 to 1 ounce of aniline violet, in 150 ounces of alcohol.
Copper Varnishes.
—These two are for polished objects:

I.—One hundred and ten parts of sandarac and 30 parts of rosin, dissolved in sufficient quantity of alcohol; 5 parts of glycerine are to be added.

II.— Sandarac 10 parts
Rosin  3 parts
Glycerine    1/2 part
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.

Dissolve the two rosins in sufficient alcohol and add the glycerine.

Decorative Metal Varnishes.—
I Per Cent II Per Cent III Per Cent IV Per Cent
Seed lac 11.5 — — —
Amber  7.6 — — 13.5
Gamboge  7.6 — — —
Dragon’s blood  0.18 — — —
Saffron  0.16 — — —
Sandarac — 11.2 15.9 16.6
Mastic —  6.5 14.0  3.4
Elemi —  3.3 — —
Venice turpentine — —  1.0  3.4
Camphor —  1.5 — —
Aloe — —  7.0 —
Alcohol 72.96 77.5 66.1 63.2

As will be seen, only natural colors are used. The so-called “gold lacquer” is composed as follows: Sandarac, 6.25 parts; mastic, 3 parts; shellac, 12.5 parts; Venice turpentine, 2.5 parts; aloe, 0.75 parts; gamboge, 3 parts; alcohol, 72 parts. The solution is filtered. Applied in a thin coating this varnish shows a handsome golden shade. Other metal varnishes have the following composition:

V Per Cent VI Per Cent VII Per Cent
Shellac 17.5 — 18.0
Yellow acaroid gum 13.1 25.0 —
Manila —  8.0  9.0
Alcohol 69.4 67.0 63.0
{727}
Gold Varnish.
—I.—A good gold varnish for coating moldings which produces great brilliancy is prepared as follows: Dissolve 3 pounds of shellac in 30 quarts of alcohol, 5 pounds of mastic in 5 quarts of alcohol, 3 pounds of sandarac in 5 quarts of alcohol, 5 pounds of gamboge in 5 quarts of alcohol, 1 pound of dragon’s blood in 1 quart of alcohol, 3 pounds of saunders in 5 quarts of alcohol, 3 pounds of turpentine in 3 quarts of alcohol. After all the ingredients have been dissolved separately in the given quantity of absolute alcohol and filtered, the solutions are mixed at a moderate heat.

II.—A varnish which will give a splendid luster, and any gold color from deep red to golden yellow, is prepared by taking 50 ounces pale shellac, 15 pounds Florentine lake (precipitated from cochineal or redwood decoction by alum onto strach, kaolin, or gypsum), 25 ounces of sandalwood, and 8 ounces of dragon’s blood. These in fine powder are dissolved on the water bath, in 500 ounces rectified spirit. The spirit must boil and remain, with occasional shaking, for 2 to 3 hours on the bath. Then cool and decant. In the meantime heat in another flask on the bath 30 ounces of gamboge in 500 ounces of the same spirit. The two liquids are mixed until the right color needed for the particular purpose in hand is obtained. Dilute with spirit if too thick. The addition of a little picric acid gives a greenish-yellow bronze but makes the varnish very liable to explode. These varnishes are applied to gently warmed surfaces with a soft bristle brush.

Gold Varnish For Tin.
—This is obtained in the following manner: Spread out 5 parts, by weight, of finely powdered crystallized copper acetate in a warm spot, allowing it to lie for some time; then grind the powder, which will have acquired a light-brown shade, with oil of turpentine and add, with stirring, 15 parts, by weight, of fat copal varnish heated to 140° F. When the copper acetate has dissolved (in about 1/4 hour), the mass is filled in a bottle and allowed to stand warm, for several days, shaking frequently. The gold varnish is then ready for use. Coat the articles uniformly with it, and heat in a drying chamber, whereupon, according to the degree of temperature, varying colorations are obtained, changing from green to yellow, then golden yellow, and finally orange to brown. When good copal varnish is employed, the varnish will adhere very firmly, so that the article can be pressed without damage.
Iron Varnishes.
—I.—A varnish obtained by dissolving wax in turpentine is useful. It gives a fairly hard coat, but has the drawback of filling up fine grooves, and so injuring the appearance of many metal ornaments.

II.—Shellac, 15 pounds; Siam benjamin, 13 pounds; alcohol, 80 pounds; formylchloride, 20 pounds.

