For the California coast, there is testimony in Bancroft’s Native Races, iv. 709-712; Smithsonian Rept., 1874 (by P. Schumacher); American Antiquarian, vii. 159; and Journal of the Anthropological Institute, v. 489. Schumacher covers the northwest coast in the Smithsonian Rept., 1873. Those in Oregon are reported to be destitute of the bones of extinct animals, in the Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, iii. Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. 739, refers to those on Vancouver’s Island. W. H. Dall describes those on the Aleutian Islands in the Contributions to No. Amer. Ethnology, i. 41.

[1687] This branch of archæological science began, I believe, with the discovery by Sir Wm. R. Wilde of some lacustrine habitations in a small lake in county Meath. R. Monro’s Ancient Scotch lake Dwellings (Edinburgh, 1882) has gathered what is known of the remains in Great Britain. There are similar remains in various parts of the continent of Europe; but those revealed by the dry season of 1853-54 in the Swiss lakes have attracted the most notice. Dr. Keller described them in Reports made to the Archæological Society of Zurich. A. Morlot printed an abstract of Keller’s Report in the Smithsonian Report, 1863. In 1866, J. E. Lee arranged Keller’s material systematically, and translated it in The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and other parts of Europe, by Ferdinand Keller (London, 1866), which was reissued, enlarged and brought down to date, in a second edition in 1878. The earliest elaborated account was Prof. Troyon’s Habitations lacustres (1860), of which there was a translation in the Smithsonian Reports, 1860, 1861. Troyon and Keller have reached different conclusions: the one believing that the traces of development in the remains indicate new peoples coming in, while Keller holds these to be signs of the progress of the same people. A paper by Edouard Desor, Palafittes or Lacustrian Constructions, appeared in English in the Smithsonian Report, 1865. There is a large collection of typical relics from these lake dwellings in the Peabody Museum (Report, v.).

These evidences now make part of all archæological treatises: Lyell’s Antiq. of Man; Lubbock, Prehist. Times, ch. 6; Nadaillac, Les premiers hommes, i. 241; Stevens, Flint Chips, 119; Joly, Man before Metals, ch. 5; Figuier, World before the Deluge (N. Y., 1872), p. 478; Southall, Recent Origin, etc., ch. 11, and Epoch of the Mammoth, ch. 4; Archæologia, xxxviii.; Haven in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct., 1867; Rau in Harper’s Monthly, Aug., 1875; Poole’s Index, p. 718, and Supplement, p. 246. The man of the Danish peat-beds and of the Swiss lake dwellings is generally held to belong to the present geological conditions, but earlier than written records.

[1688] Senate Doc.; also separately, Philad., 1852. Cf. Bancroft, Native Races, iv. 652; Domenech’s Deserts, etc., i. 201; Annual Scient. Discovery, 1850; Short, No. Am. of Antiq., 293. A photograph of the Casa Blanca is given in Putnam’s Report, Wheeler’s Survey, p. 370. Cf. Haven in Am. Antiq. Soc. Proc., 1855, p. 26.

[1689] Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the territories, 2d series, no. 1 (Washington, 1875), and its Annual Rept. (Washington, 1876), condensed in Bancroft, iv. 650, 718, and by E. A. Barber in Congrès des Américanistes, 1877, i. 22. Cf. Short, 295, etc.

[1690] Bulletin, etc., ii. (1876). Hayden’s Survey (1876). Cf. Short, p. 305; Kansas City Rev., Dec., 1879 (on their age); James Stevenson in Fourth Rept. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. xxxiv, 284; Nadaillac’s Les Premiers Hommes (ii. 61), and L’Amérique préhistorique, ch. 5; Scribner’s Mag., Dec., 1878 (xvii. 266); Good Words, xx. 486; Science, xi. 257. Those of the Cañon de Chelly are described by James Stevenson in the Journal Amer. Geo. Soc. (1886), p. 329. It is generally recognized that the cliff dwellers and the Pueblo people were the same race, and that the modern Zuñi and Moquis represent them. Bandelier in Archæol. Inst. of Am., 5th Rept. J. Stevenson (Second Rept. Bur. of Ethnol., 431) describes some cavate dwellings of this region cut out of the rock by hand. There is no evidence that these remains call for any association with them of the great antiquity of man.

[1691] Cf., for instance, Short, 331.

[1692] Morgan (Systems of Consanguinity, 257) finds correspondence to the roving Indian in physical and cranial character, in linguistic traits, and in the similarity of arts and social habits. Their connection with the moundbuilder and cliff-dwelling race is traced in H. F. C. Ten Kate’s Reizen en Onderzolkingen in Nord America (Leyden, 1885). Cushing thinks (Fourth Rept. Bur. Ethnol., 481) they got their habit of building in stories from having, as cliff-dwellers, earlier built on the narrow shelves of the rocks. Morgan (Peab. Mus. Rept., xii. 550) thinks their architectural art deteriorated, since the ruined pueblos are finer constructions than those inhabited now. Cf. on the origin of Pueblo architecture V. Mindeleff in Science, ix. 593, and S. D. Peet in Amer. Antiquarian, iv. 208, and Wisconsin Acad. of Science, v. 290.

[1693] See chapter vii. of Vol. II.

[1694] Cf. lesser accounts of these earlier notices in E. G. Squier’s paper in the Amer. Rev., Nov., 1848; and G. M. Wheeler in the Journal Amer. Geog. Soc. (1874), vol. vi.

[1695] The book is rare. There is a copy in Harvard College library. Cf. Sabin, ii. 4636-38; Ternaux, 518; Carter-Brown, ii.; Leclerc, no. 813 (200 francs). There is a French version, Brussels, 1631; and a Latin, Saltzburg, 1634.

[1696] Not to be confounded with the Casas Grandes, farther south in the Mexican province of Chihuahua, which is of a similar character. Cf. Bancroft, iv. 604 (with references); Short, ch. 7; Bartlett’s Personal Narrative, ii. 348. It was first described in Escudero’s Noticias de Chihuahua (1819); and again in 1842, in Album Mexicano, i. 372.

[1697] From that day to the present there have been very many descriptions: Documentos para la historia de Mexico, 4th ser., i. 282; iv. 804; Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. 621; Short, 279; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, iii. 300; Bartlett, Personal Nar., ii. 278, 281; Emory, Reconnaissance, 81, 567; Humboldt, Essai politique; Baldwin, Anc. America, 82; Mayer, Mexico, ii. 396, and Observations, 15; Domenech, Deserts, i. 381; Ross Browne, Apache Country, 114; Jametel in Rev. de Géog., Mar., 1881; Nadaillac, Prehist. Amér., 222. Bancroft groups many of the descriptions, and best collates them.

