Ball clay 22 parts
China  5 1/2 parts
Flint  5 parts
Stone  3 1/2 parts
Dark Drab Body.—
Cane marl 30 parts
Ball clay 10 parts
Cornwall stone  7 parts
Feldspar  4 parts
Black Body.—
Ball clay 120 parts
Ocher 120 parts
Manganese  35 parts
Cobalt carbonate   2 parts

Grind the three last mentioned ingredients first.

Caledonia Body.—
Yellow clay 32 parts
China clay 10 parts
Flint  4 parts
Brown Body.—
Red clay 50 parts
Common clay  7 1/2 parts
Manganese  1 part
Flint  1 part
Jasper Body.—
Cawk clay 10 parts
Blue clay 10 parts
Bone  5 parts
Flint  2 parts
Cobalt    1/4 part
Stone Body.—
Stone 48 parts
Blue clay 25 parts
China clay 24 parts
Cobalt 10 parts
Egyptian Black.—
Blue clay 235 parts
Calcined ocher 225 parts
Manganese  45 parts
China clay  15 parts
Ironstone Body.—
Stone 200 parts
Cornwall clay 150 parts
Blue clay 200 parts
Flint 100 parts
Calx   1 part
Cream Body.—
Blue clay 1 1/2 parts
Brown clay 1 1/2 parts
Black clay 1 part
Cornish clay 1 part
Common ball clay   1/4 part
Buff color   1/4 part
Light Drab.—
Cane marl 30 parts
Ball clay 24 parts
Feldspar  7 parts
Sage Body.—
Cane marl 15 parts
Ball clay 15 parts
China clay  5 parts
Stained with turquoise stain.

Colored Glazes For Pottery:

Blue.—
White glaze 100 parts
Oxide of cobalt   3 parts
Red lead  10 parts
Flowing blue   3 parts
Enamel blue   3 parts

Grind.

Pink.—
White glaze 100 parts
Red lead   8 parts
Marone pink U. G.   8 parts
Enamel red   3 parts

Grind.

Buff.—
White glaze 100 parts
Red lead  10 parts
Buff color   8 parts

Grind.

Ivory.—
White glaze 100 parts
Red lead   8 parts
Enamel amber   8 parts
Yellow underglaze   2 parts

Grind.

Turquoise.—
White glaze 100 parts
Red lead  10 parts
Carbonate of soda   5 parts
Enamel blue   4 parts
Malachite, 110   4 parts

Grind.

Yellow.—
I.— White glaze 100 parts
Red lead  10 parts
Oxide of uranium   8 parts
Grind.
II.— Dried flint   5 parts
Cornwall stone  15 parts
Litharge  50 parts
Yellow underglaze   4 parts
Grind.
Green.—
I.— Oxide of copper  8 parts
Flint of glass  3 parts
Flint  1 part
Red lead  6 parts
Grind, then take:
Of above  1 part
White glaze  6 parts
Or stronger as required.
II.— Red lead 60 parts
Stone 24 parts
Flint 12 parts
Flint glass 12 parts
China clay  3 parts
Calcined oxide of copper 14 parts
Oxide of cobalt    1/4 part
Grind only.
Green Glaze, Best.—
III.— Stone 80 parts
Flint  8 parts
Soda crystals  4 parts
Borax  3 1/2 parts
Niter  2 parts
Whiting  2 parts
Oxide of cobalt    1/4 part
Glost fire, then take:
Above frit 60 parts
Red lead 57 parts
Calcined oxide of copper  5 1/4 parts
Black.—
Red lead 24 parts
Raddle  4 parts
Manganese  4 parts
Flint  2 parts
Oxide of cobalt  2 parts
Carbonate of cobalt  2 parts

Glost fire.

