Tools.—These are exhibited in Cases 45-46. The objects for the most part speak for themselves, but attention may be called to one or two of the most interesting. Such is the Roman bronze set-square (No. 482; fig. 201), furnished with a base to enable it to stand. Its outer edges would be used by masons or carpenters to determine angles of 90° and 45° respectively. The inner angle of 90° would be useful for testing the true position of objects set at right angles to one another, such as the sides of a box, etc. The simplest type of set-square, that formed by two edges at right angles to one another, is seen in No. 483. Notice the set of bronze plummets (No. 484), which were suspended from strings. The one illustrated (fig. 201) has Bassi, "belonging to Bassus," inscribed on it in punctured letters. Two other inscribed tools are of interest. The one is the sickle-like iron blade from, perhaps, a gardener's knife, with the inscription, "Durra made me" (No. 485), the other a finely made Greek bronze chisel, bearing the name of Apollodoros (No. 486).

Building materials and Sculptures.—Cases 45-48 contain objects illustrating the materials and methods of Greek and Roman builders and sculptors. There are several Greek tiles dated by the impression of a magistrate's name, e.g., "Under Aeschyliskos," "Under Apollodoros," the latter (No. 487) bearing traces of the feet of a dog which has run across the tile before it was dry.

The characteristic stamps on the Roman bricks of the Empire were impressed by wooden blocks in which the legend was engraved direct with a broad lettering, tending to exaggeration in the 3rd century and later. The beginning of the inscription is marked by a small raised circle, and the information given includes the name of the estate (often imperial) from which the clay comes, the name of the potter and his kiln, and sometimes the date by the consulship, though all these pieces of information do not necessarily occur on the same tile. As typical examples may be given: No. 488, here illustrated (fig. 202), bearing the device of a pine-cone between two branches, and the inscription ex fig(linis) M. Herenni Pollionis dol(iare) L. Sessi Successi, "From the pottery of M. Herennius Pollio; baked by L. Sessus Successus"; and No. 489, with the device of Victory, and the inscription: "Brick from the Publinian pottery (made with clay from) the estate of Aemilia Severa." A large number of the estates from which the clay came were, it should be noted, owned by women.

No. 490 is an example of a dated brick—Imp. Antonino II (= iterum) et Br(u)ttio Co(n)s(ulibus) i.e., 139 A.D. The stamp was first engraved by error with the name of Balbinus, consul of 137 A.D., and afterwards corrected by re-engraving RTTIO on ALBIN. No. 491 refers to the portus, i.e., the depot of Licinius.

Many of the bronze accessories of building are shown here, such as two pairs of bronze door-knockers from Syria (No. 492).

The bronze dowels (No. 493) were employed for fastening together stone sections, such as the drums of columns. They are often in the form of truncated cones placed base to base, the thickest part being thus in the position where the strain was greatest (fig. 203a). Other dowels from the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos are in the form of bronze cylinders in collars of bronze, rigidly fixed by three key-pieces. The cylinders were set in the great stone which closed the entrance of the Mausoleum, and were intended to drop half their length into the corresponding sockets in the lower sill of the entrance (Nos. 494-495).

A series of bronze coverings (No. 496) for the pivots of doors reminds us of the fact that in ancient times most of the doors worked on a different principle from our own. The bronze-covered pivots (fig. 203b), rigidly fixed to the door by a key-piece, turned in bronze sockets(c) fitted into the lintel or threshold. This arrangement explains the allusions to the grating of doors met with in ancient writers.⁵³ Hinges of the modern type were, however, well known. Examples are to be seen in Cases 47, 48, among them a hinge with the fragments of the wood, to which it was originally attached, still adhering (No. 497).

Towards the end of the Republic and under the Empire the Romans devoted much attention to the adornment of their buildings, public and private. For this purpose marbles of every variety were imported from all parts of the world, while an elaborate system of wall-painting was also developed. Mamurra, an officer of Julius Caesar, is said to have been the first to veneer the walls of his house with marble. A few selected examples from the Tolley collection of polished specimens of the materials used in ancient Rome are here exhibited (No. 498). The whole collection comprises some 700 specimens, so that we cannot be surprised that Pliny declines to enumerate the varieties known in his day, on account of the vastness of their number.⁵⁴ The simpler building materials used at Rome were, besides the tiles or bricks already mentioned, the hard limestone rock known as travertine and the volcanic tufa and peperino. A specimen of the last is shown here.

The place of hanging pictures in ancient houses was largely taken by fresco wall-paintings, several fragments of which are here shown. The floors of the houses were not covered with carpets, but were frequently decorated with mosaics, which might range from simple geometric patterns in black and white (as in many of the specimens here seen) to elaborate pictorial designs. The construction of these pavements, out of small stone cubes (tesserae) set in cement, is clearly seen in the examples exhibited. Genuine mosaic was sometimes imitated in painted plaster. One or two such fragments can be seen in the Case.

As examples of the processes of sculpture, note a half-finished figure of a seated Sphinx (No. 499); and a cast (No. 500) of a half-finished figure of Hermes, from a private collection. The sculptor has made free use of the drill for the roughing out of the figure, and at the same time has brought the exposed parts to a high degree of finish. A piece of bead and reel moulding (No. 501) is also unfinished.

(484) Cf. Daremberg and Saglio, s.v., Perpendiculum.

(488) For the stamped Roman bricks see, Cat. of Terracottas, E 148-153. For C.I.L. reff., see ibid. (but E 151 = C.I.L. xv. 214).

(494, 495) Newton, Disc. at Halicarnassus, II (1) p. 97; Cat. of Sculpture, II, 990, 991.

(498) Cf. Pullen, Handbook of Ancient Roman Marbles.

53:  Virgil, Ciris, 222:

54:  H.N. xxxvi. 54.