[1698] Gregg, in his Commerce des Prairies (N. Y., 1844), examined the Pueblo Bonito in 1840.

[1699] Washington, 1848,—30th Cong., Ex. Doc. 41. This includes Lieut. J. W. Abert’s Report and Map of the Examination of New Mexico. He visited two pueblos. This and other material afforded the base for the studies of Squier and Gallatin, the former printing “The ancient monuments of the aboriginal semi-civilized nations of New Mexico and California” (Amer. Rev., 1848), and the latter a paper in the Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., ii., repeated in French in the Nouv. Ann. des Voyages, 1851, iii. 237.

[1700] This is perhaps the most important of all the ruins. Bancroft, iv. 671. Bandelier’s studies are the most recent. Congrès des Amér., Compte Rendu, 1877, ii. 230, and his Introd. to studies among the sedentary Indians of New Mexico and Report of the ruins of Pecos (Boston, 1881,—Archæol. Inst. of America).

[1701] Also in Rept. of Sec. of War, 1st Sess. 31st Cong. Cf. Bancroft, iv. 652, 655, 661; Baldwin’s Anc. America, 86; Domenech’s Deserts, i. 149, 379; Short, 292. The Chaco cañon was visited by W. H. Jackson in 1877, and his report is in the Report of Hayden’s Survey, 1878, p. 411. Morgan gives a summary, with maps (see Nadaillac, 229), in his Houses and House Life, etc., ch. 7, 8,—holding (p. 167) them to be the seven cities of Cibola seen by Coronado. Cf. on this mooted question our Vol. II. 501-503; and Simpson’s paper in the Journal Amer. Geog. Soc. vol. v.

[1702] 32d Cong., 2d sess., Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 59.

[1703] On the Zuñi region see Bancroft, iv. 645, 667, 673 (with ref.); Short, 288; Möllhausen, Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord Amerikas (ii. 196, 402), and his Tagebuch, 283; Cozzen’s Marvellous Country; Tour du Monde, i.; Harper’s Monthly, Aug., 1875; J. E. Stevenson’s Zuñi and the Zunians (Washington, 1881). Of F. H. Cushing’s recent labors among the Zuñi, see Powell’s Second, Third, and Fifth Reports, Bur. of Ethnology.

[1704] The Report of Lieut. W. H. Emory, directly in charge of the survey (Ho. Ex. Doc. 135, 34th Cong., 1st sess.), was printed separately in 3 vols. in 1859.

[1705] Report upon U. S. Geol. Surveys, west of the one hundredth meridian in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, vol. vii., Archæology (Washington, 1879). Ernest Ingersoll, a member of the survey, published some papers on the “Village Indians of New Mexico” in the Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., vi. and vii.

[1706] Cf. L. H. Morgan on this ruin in the Peab. Mus. Rept., xii. 536, and in a paper in the Trans. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. (St. Louis, 1877).

[1707] His notes form a good bibliography. He intends as a supplement an account of the different explorations prior to the seventeenth century.

[1708] Bancroft (Native Races, i. 529, 599; iv. 662, etc.) gives the best clues to authorities prior to 1875. Short (ch. 7) condenses more, and Baldwin (p. 78) still more. Nadaillac, L’Amérique préhistorique (ch. 5) also summarizes. Morgan studies the social condition of this ancient people (Systems of Consanguinity, Part ii. ch. 6; Houses and House Life, ch. 6; Peabody Mus. Repts., xii.). Cf. James Stevenson’s “Ancient Habitations of the Southwest” in Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., xviii. (1886), and his illustrated Catalogue of Collections in Powell’s Second Rept. Bureau of Ethnol.; E. A. Barber on “Les anciens pueblos” in Cong. des Américanistes, 1877, i. 23, in which he traces a gradation from the moundbuilders through the old pueblo peoples to the Toltecs; C. Schoebel’s account of an expedition in the Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France, nouv. ser. i., and the references in Poole’s Index, i. 1063; ii. 359.

Dividing the remaining references into localities, we note for New Mexico the following: J. H. Carleton in the Smithsonian Rept. (1854); W. B. Lyon (Ibid. 1871); J. A. McParlin (Ibid. 1877); Turner in Am. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., ii.; and A. W. Bell in Journal of the Ethnol. Soc. (London), Oct., 1869. Carleton describes the ruins also in the Western Journal, xiv. 185. Clarence Pullen describes the people in Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., xix. 22. For Colorado: E. L. Berthoud in Smithsonian Repts., 1867, 1871. G. L. Cannon in Ibid. 1877; H. Gannett in Pop. Sci. Monthly, xvi. 666 (Mar., 1880); Amer. Naturalist, x. 31; Lippincott’s Mag., xxvi. 54. For Arizona: F. E. Grossmann, J. C. Y. Lee, and R. T. Burr in Smithsonian Repts., respectively for 1871, 1872, 1879, with other references in Poole under “Moqui.”

[1709] This scope of treatment is manifest in the large number of papers contained in the Smithsonian Reports. See W. J. Rhees’ Catal. of Publ. of Sm. Inst. (Washington, 1882), pp. 252-3.

[1710] Beschreibung der Reise (Göttingen, 1764; Eng. transl., Lond., 1772).

[1711] Journal of two visits, etc., Burlington, 1774 (Thomson’s Bibl. of Ohio, no. 657).

[1712] His account is copied in the Mass. Mag., Oct., 1791.

[1713] Cf. Amer. Mag., Dec., 1787; Jan., Feb, 1788.

[1714] Repeated in Gilbert Imlay’s Topog. Descrip. West. Territory.

[1715] Journal of a Tour.

[1716] Voyage dans Louisiane (Paris, 1807).

[1717] Sketches of Louisiana (1812).

[1718] Views of Louisiana (Pittsburg, 1814).

[1719] Account of the History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighboring States, in the Transactions Amer. Philos. Soc. (1819), and later repeated in other editions and versions (P. G. Thomson’s Bibliog. of Ohio, no. 533, etc., and Pilling’s Eskimo Bibliog., 43). Louis Cass’s criticism on Heckewelder is in No. Am. Rev. Jan., 1826. Cf. Haven, Archæol. U. S., 43.