White Glazes:

China.
—Frit:
I.— Stone   6 parts
Niter   2 parts
Borax  12 parts
Flint   4 parts
Pearl ash   2 parts
To mill:
Frit  24 parts
Stone  15 1/2 parts
Flint   6 1/2 parts
White lead  31 parts
II.—Frit:
Stone  24 parts
Borax  53 parts
Lynn sand  40 parts
Feldspar  32 parts
Paris white  16 parts
To mill:
Frit  90 parts
Stone  30 parts
White lead  90 parts
Flint   4 parts
Glass   2 parts
III.—Frit:
Stone  50 parts
Borax  40 parts
Flint  30 parts
Flint glass  30 parts
Pearl barytes  10 parts
To mill:
Frit 160 parts
Red lead  30 parts
Enamel blue     1/2 part
Flint glass   2 parts
IV.—Frit:
Borax 100 parts
China clay  55 parts
Whiting  60 parts
Feldspar  75 parts
To mill:
Frit 200 parts
China clay  16 parts
White clay   3 1/2 parts
Stone   3 parts
Flint   2 parts
V.—Frit:
Stone  40 parts
Flint  25 parts
Niter  10 parts
Borax  20 parts
White lead  10 parts
Flint glass  40 parts
To mill:
Frit 145 parts
Stone  56 parts
Borax  16 parts
Flint  15 parts
Red lead  60 parts
Flint glass   8 parts
Earthenware.
—Frit:
I.— Flint 108 parts
China clay  45 parts
Paris white  60 parts
Borax  80 parts
Soda crystals  30 parts
To mill:
Frit 270 parts
Flint  20 parts
Paris white  15 parts
Stone  80 parts
White lead  65 parts
II.—Frit:
Flint  62 parts
China clay  30 parts
Paris white  38 parts
Boracic acid  48 parts
Soda crystals  26 parts
To mill:
Frit 230 parts
Stone 160 parts
Flint  60 parts
Lead 120 parts
III.—Frit:
Stone  56 parts
Paris white  55 parts
Flint  60 parts
China clay  20 parts
Borax 120 parts
Soda crystals  15 parts
To mill:
Frit 212 parts
Stone 130 parts
Flint  50 parts
Lead 110 parts
Stain as required.
IV.—Frit:
Stone 100 parts
Flint  44 parts
Paris white  46 parts
Borax  70 parts
Niter  10 parts
To mill:
Frit 200 parts
Stone  60 parts
Lead  80 parts
Pearl White Glaze.
—Frit:
Flint  50 parts
Stone 100 parts
Paris white  20 parts
Borax  60 parts
Soda crystals  20 parts
To mill:
Frit 178 pounds
Lead  55 pounds
Stain   3 ounces
Opaque Glaze.
—Frit:
Borax  74 parts
Stone  94 parts
Flint  30 parts
China clay  22 parts
Pearl ash   5 1/2 parts
To mill:
Frit 175 parts
Lead  46 parts
Flint  10 parts
Oxide of tin  12 parts
Flint glass  12 parts
Glaze For Granite.
—Frit:
I.— Stone 100 parts
Flint  80 parts
China clay  30 parts
Paris white  30 parts
Feldspar  40 parts
Soda crystals  40 parts
Borax  80 parts
To mill:
Frit 360 parts
Flint  50 parts
Stone  50 parts
Lead  80 parts
II.—Frit:
Borax 100 parts
Stone  50 parts
Flint  50 parts
Paris white  40 parts
China clay  20 parts
To mill:
Frit 210 parts
Stone 104 parts
Flint  64 parts
Lead  95 parts
Raw Glazes.
—White:
I.— White lead 160 parts
Borax  32 parts
Stone  48 parts
Flint  52 parts
Stain with blue and grind.
II.— White lead  80 parts
Litharge  60 parts
Boracic acid  40 parts
Stone  45 parts
Flint  50 parts
Treat as foregoing.
III.— White lead 100 parts
Borax   4 parts
Flint  11 parts
Cornwall stone  50 parts
IV.— Red lead  80 parts
Litharge  60 parts
Tincal  40 parts
Stone  40 parts
Flint  52 parts

Rockingham Glazes.