III.—Sierra Leone copal, 6 pounds; dammar, 18 pounds; oleic acid, 3 pounds; alcohol, 40 pounds; oil of turpentine, 20 pounds; formylchloride, 15 pounds. The formylchloride not only effects the rapid drying necessary to prevent the varnish gravitating into hollows, but enables the alcohol to make a perfect solution of the rosin. The varnishes are excessively volatile, and must be stored accordingly.

Stove Varnishes.—
Shellac  12 parts
Manila copal  14 parts
Rosin  12 parts
Gallipot   2 parts
Benzoin   1 part
Lampblack   5 parts
Nigrosin, spirit-soluble   1 1/2 parts
Alcohol 250 parts
Tin Varnishes.
—I.—For Tin Boxes.—

In 75 parts of alcohol dissolve 15 parts of shellac, 2 parts of Venice turpentine, and 8 parts of sandarac.

II.—For Trays and Other Tinware.—The ground is prepared by adding to the white lead the tinting colors ground in good rubbing varnish and half oil of turpentine. For drier an admixture of “terebine” is recommended. With this lean and dull paint, coat the tins 2 or 3 times and blend. Next, grain with water or vinegar glaze, and varnish with pure Zanzibar copal varnish, or finest amber table-top varnish. There are other tried methods for varnishing tin, which are applicable for new goods, manufactured in large quantities, while they are less advantageous for the restoration of old, repeatedly used articles.

Varnish Substitutes.

A substitute for varnish is produced by adding to 100 parts of casein 10 to 25 parts of a 1 to 10 per cent soap solution and then 20 to 25 parts of slaked lime. The mixture is carefully kneaded until a perfectly homogeneous mass results. Then gradually add 25 to 40 parts of turpentine oil and sufficient {728} water for the mass to assume the consistency of varnish. If it is desired to preserve it for some time a little ammonia is added so that the casein lime does not separate. The surrogate is considerably cheaper than varnish and dries so quickly that paint ground with it may be applied twice in quick succession.

Zapon Varnishes.
—In the case of many articles which have been colored mechanically or by the battery, particularly with large pieces, an opaque varnish is used as a protection against atmospheric influences. The so-called brassoline, of a brown color, negroline, black, and zapon which is colorless, are employed, according to the color of the article. The last-named varnish is most commonly used, and gives a fine and durable coating, insoluble in almost all liquids which would come into consideration here, except that it will wash off in soap and water. Zapon varnish is a solution of collodion cotton and camphor in amyl acetate and amyl alcohol, and was formerly used to preserve old manuscripts and legal documents. In the process of zaponizing, the article is slightly warmed and immersed in the varnish, or the latter is applied with a brush. The solution is very durable, and has the advantage that after drying it will not show edges, rings, or spots. Zapon varnish which has become too thick must be diluted, and the brushes must be kept from becoming dry. If it is desired to give an especially warm tone, the article is treated with brushes which have been drawn over beeswax or mineral wax.

For the production of zapon or celluloid varnish, pour 20 parts of acetone over 2 parts of colorless celluloid waste, allowing it to stand for several days in a closed vessel, stirring frequently until the whole has dissolved into a clear, thick mass. Admix 78 parts of amyl acetate and clarify the zapon varnish by allowing it to settle for weeks.

VARNISH, HOW TO POUR OUT: See Castor Oil.

VARNISHES, INSULATING: See Insulation.

VARNISHES, PHOTOGRAPHIC RETOUCHING: See Photography.

VARNISH REMOVERS: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.

VASELINE STAINS, TO REMOVE FROM CLOTHING: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.

VASOLIMENTUM.

This unguent is of two kinds, liquid and semi-solid. The former is prepared by mixing 500 parts of olein, 250 parts of alcoholic ammonia, and 1,000 parts of liquid paraffine, the whole being warmed until completely dissolved, and any loss in weight made up by addition of spirit. The semi-solid preparation is made of the same ingredients, except the paraffine salve is substituted for the liquid. The product is used as a basis for ointments in place of vasogene, and can be incorporated with a number of med­i­ca­ments, such as 10 per cent of naphthol, 20 per cent of guaiacol, 25 per cent of juniper tar, 5 per cent of thiol, 6 per cent of iodine, 5 per cent of creosote, 10 per cent of ichthyol, 5 per cent of creolin, 2 per cent of menthol, etc.

VAT ENAMELS AND VARNISHES: See Varnishes.

VEGETABLES, TESTS FOR CANNED: See Foods.

VEGETABLE PARCHMENT: See Parchment.