[1720] Description of the Antiquities discovered in the State of Ohio and other Western States, with engravings from actual surveys (Worcester, Mass., 1820). This was reprinted in the Writings of Caleb Atwater (Columbus, 1833). This volume also included his Observations made on a tour to Prairie du Chien in 1829 (Columbus, 1831), where Atwater was sent by the Federal government to purchase mineral lands of the Indians (P. G. Thomson’s Bibl. of Ohio, no. 52; Pilling, Bibl. of Siouan Lang., p. 2). The part originally published in the Archæol. Amer. was translated by Malte Brun in Nouv. Annales de Voyages, xxviii., who added a paper on “L’origine et l’époque des monumens de l’Ohio.” Cf. Haven’s Archæol. U. S., 33, and the memoir of Atwater in Am. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct., 1867.

[1721] Including those of Newark, Perry County, Marietta, Circleville, Paint Creek, Little Miami, Piketon, etc.

[1722] Haven, 117. This publication was anticipated by a condensed statement in Squier’s Observation on the Aboriginal Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, in the second volume of the Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Soc. (N. Y., 1847), and in his Observations on the Uses of the Mounds of the West, with an attempt at their Classification (New Haven, 1847). Cf. also Harper’s Mag., xx. 737; xxi. 20, 165; Amer. Jour. Science, lxi. 305.

[1723] These went in 1863 to the Blackmore collection in Salisbury, Eng., and are described in Stevens’ Flint Chips.

[1724] Cf. Trans. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., 1873, and a paper “On the weapons and military character of the race of the mounds” in the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem., i. 473 (1869).

[1725] Proceedings, Oct. 23, 1852, where are plans of those at Crawfordsville, and of others in the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and the Kickapoo rivers. Cf. Ibid. Oct., 1876.

[1726] P. G. Thomson’s Bibliog. of Ohio, no. 925.

[1727] As, for instance, Conant’s Footprints of Vanished Races (1879). Cf. T. H. Lewis in the Amer. Journal of Archæology, Jan., 1886 (ii. 65).

[1728] Archæology of the U. S. (1856).

[1729] M’Culloh in 1829 had come to a similar conclusion, and Gallatin and Schoolcraft have somewhat followed him.

[1730] Hist. Mag., Feb., 1866. Cf. Charlevoix.

[1731] This was Dr. J. C. Warren’s view in 1837, in a paper before the Brit. Asso. Adv. Science. Cf. also Blumenbach, Morton, Nott, and Gliddon.

[1732] Bancroft (Nat. Races, v. 539) thinks they were connected in some obscure way with these southern nations, and in 1875 could write (p. 787) that “most and the best authorities deem it impossible that the moundbuilders were ever the remote ancestors of the Indian tribes.” Dawson (Fossil Men, 55) deems the modern Pueblo Indians to be their representatives. Brasseur supposes the Toltecs came from them. (Cf. also Short, 492; and S. B. Evans, in Kansas City Rev., March, 1882.) John Wells Foster, who had for some years written on the subject, gathered his results in a composite volume, Prehistoric Races of the United States (Chicago, 1873, 1878, 1881, etc.), in which he held to the theory of their migrating south and developing into the civilization of Central America. Cf. his paper in the Trans. Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i., and his abstract of it in his Mississippi Valley (1869, p. 415). J. P. MacLean’s Moundbuilders (Cincinnati, 1879) takes similar ground. Morgan (Peab. Mus. Rept., xii. 552) holds that they cannot be classed with any known Indian “stock,” and that the “nearest region from which they could have been derived is New Mexico.” Wills de Haas takes exception to this view in the Trans. Anthropological Soc. of Washington (1881). Cf. R. S. Robertson in Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes (1877), xi. 39.

[1733] Major Powell says, that years ago he reached the conclusion that the modern Indians must have raised at least some of the mounds in the Mississippi Valley (Bur. of Ethnol. Rept., iv. p. xxx). Cf. also Powell’s paper in Science, x. 267. In the second of these reports (p. 117) Henry W. Henshaw sets forth the views, which the Bureau maintained; and he defended these views in the Amer. Antiquarian, viii. 102. The leading member, however, of the Bureau staff, who is working in this field, is Cyrus Thomas. In the Nat. Mus. Report (1887) he defined the aim and character of the Work in Mound Exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology, also issued separately. In this it was stated that over 2,000 mounds had been opened, and 38,000 relics gathered from them; but nothing to afford any clue to the language which the moundbuilders spoke. The conclusions reached were:—

First, the mounds are as diversified as the Indian tribes are.

Second, they yield no signs of a superior race.

Third, their builders and the Indians are the same.

Fourth, the accounts of the early European visitors of the Indians found here correspond to the disclosures of the mounds.

Fifth, certain kinds of mounds in certain localities are the work of tribes now known; and there are no signs about the mounds to connect them with the Pueblo Indians or those farther south.

Thomas, in the Fifth Report (1888) described the “Burial Mounds of the northern sections of the U. S.” He says that the character of the mounds and their contents indicate the possibility of dividing the territory they occupy roughly into eight districts, each with some prominent characteristic, and he roughly distinguishes these sections as of Wisconsin; the Upper Mississippi; Ohio; New York; Appalachian; the Middle Mississippi; the Lower Mississippi and the Gulf. He holds that the moundbuilding people existed from about the fifth or sixth century down to historic times.

Taking for his texts the mounds of the Appalachian districts, he has presented anew his grounds for believing this region at least to have had the red Indian race for the constructors of its mounds, and that the Cherokees were that race. Carr had already (1876), from investigating a truncated oval mound in Virginia, and comparing it with Bartram’s (Travels, 365) description of a Cherokee council-house (Peabody Mus. Rept., x. 75), reached the conclusion that that particular mound was built by the Cherokees. Thomas further undertakes to prove that the Cherokees once occupied the Appalachian region, and that implements of the white men are found in some of the mounds, bringing them down to a period since the contact with Europeans. The habits of the builders of these mounds are, as he affirms, known to correspond to what we know from historic evidence were the habits of the Cherokees.

Thomas has also communicated the views of the Bureau in other ways, as in the Amer. Antiquarian, vi. 90; vii. 65; Mag. Amer. Hist., May, 1884, p. 396; 1887, p. 193; July and Sept., 1888. In these papers, among other points, he maintains that the defensive enclosures of northern Ohio are due to the Iroquois-Huron tribes, and he accepts the view of Peet and Latham, that the animal mounds are more ancient than the simpler forms. Other investigators have adopted, in some degree, this view. Horatio Hale thinks the Cherokees of Iroquois origin, and that they may have mingled with the moundbuilders. C. C. Baldwin holds the Allegheni, Cherokees, and the moundbuilders to be the same.