I.— Litharge 50 parts
Stone  7 1/2 parts
Red marl  3 parts
Oxide of manganese  5 parts
Red oxide of iron  1 part
II.— White lead 30 parts
Stone  3 parts
Flint  9 parts
Red marl  3 parts
Manganese  5 parts
III.— Red lead 20 parts
Stone  3 parts
Flint  2 parts
China clay  2 parts
Manganese  3 parts
Red oxide of iron  1 part
Stoneware Bodies.—
Ball clay 14 parts
China clay 10 parts
Stone  8 parts
Ball clay  8 parts
China clay  5 parts
Flint  3 parts
Stone  4 parts
Ball clay 14 parts
China clay 11 parts
Flint  4 parts
Stone  5 parts
Feldspar  4 parts
Cane marl 16 parts
China clay 10 parts
Stone  9 parts
Flint  5 parts
Glazes.
—Hard glaze:
Stone 10 parts
Flint  5 parts
Whiting  1 1/2 parts
Red lead 10 parts

Hard glaze:

Feldspar 25 parts
Flint  5 parts
Red lead 15 parts
Plaster  1 part

Softer:

White lead 13 parts
Flint glass 10 parts
Feldspar 18 parts
Stone  3 parts
Whiting  1 1/2 parts

Best:

Feldspar 20 parts
Flint glass 14 parts
White lead 14 parts
Stone  3 parts
Oxide of zinc  3 parts
Whiting  1 1/2 parts
Plaster  1 part
Rockingham Bodies.—
Ball clay 20 parts
China clay 13 parts
Flint  7 parts
Stone  1 part
Cane marl 22 parts
China clay 15 parts
Flint  8 parts
Feldspar  1 part
Glazes.—
I.— Red lead  60 parts
Stone   8 parts
Red clay   3 parts
Best manganese   5 parts
II.— White lead  60 parts
Feldspar   6 parts
Flint  16 parts
Red clay   6 parts
Manganese  12 parts
III.— Red lead 100 parts
Stone  15 parts
Flint  10 parts
China clay  10 parts
Manganese  40 parts
Crocus martis   2 parts
IV.— Litharge 100 parts
Feldspar  14 parts
China clay  20 parts
Manganese  40 parts
Oxide of iron   2 parts
Jet.
—Procure some first-class red marl, add water, and, by passing through a fine lawn, make it into a slip, and dip the ware therein.

When fired use the following:

Glaze.—

Stone  60 parts
Flint  30 parts
Paris white   7 1/2 parts
Red lead 140 parts

One part mazarine blue stain to 10 parts glaze.

Mazarine Blue Stain.—

Oxide of cobalt 10 parts
Paris white  9 parts
Sulphate barytes  1 part

Calcine.

Another Process Body.—

Ball clay 16 parts
China clay 12 parts
Flint clay  9 parts
Stone clay  6 parts
Black stain  7 parts

Glaze.—

Litharge 70 parts
Paris white  3 parts
Flint 12 parts
Stone 30 parts
Black stain 20 parts

Black Stain.—

Chromate of iron 12 parts
Oxide of nickel  2 parts
Oxide of tin  2 parts
Carbonate of cobalt  5 parts
Oxide of manganese  2 parts

Calcine and grind.

Blue Stains.—

I.— Oxide of cobalt 2 1/2 parts
Oxide of zinc 7 1/2 parts
Stone 7 1/2 parts
Fire this very hard.
II.— Zinc 6 pounds
Flint 4 pounds
China clay 4 pounds
Oxide of cobalt 5 ounces
Hard fire.
III.— Whiting 3 3/4 parts
Flint 3 3/4 parts
Oxide of cobalt 2 1/2 parts

Glost fire.

Turquoise Stain.—

Prepared cobalt 1 1/2 parts
Oxide of zinc 6 parts
China clay 6 parts
Carbonate of soda. 1 part

Hard fire.

Materials:

Tin Ash.—
Old lead 4 parts
Grain tin 2 parts

Melt in an iron ladle, and pour out in water, then spread on a dish, and calcine in glost oven with plenty of air.

Oxide Of Tin.—
Granulated tin 5 pounds
Niter   1/2 pound

Put on saucers and fire in glost oven.