VICHY: See Waters.

VICHY SALT: See Salts (Effervescent).

VETERINARY FORMULAS

For Birds:

Asthma In Canaries.—
Tincture capsicum  5 drachms
Spirits chloroform 90 minims
Iron citrate, soluble 45 grains
Fennel water  3 1/2 ounces

Give a few drops on lump of sugar in the cage once daily.

Colas.—
Tincture ferri perchloride 1 drachm
Acid hydrochloric, dil.   1/2 drachm
Glycerine 1 1/2 drachms
Aqua camphor, q. s. 1 ounce

Use 3 to 6 drops in drinking water.

Ointment For Healing.—
Peru balsam 60 grains
Cola cream  1 ounce

Apply. {729}

Constipation In Birds.—
F. E. senna 2 drachms
Syrup manna 1 ounce
Fennel water, q. s. 4 ounces

Give a few drops on sugar in cage once daily.

Diarrhœa.—
Tincture iron chloride 2 drachms
Paregoric 2 drachms
Caraway water 3 1/2 ounces

Give few drops on lump of sugar once daily.

Mocking-bird Food.—
Crackers  8 ounces
Corn  9 ounces
Rice  2 ounces
Hemp seed  1 ounce
Capsicum 10 grains

Mix and reduce to a coarse powder.

Foods For Red Birds.—
Sunflower seed  8 ounces
Hemp seed 16 ounces
Canary seed 10 ounces
Cracked wheat  8 ounces
Unshelled rice  6 ounces

Mix and grind to a coarse powder.

Canary-bird Food.—
Yolk of egg (dry) 2 ounces
Poppy heads (powdered) 1 ounce
Cuttlefish bone (powdered) 1 ounce
Sugar 2 ounces
Powdered crackers 8 ounces
Bird Tonic.—
Powdered capsicum 20 grains
Powdered gentian  1 drachm
Ferri peroxide    1/2 ounce
Powdered sugar    1/2 ounce
Syrup, q. s.

Put a piece size of pea in cage daily.

Tonic.—
I.— Tincture cinchona   1/2 drachm
Tincture iron 2 drops
Glycerine 1 drachm
Caraway water 1 ounce
Put a few drops on lump of sugar in cage daily.
II.— Compound tincture cinchona 2 drachms
Compound tincture gentian 2 drachms
Syrup orange 1 ounce
Simple elixir 2 1/2 ounces

Put a few drops on lump of sugar in the cage daily.

Antiseptic Wash For Cage Birds.—
Chinosol, F.  2 drachms
Sugar (burnt) 20 minims
Aqua cinnamon  4 ounces
Aqua 20 ounces

Add 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls to the bath water and allow the birds to use it, when it will quickly destroy all parasites or germs in the feathers. To wash out the cages, use a mixture of 1 ta­ble­spoon­ful in a pint of hot water.

Mixed Bird Seed.—
Sicily canary 10 ounces
German rape  2 ounces
Russian hemp  1 ounce
German millet  3 ounces

For Horses And Cattle:

Blistering.
—Tincture cantharides, 1 ounce; camphorated oil, 1/2 ounce. Apply a portion with friction 3 times a day until a blister shows. As it subsides apply again.
Horse-colic Remedy.
—I.—In making a horse-colic remedy containing tincture of opium, ether and chloroform, to be given in ta­ble­spoon­ful doses, apportion the ingredients about equally, and mix the dose with a pint of water.

Other formulas are:

II.— Chloroform anodyne  1 ounce
Spirit of nitrous ether  2 ounces
Linseed oil 13 ounces

Give in one dose and repeat in an hour if necessary.

Condition Powders.
—I.—Sulphur, 2 pounds; Glauber salts, 1 pound; black antimony, 1/2 pound; powdered bloodroot, 4 ounces; copperas, 1/2 pound; rosin, 1/2 pound; asafetida, 2 ounces; saltpeter 1/2 pound. Powder and mix well.

II.—Gentian, 4 ounces; potassium nitrate, 1 ounce; sulphur, 4 ounces; ginger (African), 4 ounces; antimony, 4 ounces; rosin, 2 ounces; Fœnugreek, 2 ounces; capsicum, 2 ounces; serpentaria, 2 ounces; sodium sulphate, 9 ounces; flaxseed meal, 16 ounces. All ingredients in fine powder. Dose: 1 ta­ble­spoon­ful in feed twice a day.