Prominent among those who have adopted this red-Indian theory are Judge M. F. Force and Lucien Carr. In 1874 Force published at Cincinnati a paper, which he read before the literary club of that city; and in 1877 he prepared a paper on the race of the moundbuilders, which appears in French in the Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes (1877, i. p. 121), and in English, To what Race did the Moundbuilders belong (Cincinnati, 1875). He maintains that the race, which shows no differences from the modern Indians, flourished till about 1,000 years ago, and that some of them still survived in the Gulf States in the sixteenth century, and that their development was about on the plane of the Pueblos, higher than the Algonquins and lower than the Aztecs.

Carr’s Mounds of the Mississippi Valley historically considered makes part of the second volume of Shaler’s Kentucky Survey, and was also issued separately (1883). It is the most elaborate collation of the accounts of the early travellers, and of others coming in contact with the Indians at an early day, which has yet been made, and his foot-notes are an ample bibliography of this aspect of the subject. He holds that these early records prove that nothing has been found in the mounds which was not described in the early narratives as pertaining to the Indians of the early contact. He aims also particularly to show that these early Indians were agriculturists and sun-worshippers. Brinton, reviewing the paper in the American Antiquarian (1883, p. 68), holds that Carr goes too far, and practises the arts of a special pleader. Brinton’s own opinions seem somewhat to have changed. In the Hist. Mag., Feb., 1866, p. 35, he considers the moundbuilders as not advanced beyond the red Indians; and in the American Antiquarian (1881), iv. 9, in inquiring into their probable nationality, he thinks they were an ancient people who were driven south and became the moundbuilding Chahta.

Other supporters of the red Indian view are Edmund Andrews, in the Wisconsin Acad. of Science, iv. 126; P. R. Hoy, in Ibid. vi.; O. T. Mason, in Science, iii. 658; Nadaillac, in L’Amérique préhistorique; E. Schmidt, in Kosmos (Leipzig), viii. 81, 163; G. P. Thurston, in Mag. Amer. Hist., 1888, xix. 374.

[1734] This is denied in Fred. Larkin’s Anc. Man in America (N. Y.).

[1735] J. D. Baldwin’s Anc. America (N. Y., 1871). D. Wilson’s Prehistoric Man, i. ch. 10, etc., who holds that “the moundbuilders were greatly more in advance of the Indian hunter than behind the civilized Mexican;” and he claims that the proof deduced from the Indian type of a head discovered in a moundbuilder’s pipe (i. 366) is due to a perverted drawing in Squier and Davis. Short, No. Amer. of Antiq., believed they were of the race later in Anahuac. Gay, Pop. Hist. U. S., i. ch. 2, believes in the theory of a vanished race. In 1775 Adair thought the works indicated a higher military energy than the modern Indian showed.

[1736] Antiq. of Man, 4th ed. 42.

[1737] Putnam’s papers and the records of his investigations can be found in his Peabody Mus. Reports, xvii., xviii., xix., xx., etc. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv.; Amer. Naturalist, June, 1875; Kansas City Rev., 1879, etc.

[1738] No. Am. Rev., cxxiii., for “houses of the moundbuilders,” and also in his Houses and Home Life, ch. 9. Cf. on the other hand C. Thomas in Mag. Amer. Hist., Feb., 1884, p. 110.

[1739] Rhee’s Catalogue, p. 252-3.

[1740] S. D. Peet, who edits this journal, has advanced in one of his papers (vii. 82) that some of these earthworks are Indian game drives and screens. (He also contributed a classification of them to the Congrès des Américanistes, 1877, i. 103.) The paper by J. E. Stevenson (ii. 89), and that by Horatio Hale on “Indian Migrations” (Jan.-April, 1883), are worth noting. The Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes, 1875 (i. 387), has Joly’s “Les Moundbuilders, leurs Œuvres et leurs Caractères Ethniques,” and that for 1877 has a paper by John H. Becker and Stronck. That by R. S. Robertson in Ibid. (i. p. 39) is also reprinted in the Mag. Amer. Hist. (iv. 174), March, 1880; while in March, 1883, will be found some of T. H. Lewis’s personal experiences in exploring mounds. Some other periodical papers are: W. de Haas, in Trans. Am. Asso. Adv. Science, 1868; D. A. Robertson, in Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., v. 256; A. W. Vogeles and S. L. Fay, in Amer. Naturalist, xiii. 9, 637; E. B. Finley in Mag. Western Hist., Feb., 1887, p. 439; Science, Sept. 14, 1883; Squier, in American Journal Science, liii. 237, and in Harper’s Monthly, xx. 737, xxi. 20, 165; C. Morris, in Nat. Quart. Rev., Dec. 1871, 1872, April, 1873; Ad. F. Fontpertius on “Le peuple des mounds et ses monuments” in the Rev. de Géog. (April and August, 1881); E. Price, in the Annals of Iowa, vi. 121; Isaac Smucker, in Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), i. 100.

Some other references, hardly of essential character, are: H. H. Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. ch. 13; v. 538; Gales’s Upper Mississippi, or Historical Sketches of the Moundbuilders (Chicago, 1867); Southall’s Recent Origin of Man, ch. 36; Wm. McAdams’s Records of ancient races in the Mississippi valley; being an account of some of the pictographs, sculptured hieroglyphs, symbolic devices, emblems and traditions of the prehistoric races of America, with some suggestions as to their origin (St. Louis, 1887); Brühl’s Culturvölker des alten Amerika; J. D. Sherwood, in Stevens’s Flint Chips, 341; E. Pickett’s Testimony of the Rocks (N. Y.).

[1741] Hist. Mag., Feb., 1866.

[1742] Cf. Congrès des Amér., 1877, i. 316; C. Thomas in Amer. Antiq., vii. 66; Warden’s Recherches, ch. 4; Baldwin’s Anc. America, ch. 2.

[1743] Cf. Short, p. 158.

[1744] Force, To what Race, etc., p. 63.