Oxide Of Chrome
is made by mixing powdered bichromate of potash with sulphur as follows:
Potash 6 parts
Flowers of sulphur 1 part

Put in saggar, inside kiln, so that fumes are carried away, and place 4 or 5 pieces of red-hot iron on the top so as to ignite it. Leave about 12 hours, then pound very fine, and put in saggar again. Calcine in hard place of biscuit oven. Wash this until the water is quite clear, and dry for use.

Production Of Luster Colors On Porcelain And Glazed Pottery.
—The luster colors are readily decomposed by acids and atmospheric influences, because they do not contain, in consequence of the low baking temperature, enough silicic acid to form resistive compounds. In order to attain this, G. Alefeld has patented a process according to which such compounds are added to the luster preparations as leave behind after the burning an acid which transforms the luster preparation into more resisting {173} compounds. In this connection the admixture of such bodies has been found advantageous, as they form phosphides with the metallic oxides of the lusters after the burning. These phosphides are especially fitted for the production of saturated resisting compounds, not only on account of their insolubility in water, but also on account of their colorings. Similarly titanic, molybdic, tungstic, and vanadic compounds may be produced. The metallic phosphates produced by the burning give a luster coating which, as regards gloss, is not inferior to the non-saturated metallic oxides, while it materially excels them in power of resistance. Since the lusters to be applied are used dissolved in essential oils, it is necessary to make the admixture of phosphoric substance also in a form soluble in essential oils. For the production of this admixture the respective chlorides, preeminently phosphoric chloride, are suitable. They are mixed with oil of lavender in the ratio of 1 to 5, and the resulting reaction product is added to the commercial metallic oxide luster, singly or in conjunction with precious metal preparations (glossy gold, silver, platinum, etc.) in the approximate proportion of 5 to 1. Then proceed as usual. Instead of the chlorides, nitrates and acetates, as well as any readily destructible organic compounds, may also be employed, which are entered into fusing rosin or rosinous liquids.
Metallic Luster On Pottery.
—According to a process patented in Germany, a mixture is prepared from various natural or artificial varieties of ocher, to which 25–50 per cent of finely powdered more or less metalliferous or sulphurous coal is added. The mass treated in this manner is brought together in saggars with finely divided organic substances, such as sawdust, shavings, wood-wool, cut straw, etc., and subjected to feeble red heat. After the heating the material is taken out. The glazings now exhibit that thin but stable metallic color which is governed by the substances used. Besides coal, salts and oxides of silver, cobalt, cadmium, chrome iron, nickel, manganese, copper, or zinc may be employed. The color-giving layer is removed by washing or brushing, while the desired color is burned in and remains. In this manner handsome shades can be produced.
Metallic Glazes On Enamels.
—The formulas used by the Arabs and their Italian successors are partly disclosed in manuscripts in the British and South Kensington Museums; two are given below:
Arab Italian
Copper sulphide 26.87 24.74
Silver sulphide  1.15  1.03
Mercury sulphide — 24.74
Red ocher 71.98 49.49

These were ground with vinegar and applied with the brush to the already baked enamel. A great variety of iridescent and metallic tones can be obtained by one or the other, or a mixture of the following formulas:

I II III IV V VI
Copper carbonate 30 — — 28 — 95
Copper oxalate — — — —  5 —
Copper sulphide — 20 — — — —
Silver carbonate —  3 —  2  1  5
Bismuth subnitrate — 12 — — 10 —
Stannous oxide — — 25 — — —
Red ocher 70 85 55 70 84 —

Silver chloride and yellow ocher may be respectively substituted for silver carbonate and red ocher. The ingredients, ground with a little gum tragacanth and water, are applied with a brush to enamels melting about 1814° F., and are furnaced at 1202° F. in a reducing atmosphere. After cooling the ferruginous deposit is rubbed off, and the colors thus brought out.

Sulphur, free or combined, is not necessary, cinnabar has no action, ocher may be dispensed with, and any organic gummy matter may be used instead of vinegar, and broom is not needed in the furnace. The intensity and tone of the iridescence depend on the duration of the reduction, and the nature of the enamel. Enamels containing a coloring base—copper, iron, antimony, nickel—especially in presence of tin, give the best results.