Veterinary Dose Table.
—For a colt 1 month old give 1/24 of the full dose; 3 months old, 1/12; 6 months old,1/6; 1 year old, 1/3; 2 years old, 1/2; 3 years old, 3/4. Fluids for cattle usually the same dose as for the horse. Solids for cattle usually 1 1/2 times the dose for the horse. {730}
Drug. Horses. Cattle.
Aloes 1 to 8 dr. 1/2 to 2 oz.
Alum 1 to 3 dr. 1 to 3 dr.
Aqua ammonia 3 to 5 dr. 3 to 5 dr.
Ammonia bromide 1/4 to 2 oz. 1/4 to 2 oz.
Ammonia carbonate 1 to 3 dr. 2 to 5 dr.
Ammonia iodide 1/2 to 3 dr. 1 to 5 dr.
Antimony black 15 to 50 gr. ——
Areca nut 3 to 5 dr. ——
Arsenic 5 to 12 gr. 5 to 12 gr.
Asafetida 1 to 4 dr. 1/2 to 2 oz.
Belladonna leaves 1/2 to 2 oz. 1/2 to 2 oz.
Buchu leaves 1/2 to 3 oz. 1/2 to 4 oz.
Calaber bean 4 to 12 gr. 4 to 12 gr.
Camphor 1/2 to 2 dr. 2 to 3 dr.
Cantharides 5 to 25 gr. 12 to 30 gr.
Capsicum 1 to 2 dr. 1 to 3 dr.
Catechu 1 to 2 dr. 2 to 4 dr.
Chalk preparation 2 to 3 oz. 2 to 4 oz.
Chloral hydrate 1/2 to 1 1/2 oz. 1/2 to 1 1/2 oz.
Chloroform 1/2 to 1 dr. 1/2 to 2 dr.
Cinchona 1 to 3 dr. 1/2 to 2 oz.
Copper sulphate 1/2 to 2 dr. 1/2 to 3 dr.
Creolin 1 to 5 dr. 2 to 5 dr.
Creosote 15 to 30 min. 1 to 2 dr.
Digitalis leaves 10 to 20 gr. 20 to 50 gr.
Dover powder 1/2 to 2 dr. 1/2 to 2 dr.
Ergot 1/4 to 1 oz. 1/4 to 1 oz.
Ether 1/2 to 2 1/2 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Ex. belladonna fluid 1/2 to 2 dr. 2 to 4 dr.
Extract buchu fluid 1 to 5 dr. ——
Extract cannabis indica 1/4 to 1/2 dr. 1/4 to 1 dr.
Fœnugreek 1/2 to 3 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Gallnuts 2 to 4 dr. 1/2 to 1 oz.
Gentian 2 to 6 dr. 1/2 to 1 oz.
Ginger 3 to 5 dr. 1/2 to 2 oz.
Ipecac 1/2 to 2 dr. 1/2 to 3 dr.
Iron carbonate 1 to 2 dr. ——
Iron sulphate 1/2 to 2 dr. 1 to 3 dr.
Juniper berries 1 to 2 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Limewater 3 to 6 oz. 3 to 6 oz.
Magnesia sulphate 1/2 to 3 lb. 1/2 to 3 lb.
Mustard 2 to 4 dr. 2 to 6 dr.
Nux vomica 1/2 to 1 dr. 2 to 3 dr.
Oil castor 1/2 to 1 pt. 1/2 to 1 pt.
Oil Croton 10 to 20 min. 1 to 2 dr.
Oil juniper 1/2 to 2 dr. 1/2 to 2 dr.
Oil linseed 1/2 to 1 pt. 1/2 to 2 pt.
Oil olive 1/2 to 2 pt. 1 to 2 pt.
Oil savin 1 to 3 dr. 1 to 3 dr.
Oil turpentine 1/2 to 2 oz. 1/2 to 2 oz.
Opium 1/2 to 2 dr. 1/2 to 2 dr.
Potassium iodide 2 to 4 dr. 2 to 6 dr.
Potassium nitrate 1 to 2 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Potassium sulphide 1 to 2 dr. 1 to 2 dr.
Quinine 10 to 30 gr. 20 to 40 gr.
Rhubarb 1/2 to 1 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Santonine 15 to 40 gr. 1/2 to 1 dr.
Sodium hyposulphite 1/2 to 1 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Sodium sulphate 1/2 to 2 lb. 1 to 2 lb.
Sodium sulphite 1/2 to 1 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Spirits ammonia, aromatic 1/2 to 2 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Spirits chloroform 1/2 to 1 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Spirits nitrous ether 1 to 3 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Spirits peppermint 1 to 2 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Strychnine sulphite 1/2 to 1 gr. 1 to 3 gr.
Sulphur 2 to 4 oz. 2 to 4 oz.
Tincture aconite 5 to 30 min. 5 to 20 min.
Tincture asafetida 1 to 4 dr. ——
Tincture belladonna 1 to 3 dr. 2 to 4 dr.
Tincture cantharides 1 to 2 oz. 1/2 to 1 oz.
Tincture columbo 1/2 to 2 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Tincture digitalis 1 to 3 dr. 2 to 4 dr.
Tincture iron 1 to 2 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Tincture ginger 1/2 to 2 oz. 1 to 2 oz.
Tincture nux vomica 2 to 4 dr. 1/2 to 1 oz.
Tincture opium 1/2 to 3 oz. 1 to 3 oz.
Tobacco 1/2 to 1 dr. 1/2 to 1 dr.
Vinegar 1 to 3 oz. 2 to 6 oz.
Whisky 2 to 10 oz. ——
White vitriol 5 to 15 gr. 5 to 15 gr.
Astringent.—
I.— Opium 12 grains
Camphor    1/2 drachm
Catechu  1 drachm
One dose.
II.— Opium 12 grains
Camphor  1 drachm
Ginger  2 drachms
Castile soap  2 drachms
Anise  3 drachms
Licorice  2 drachms
Contracted Hoof Or Sore Feet.—
I.— Lard 1 part
Yellow wax 1 part
Linseed oil 1 part
Venice turpentine 1 part
Tar 1 part