[1745] Cf. Henry Gillman’s “Ancient Men of the Great Lakes” in Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (Detroit, 1875), pp. 297, 317; Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc., iv. 331; Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 412; C. C. Jones’s Antiq. Southern Indians; Peabody Mus. Repts., iv., vi., xi.; Jos. Jones’s Aborig. Remains of Tennessee; Jeffries Wyman in Am. Journal of Arts, etc., cvii. p. i.; W. J. McGee in Ibid. cxvi. 458; and Dr. S. F. Landrey on “A moundbuilder’s brain” in Pop. Science News (Boston, Oct., 1886, p. 138).

[1746] Cf. Holmes’s “Objects from the Mounds” in Powell’s Bur. of Ethnol. Repts., iii.; C. C. Baldwin’s “Relics of the Moundbuilders” in West. Reserve Hist. Soc. Tract, no. 23 (1874); Foster on their stone and copper implements in Chicago Acad. Science, i. (1869); objects from the Ohio mounds in Stevens’s Flint Chips, 418; images from them in Science, April 11, 1884, p. 437. In the mounds of the Little Miami Valley, native gold and meteoric iron have been found for the first time (Peab. Mus. Rept., xvi. 170).

[1747] See, on such impositions in general, MacLean’s Moundbuilders, ch. 9; C. C. Abbott in Pop. Sci. Monthly, July, 1885, p. 308; Wilson’s Prehist. Man, ii. ch. 19; Putnam in Peab. Mus. Repts., xvi. 184; Fourth Rept. Bur. Ethnol. 247.

The best known of the disputed relics are the following: The largest mound in the Ohio Valley is that of the Grave Creek, twelve miles below Wheeling, which was earliest described by its owner, A. B. Tomlinson, in 1838. It is seventy feet high and one thousand feet in circumference. (Cf. Squier and Davis, Foster, MacLean, Olden Time, i. 232; and account by P. P. Cherry—Wadsworth, 1877.) About 1838 a shaft was sunk by Tomlinson into it, and a rotunda constructed in its centre out of an original cavity, as a showroom for relics; and here, as taken from the mound, appeared two years later what is known as the Grave Creek stone, bearing an inscription of inscrutable characters. The supposed relic soon attracted attention. H. R. Schoolcraft pronounced its twenty-two characters such “as were used by the Pelasgi,” in his Observations respecting the Grave creek mound, in Western Virginia; the antique inscription discovered in its excavation; and the connected evidence of the occupancy of the Mississippi valley during the mound period, and prior to the discovery of America by Columbus, which appeared in the Amer. Ethnological Soc. Trans., i. 367 (N. Y., 1845). Cf. his Indian Tribes, iv. 118, where he thinks it may be an “intrusive antiquity.” The French savant Jomard published a Note sur une pierre gravée (Paris, 1845, 1859), in which he thought it Libyan. Lévy-Bing calls it Hebrew in Congrès des Amér. (Nancy, i. 215). Other notices are by Moïse Schwab in Revue Archéologique, Feb., 1857; José Perez in Arch. de la Soc. Amér. de France (1865), ii. 173; and in America in the Amer. Pioneer, ii. 197; Haven’s Archæol. U. S., 133, and Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., April 29, 1863, pp. 13, 32; Amer. Antiquarian, i. 139; Bancroft’s Nat. Races, v. 75.

Squier promptly questioned its authenticity (Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., ii.; Aborig. Mts., 168). Wilson laughed at it (Prehistoric Man, ii. 100). Col. Whittlesey has done more than any one to show its fraudulent character, and to show how the cuts of it which have been made vary (Western Reserve, Hist. Soc. Tracts), nos. 9 (1872), 33 (1876), 42 (1878), and 44 (1879.) Cf. on this side Short, p. 419; and Fourth Rept. Bur. Ethnol., 250. Its authenticity is, however, maintained by MacLean (Moundbuilders, Cinn., 1879), who summarizes the arguments pro and con.

What is known as the Cincinnati tablet was found on the site of that city in 1841 (Amer. Pioneer, ii. 195). Squier accepted it as genuine, and thought it might be a printing-stone for decorating hides (Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., ii.; Aborig. Mts. (1847), p. 70). Whittlesey at first doubted it (West. Res. Hist. Tracts, no. 9), but was later convinced of its genuineness by Robert Clarke’s Prehistoric Remains found on the site of Cincinnati (privately printed, Cinn., 1876).

The so-called Berlin tablet was found in Ohio in 1876. S. D. Peet believes it genuine (Amer. Antiq., i. 73; vii. 222).

On the Rockford tablet, see Short, 44.

The Davenport tablets, found by the Rev. J. Gass in a mound near Davenport, in Jan., 1877, are described in the Davenport Acad. Proc., ii. 96, 132, 221, 349; iii. 155. Cf. further in Amer. Asso. Adv. Science Proc. (April, 1877), by R. J. Farquharson; Congrès des Amér. (1877, ii. 158, with cut). The American Antiquarian records the controversy over its genuineness. In vol. iv. 145, John Campbell proposed a reading of the inscription. The suspicions are set forth in vii. 373. Peet, in viii. 46, inclines to consider it a fraud; and, p. 92, there is a defence. Short (pp. 38-39) doubts. In the Second Amer. Rept. Bur. of Ethnol., H. W. Henshaw, on “Animal Carvings,” attacked its character. (Cf. Fourth Rept., p. 251.) A reply by C. E. Putnam in vol. iv. of the Davenport Acad. Proc., and issued separately, is called Vindication of the Authenticity of the Elephant pipes and inscribed tablets in the Mus. of the Davenport Acad. (Davenport, Iowa, 1885). Cf. Cyrus Thomas in Science, vi. 564; also Feb. 5, 1886, p. 119. The question of the elephant pipes is included in the discussion, some denying their genuineness. Cf. also Amer. Antiq., ii. 67; Short, 531; Dr. Max Uhle in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887.

[1748] It has been found convenient to follow an advancing line of geographical succession, but the affiliations of the peoples of the mounds seem to indicate that those dwelling on both slopes and in the valleys of the Appalachian ranges should be grouped together, as Thomas combines them in his section on the mounds of the Appalachian District. (Fifth Rept. Bur. Ethnol.)

[1749] Proc., Oct. 23, 1849, p. 13; Belknap’s New Hampshire, iii. 89; Haven’s Archæol. U. S., 42.

[1750] D. A. Robertson, Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., vol. v., contends that the North American mounds were built by a colony of Finns long before the Christian era.

[1751] It was also issued, with some additional matter, at Buffalo (1851) as Antiquities of New York State, with supplement on Antiquities of the West (1851). Squier has also at this time a paper on these mounds in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc., Jan., 1849, p. 41. Cf. Am. Journal of Science, lxi. 305, and Harper’s Monthly, xx. and xxi. His conclusions, distinct from those pertaining to the Ohio mounds, were that the N. Y. earthworks were raised by the red Indians.

[1752] Cf. W. M. Taylor on a Pennsylvania mound in Smithsonian Rept., 1877.

[1753] A few minor references may be given. The Smithsonian Reports have papers by D. Trowbridge (1863); and by F. H. Cushing on those of Orleans County (1874). W. L. Stone held them to have been built by Egyptians, who afterward went south (Mag. Amer. Hist., Sept., 1878, ii. 533). Cf. Ibid. v. 35, and S. L. Frey in the Amer. Naturalist, Oct., 1879. A small book, Ancient Man in America (N. Y., 1880), by Frederic Larkin, takes issue with Squier, and believes the builders were not the modern Indians. He says he found in one of the N. Y. mounds, in 1854, a copper relic, with a mastodon, evidently in harness, scratched upon it! H. G. Mercer’s Lenape Stone describes a “gorget stone” dug up in Buck’s County, Penn., in 1872, which shows a carving representing a fight between Indians and the hairy mammoth, which we are also asked to accept as genuine. What is recognized as an ancient burial mound of the Senecas is described at some length in G. S. Conover’s Reasons why the State should acquire the famous burial mound of the Seneca Indians (1888).

[1754] Contributions to a bibliography and lists of the Ohio mounds are found as follows: Mrs. Cyrus Thomas’s “Bibliog. of Earthworks in Ohio” in the Ohio Archæol. and Hist. Quarterly, June, 1887, et seq.; a lesser list is in Thomson’s Bibliog. of Ohio, p. 385. Lists of the works are given in the Ohio Centennial Rept. and in MacLean’s Moundbuilders, pp. 230-233. J. Smucker, in the Amer. Antiquarian, vi. 43, describes the interest in archæology in the State, and instances the results in the numerous county histories, in the Western Reserve Hist. Soc. publications, in those of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Cincinnati, of the Archæological Soc. at Madisonville, of the Central Ohio Scientific Association (begun 1878), and of the District Hist. Society (beginning its reports in 1877. Cf. P. G. Thomson, Bibl. of Ohio, no. 328). The course of the West. Reserve Hist. Soc. is sketched in the Mag. West. Hist., Feb., 1888 (vol. vii.).

[1755] Life of Cutler, ii. 14, 252.

[1756] Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., iv.

[1757] Their survey is used in Stevens’s Flint Chips by Sherwood.

[1758] Cf. no. 11, 23, 41.

[1759] Some minor references: Whittlesey in Fireland’s Pioneer (June, 1865), and in his Fugitive Essays (Hudson, O., 1852). C. H. Mitchener’s Ohio Annals (Dayton, 1876). Hist. Mag., xii. 240. C. W. Butterfield in Mag. West. Hist., Oct., 1886 (iv. 777). I. Dille in Smithsonian Rept., 1866, p. 359; and Hill and others in Ibid. 1877. C. Thomas in Science, xi. 314. Thomas J. Brown on artificial terraces in Amer. Antiquarian, May, 1888. Howe’s Hist. Collections of Ohio, as well as the numerous county histories, afford some material.

[1760] The annexed map of the vicinity of Chillicothe will show their abundance in a confined area. E. B. Andrews on those in the S. E. in Peabody Mus. Rept., x. MacLean’s Moundbuilders (Cincinnati, 1879) is of no original value except for Butler County. Squier and Davis give a plan of the fortified hill in this county. Walker’s Athens County. Isaac J. Finley and Rufus Putnam’s Pioneer Record of Ross County (Cincinnati, 1871). A plan of the High Bank works in this county is given in the Amer. Antiquarian, v. 56. The Highland County works, called Fort Hill, are described in the Ohio Arch. & Hist. Q., 1887, p. 260. G. S. B. Hampstead’s Antiq. of Portsmouth (1875) embodies results of a long series of surveys. Cf. Journal Anthropological Institute, vii. 132.

[1761] D. Drake’s Picture of Cincinnati (1815); Harrison in Ohio Hist. & Philos. Soc., i.; Squier and Davis; Ford’s Cincinnati, i. ch. 2.

[1762] The best known of the ancient fortifications of this region is that called Fort Ancient, about 42 miles from Cincinnati. It was surveyed by Prof. Locke in 1843. Cf. L. M. Hosea in Quart. Journal of Science (Cinn., Oct., 1874); Putnam in the Amer. Architect, xiii. 19; Amer. Antiquarian, April, 1878; Force’s Moundbuilders; Warden’s Recherches; Squier and Davis, with plan reduced in MacLean, p. 21; Short, 51; and on its present condition, Peab. Mus. Rept., xvi. 168. There is an excellent map of the mounds in the Little Miami Valley, in Dr. C. L. Metz’s Prehistoric Monuments of the Little Miami Valley, in the Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. i., Oct., 1878. The explorations of Putnam and Metz are recorded in the Peab. Mus. Repts., xvii., xviii. (Marriott mound), and xx. Cf. Putnam’s lecture in Mag. West. History, Jan., 1888. There are explorations at Madisonville noticed in the Journal of the Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., Apr., 1880. Others in this region are recorded in L. B. Welch and J. M. Richardson’s Prehistoric relics found near Wilmington (Sparks mound), and by F. W. Langdon in the appendix of Short.

[1763] M. C. Read’s Archæol. of Ohio (Cleveland, 1888), with cut. Col. Whittlesey made the survey in Squier and Davis, and it is copied by Foster. O. C. Marsh in Hist. Mag., xii. 240; and in Amer. Journal of Science, xcii. (July, 1866). Isaac Smucker, a local antiquary, in Newark American, Dec. 19, 1872; in Amer. Hist. Record, ii. 481; and in Amer. Antiq., iii. 261 (July, 1881). Cf. Nadaillac, 99, and view in Lossing’s War of 1812, p. 565.

Other antiquities of the central region are described in no. 11 Western Res. Hist. Soc. Tracts (Hardin Co.); in Ohio Arch. Hist. Quart., March, 1888 (Franklin Co.); Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., April, 1863 (Fairfield Co., etc.).

[1764] R. W. McFarland in Ohio Arch. Hist. Quart., i. 265 (Oxford).

[1765] Cox in Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1874 (fort in Clarke Co.).