Apply to the edge of the hair once a day.

II.— Rosin 4 ounces
Lard 8 ounces
Melt and add Powdered vertigris 1 ounce
Stir well; when partly cool add Turpentine 2 ounces

Apply to hoof about 1 inch down from the hair.

Cough.—
I.— Sodii bromide 180 grains
Creosote water   2 ounces
Fennel water   4 ounces

Half ta­ble­spoon­ful 4 times daily.

II.— Ammonia bromide 180 grains
Fennel water   4 ounces
Syrup licorice   4 ounces

Teaspoonful 4 times daily.

Cow Powder.—
Powdered catechu  60 grains
Powdered ginger 240 grains
Powdered gentian 240 grains
Powdered opium  30 grains

Cuts, Wounds, Sores.

I.—Tincture opium, 2 ounces; tannin, 1/4 ounce.

II.—Tincture aloes, 1 ounce; tincture of myrrh, 1/2 ounce; tincture of opium, 1/2 ounce; water, 4 ounces. Apply night and morning.

III.—Lard, 4 ounces; beeswax, 4 ounces; rosin, 2 ounces; carbolic acid, 1/4 ounce.

Diarrhœa.—
I.— Opium 15 grains
Peppermint    1/4 ounce
Linseed meal  1 ounce

Give half in morning and remainder in evening in a pint of warm water. {731}

II.— Prepared chalk 6 ounces
Catechu 3 ounces
Opium 1 1/2 ounces
Ginger 3 ounces
Gentian 3 ounces

One powder 3 times a day in half a pint of warm water. One-sixth of dose for calves.

Diuretic Ball.—
I.— Oil juniper    1/2 drachm
Rosin  2 drachms
Saltpeter  2 drachms
Camphor    1/2 drachm
Castile soap  1 ounce
Flaxseed meal  1 ounce
Make 1 pill.
II.— Rosin 90 grains
Potassium nitrate 90 grains
Po buchu leaves 45 grains
Dose: 1 twice a day.
Drying Drink.—
Powdered alum 6 ounces
Armenian bole 2 ounces
Powdered juniper berries   1/2 ounce

Once daily in 1 quart of warm gruel.

Epizooty Or Pinkeye.—
Sublimed sulphur   1/2 ounce
Epsom salt 1 ounce
Charcoal   1/2 ounce
Extract licorice 1 ounce
Fever.—
I.— Salicylic acid    3/4 ounce
Sodium bicarbonate    1/2 ounce
Magnesium sulphate 10 ounces

Give half in quart of warm bran water at night.

II.— Spirits niter 3 ounces
Tincture aconite 2 drachms
Fluid extract belladonna   1/2 ounce
Nitrate potash 2 ounces
Muriate ammonia 2 ounces
Water, q.s 1 quart

Dose: Teaspoonful every 2 or 3 hours till better.