[1766] West. Res. Hist. Soc. Tracts, no. 41 (1877); and for the Cuyahoga Valley in no. 5 (1871), both by Whittlesey. The works on the Huron River, east of Sandusky, were described, with a plan, by Abraham G. Steiner in Columbian Mag., Sept., 1789, reprinted in Fireland’s Pioneer, xi. 71. G. W. Hill in Smithsonian Rept., 1874; E. O. Dunning on the Lick Creek mound in Peab. Mus. Rept., v. p. 11; S. D. Peet on a double-walled enclosure in Ashtabula Co. in Smithsonian Rept., 1876. Cf. Cornelius Baldwin on ancient burial cists in northeastern Ohio in West. Res. Hist. Tracts, no. 56, and Yarrow on mound-burials in First Rept. Bur. Ethnol.

[1767] Cf. Putnam in Bull. Essex Inst., iii. (Nov., 1871), and Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. (Feb., 1872); Foster, p. 134, with plan. The Smithsonian Repts. cover notices by W. Pidgeon (1867), by A. Patton in Knox and Lawrence counties (1873), and by R. S. Robertson (1874).

[1768] Peabody Mus. Reports, xii. 473 (1879). For Illinois mounds see Thomas in Fifth Rept. Bur. Ethnol.; Davidson and Struve’s Illinois; E. Baldwin’s La Salle Co. (Chicago, 1877); W. McAdams’s Antiq. of Cahokia (Edwardsville, 1883); H. R. Howland in the Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull., iii.; and in Smithsonian Repts., by Chas. Rau (1868); largely on agricultural traces; by Dr. A. Patton (1873); by T. M. Perrine on Union Co. (1873); by T. McWhorter and others (1874); by W. H. Pratt on Whiteside Co. (1874); by J. Shaw on Rock River (1877); and by J. Cochrane on Mason Co. (1877).

[1769] His papers are in the Smithsonian Repts., 1873, 1875; Peabody Mus. Reports, vi. (1873), on the St. Clair River mounds; Am. Journal of Arts, etc., Jan., 1874; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc., 1875; on bone relics in Congrès des Amér., 1877, i. 65; and on the Lake Huron mounds, in American Naturalist, Jan., 1883. Cf. other accounts in Michigan Pioneer Collections, ii. 40; iii. 41, 202; S. D. Peet in Amer. Antiq., Jan., 1888; and on the old fort near Detroit, Ibid. p. 37; and Bela Hubbard’s Memorials of a half century.

[1770] The copy in Harvard College library has some annotations by George Gale. Lapham’s survey of Aztlan is reproduced in Foster, p. 102. Lapham’s book is summarized by Wm. Barry in the Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Coll., iii. 187. These Collections contain other papers on mounds in Crawford Co. by Alfred Brunson (iii. 178); on man-shape mounds (iv. 365); J. D. Butler on “Prehistoric Wisconsin” (vii.); on Aztalan (ix. 103).

The Transactions of the Wisconsin Acad. of Science are also of assistance: vol. iii., a report of a committee on the mounds near Madison, with cuts; vol. iv., a paper by J. M. DeHart on the “Antiquities and platycnemism [flat tibia bones] of the Moundbuilders.”

[1771] S. D. Peet has discussed this aspect in the Amer. Antiquarian (1880), iii. p. 1; vi. 176; vii. 164, 215, 321; viii. 1; ix. 67. He also examines the evidence of the village life of their builders (ix. 10). Cf. his Emblematic Mounds; and his paper in the Wisconsin Hist. Coll., ix. 40.

[1772] None of the bones of extinct animals have been found in the mounds; nor has the buffalo, long a ranger of the Mississippi Valley, been identified in the shapes of the mounds. (Cf. Peet on the identification of animal mounds in Amer. Antiq., vi. 176.) Peet holds they followed the mastodon period (Ibid. ix. 67). The elephant mound, so called, has been often shown in cuts. (Cf. Smithsonian Rept., 1877, accompanying a paper by J. Warner, and Powell’s Second Rept. Bur. of Eth., 153.) Henshaw here discredits the idea of its being intended for an elephant. The evidence of elephant pipes is thought uncertain. Cf. article on mound pipes by Barber in Amer. Naturalist, April, 1882.

[1773] Second Rept. Bur. of Ethnol., p. 159, where Henshaw thinks it may just as well be anything else. Cf. Isaac Smucker in Amer. Antiquarian, vii. 350.

[1774] Cf. Amer. Antiq., vi. 254.

[1775] Peab. Mus. Rept., xvii., and Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct., 1883. He points out that the Ohio effigy mounds have a foundation of stones with clay superposed; the Georgia mounds are mainly of stone; while the Wisconsin mounds seem to be constructed only of earth.

Further references on the Wisconsin mounds: Smithsonian Repts., by E. E. Breed (1872); by C. K. Dean (1872); by Moses Strong (1876, 1877); by J. M. DeHart (1877); and again (1879).

Also: Haven’s Archæol. U. S., p. 106; W. H. Canfield’s Sauk County; DeHart in Amer. Antiquarian, April, 1879; their military character in Ibid., Jan., 1881; also as emblems in Ibid. 1883 (vi. 7); Nadaillac and other general works. There is a map of those near Beloit—some are in the college campus—in the American Antiquarian, iii. 95.

[1776] They have been described in the Smithsonian Reports by T. R. Peale (1861); and in Amer. Antiquarian, July, 1888, by S. D. Peet. Other mounds and relics are described in the Smithsonian Repts. (1863) by J. W. Foster; (1870) by A. Barrandt; (1877) by W. H. R. Lykins; and (1879) by G. C. Broadhead; in Peab. Mus. Repts., viii., by Professor Swallow; in Missouri Hist. Soc. Publ., no. 6, by F. F. Hilder; in Cinn. Quart. Jour. of Sci., Jan., 1875, by Dr. S. H. Headlee; in the Kansas City Rev., i. 25, 531; in the St. Louis Acad. of Science (1880) by W. P. Potter; Mr. A. J. Conant has been the most prolific writer in Ibid., April 5, 1876; in W. F. Switzler’s History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1879), and in C. R. Burns’s Commonwealth of Missouri (1877). Cf. also Poole’s Index, p. 858.

[1777] T. H. Lewis in Science, v. 131; vi. 453. On other Iowa mounds, see Smithsonian Rept., by J. B. Cutts (1872); by M. W. Moulton (1877), and again (1879); Annals of Iowa, vi. 121; and W. J. McGee in Amer. Journal Science, cxvi. 272.

[1778] Smithsonian Rept., 1863; and for mounds, 1879. Cf. L. C. Estes on the antiquities on the banks of Missouri and Lake Pepin in Ibid., 1866.

[1779] Kansas Rev., ii. 617; Joseph Savage and B. F. Mudge in Kansas Acad. Science, vii.

[1780] Smithsonian Rept., by A. J. Comfort (1871) and by A. Barrandt (1872); W. McAdams in Amer. Antiquarian, viii. 153.

[1781] Amer. Naturalist, x. 410, by E. Palmer; Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. 715.

[1782] App. to Gleeson’s Hist. of the Catholic Church in California (1872), ii., and Bancroft’s Nat. Races, iv. 695.

[1783] P. W. Norris in Smithsonian Report, 1879.

[1784] Cf. George Gibbs in Journal Amer. Geogr. Soc., iv.; A. W. Chase in Amer. Jour. Sci., cvi. 26; Amer. Architect, xxi. 295; and Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. 735.

[1785] Cf. S. H. Locket in Smithsonian Rept. (1872), and T. P. Hotchkiss in the same, and a paper in 1876; Amer. Journal Science, xlix. 38, by C. G. Forshey, and lxv. 186, by A. Bigelow.

[1786] T. H. Lewis, with plan, in Amer. Journal Archæol., iii. 375; previously noted by Atwater and by Squier and Davis.

[1787] Cf. Filson’s Kentucke.

[1788] Amer. Philos. Soc. Trans., iv., no. 26.

[1789] Thomas E. Pickett contributed this part (1871) to Collins’s Hist. Kentucky (1878), i. 380; ii. 68, 69, 227, 302, 303, 457, 633, 765. Pickett’s contribution was published separately as The testimony of the Mounds (Marysville, Ky., 1875). Prof. Shaler, as head of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, included in its Reports Lucien Carr’s treatise on the mounds, already mentioned; and touches the subject briefly in his Kentucky, p. 45. Cf. also Maj. Jona. Heart in Imlay’s Western Territory; S. S. Lyon in Smithsonian Repts., 1858, 1870, and R. Peter, in 1871, 1872; F. W. Putnam in Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., xvii. 313 (1875); and Nature, xiii. 109.

[1790] The aboriginal remains of Tennessee have successively been treated in John Haywood’s History of Tennessee (Nashville, 1823); by Gerard Troost in Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans. (1845), i. 335; by Joseph Jones in Smithsonian Contributions, xx. (1876), who connected those who erected the works, through the Natchez Indians, with the Nahuas. Edward O. Dunning had described some of the Tennessee relics in the Peabody Mus. Repts., iii., iv., and v.; but Putnam in no. xi. (1878) gave the results of his opening of the stone graves, with his explorations of the sites of the villages of the people, and described their implements, nothing of which, as he said, showed contact with Europeans. Cyrus Thomas deems these remains the works of the Indian race (Amer. Antiq., vii. 129; viii. 162). The Smithsonian Repts. have had various papers on the Tennessee antiquities: I. Dille (1862); A. F. Danilsen (1863); M. C. Read (1867); E. A. Dayton, E. O. Dunning, E. M. Grant, and J. P. Stelle (1870); Rev. Joshua Hall, A. E. Law, and D. F. Wright (1874); and others (in 1877).

L. J. Du Pré, in Harper’s Monthly (Feb., 1875), p. 347, reports upon a ten-acre adobe threshing-floor, preserved two feet and a half beneath black loam, near Memphis.

[1791] Col. Jones’s papers are: Indian Remains in South Georgia, an address (Savannah, 1859); Ancient tumuli on the Savannah River; Monumental Remains of Georgia, part i. (Savannah, 1861); Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., April, 1869; Antiquities of Southern Indians (1873); on effigy mounds in Smithsonian Rept. (1877); and on bird-shaped mounds in Journal Anthropological Soc., viii. 92. Cf. also the early chapters of his Hist. of Georgia.

Other writers: H. C. Williams and Geo. Stephenson in Smithson. Rept. (1870); and Wm. McKinley and M. F. Stephenson (1872). Cf. Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., iii., on Creeks and Cherokees; and on the great mound in the Etowah Valley, Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci. (1871). Thomas (Fifth Rept. Bur. Ethnol.) supposes the Etowah mound to be the one with a roadway described by Garcilasso de la Vega as being on De Soto’s route. Thomas describes other mounds of this group, giving cuts of the incised copper plates found in them, which he holds to be of European make. This forces him to the conclusion that the larger mound was built before De Soto’s incursion and the others later; and as they differ from those in Carolina, he determines they were not built by the Cherokees.

[1792] Cf. S. A. Agnew in Smithsonian Reports (1867), and J. W. C. Smith (1874, cf. 1879); Jas. R. Page in St. Louis Acad. Science Trans., iii., and Cinn. Q. Journal of Sci., Oct., 1875; Haven, p. 51; and Edw. Fontaine’s How the World was peopled, 153.

[1793] E. Cornelius in Amer. Journ. Sci., i. 223; Pickett’s Alabama, ch. 3.

[1794] Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iii., and in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc., 1846, p. 124. Brinton’s Floridian Peninsula, ch. 6. Amer. Antiquarian, iv. 100; ix. 219. Smithsonian Reports (1874), by A. Mitchell, and 1879.

[1795] J. M. Spainhour on antiquities in North Carolina, in Smithson. Rept., 1871; T. R. Peale on some near Washington, D. C. (Ibid., 1872); Schoolcraft, on some in Va., in Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., i.; with Squier and Davis, and Peabody Mus. Rept., x., by Lucien Carr. There is a plan of a fort in Virginia in the Amer. Pioneer, Sept., 1842, and a paper on the graves in S. W. Virginia in Mag. Amer. Hist., Feb., 1885, p. 184.

[1796] W. E. Guest on those near Prescott, in Smithsonian Rept., 1856. T. C. Wallbridge describes some at the bay of Quinté in Canadian Journal (1860), v. 409, and Daniel Wilson for Canada West in Ibid., Nov., 1856. T. H. Lewis on the remains in the valley of the Red River of the North, in Amer. Antiquarian, viii. 369; and for those in Manitoba papers by A. McCharles in the Amer. Journal of Archæology, iii. 72 (June, 1887), and by George Bryce in Manitoba Hist. and Sci. Soc. Trans., No. 18 (1884-85). Bancroft’s Nat. Races, iv. 738, etc., for British Columbia.