[1397] Particularly in Vol. IV.

[1398] Cf. Vol. VI. 610, 611, 650.

[1399] A part of it is reproduced by J. Watts de Peyster in his Miscellanies by an Officer, part ii. (N. Y., 1888).

[1400] Vol. VII. p. 448.

[1401] There is a map of the distribution of Indians in the eastern part of the United States in Cassino’s Standard Nat. Hist., vi. 147.

[1402] See ante, p. 106.

[1403] Paul Kane’s Wanderings of an artist among the Indians is translated by Ed. Delessert in Les Indiens de la baie d’Hudson (Paris, 1861).

[1404] The truth seems to be that some were last seen in that year. It is uncertain whether they died out, or the final remnant crossed into Labrador.

[1405] See Vol. IV. p. 292.

[1406] Cf. Account of the customs and manners of the Micmakis and Maricheets savage nations. From an original French manuscript letter, never published. Annexed, pieces relative to the savages, Nova Scotia [etc.] (London, 1758); J. G. Shea in Hist. Mag., v. 290; No. Am. Rev., vol. cxii., Jan., 1871. For missions among them see Vol. IV. p. 268.

[1407] See Vol. IV. p. 299. The Hurons as the leading stock in Canada are, of course, to be studied in the Jesuit Relations and in all the other accounts of the Catholic missions in Canada, as well as in the early historical narratives, alluded to in the text, and in such special books as the Sieur Gendron’s Pays des Hurons (see Vol. IV. 305), and in the accounts of leading missionaries like Jean de Brébœuf. Cf. Félix Martin’s Hurons et Iroquois (Paris, 1877); J. M. Lemoine in Maple Leaves, 2d ser. (1873); Cayaron’s Chaumont, 1639-1693, and his Autobiographie et pièces inédites (Poitiers, 1869); B. Sulte on the Iroquois and Algonquins in the Revue Canadienne (x. 606); D. Wilson on the Huron-Iroquois of Canada in Roy. Soc. Canada, Proc. (1884, vol. ii.), and references, post, Vol. IV. p. 307. W. H. Withrow has a paper on the last of the Hurons in the Canadian Monthly (ii. 409).

[1408] All of these books are further characterized in Vols. IV. and V. Cf. also J. Campbell in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., 1881, and Wm. Clint in Ibid. 1877; and Daniel Wilson in Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc. (1882), vol. xxxi., and in his Prehist. Man, ii. Also Vetromile’s Abnakis (N. Y., 1866).

[1409] Vol. III.

[1410] “Hist. Coll. of the Indians of N. E.” in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., i.

[1411] Noyes’ New England’s Duty, Boston, 1698.

[1412] Cf. Neal’s New England, i. ch. 6; Conn. Evang. Mag., ii., iii., iv.; Amer. Q. Reg., iv.; Sabbath at Home, Apr.-July, 1868.

[1413] Cf. his letters in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., Nov., 1879; N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg., July, 1882; Birch’s Life of Robert Boyle; and the lives of Eliot. For the Eliot tracts see our Vol. III. p. 355. Marvin’s reprint of Eliot’s Brief Narration (1670) has a list of writers on the subject. Cf. Martin Moore on Eliot and his Converts in the Amer. Quart. Reg., Feb., 1843, reprinted in Beach’s Indian Miscellany, p. 405; Ellis’s Red Man and White Man in No. America; Jacob’s Praying Indians; and Bigelow’s Natick.

[1414] Sabin, x. p. 191.

[1415] Archæologia Amer., ii.

[1416] Cf. John Gillies’ Hist. Coll. relating to remarkable periods of the success of the Gospel (Glasgow, 1754).

[1417] Success of the gospel among the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard (1694). Conquests and Triumphs of Grace (1696), which is reprinted in part in Mather’s Magnalia. Indian Converts of Martha’s Vineyard (1727), and Experience, its author, appended to one of his discourses a “State of the Indians, 1694-1720.”

[1418] Origin and early progress of Indian missions in New England, with a list of books in the Indian language printed at Cambridge and Boston, 1653-1721 (Worcester, 1874, or Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct., 1873); a paper on the Indian tongue and its literature in the Mem. Hist. Boston, i. 465.

[1419] Wheelock has given us A brief narrative of the Indian Charity School (London, 1766; 2d ed., 1767), and a series of tracts portray its later progress. Cf. McClure and Parish’s Memoir of Wheelock. Samson Occum and Brant were his pupils. Also see Miss Fletcher’s Report, p. 94, and S. C. Bartlett in The Granite Monthly (1888), p. 277.

[1420] See Vol. III. p. 364. There is a bibliography of the Indians in Maine in the Hist. Mag., March, 1870, p. 164. Cf. Hanson’s Gardiner, etc.; the histories of Norridgewock by Hanson and Allen; Sabine in the Christian Examiner, 1857; and Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vols. iii., ix. On the Maine missions, see post, Vol. IV. 300; and R. H. Sherwood in the Catholic World, xxii. 656.

[1421] See Vol. III. p. 367.

[1422] Cf. Report on the Mass. Archives (1885).

[1423] Vol. III. p. 362.

[1424] Dr. Ellis has a paper on the Indians of eastern Massachusetts in the Mem. Hist. Boston, i. 241. For the middle regions there are Epaphras Hoyt’s Antiquarian Researches (Greenfield, 1824), and Temple’s North Brookfield, not to name other books. For the Stockbridge tribe and the Housatonics, see Samuel Hopkins’ Hist. Memoirs relating to the Housatunnuk Indians (1753); Jones’ Stockbridge; Charles Allen’s Report on the Stockbridge Indians (Boston, 1870; Ho. Doc. Mass. Leg., no. 13, of 1870); S. Orcutt’s Indians of the Housatonic and Naugatuck Valleys (Hartford, 1882); Mag. Amer. Hist., Dec., 1878; and Miss Fletcher’s Report, pp. 38, 90. For the Wampanoags on the borders of Rhode Island, see Smithsonian Report, 1883; and William J. Miller’s Notes concerning the Wampanoag tribe of Indians, with some account of a rock picture on the shore of Mount Hope Bay, in Bristol, R. I. (Providence, 1880).

[1425] Potter’s Early Hist. of Narragansett; R. I. Hist. Coll., viii.; Henry Bull’s Memoir in R. I. Hist. Mag., April, 1886; Usher Parsons on the Nyantics in Hist. Mag., Feb., 1863.

[1426] Theo. Dwight’s Connecticut, ch. 5-7; Trumbull’s Connecticut, ch. 5, 6; Ellis’ Life of Capt. Mason; W. L. Stone’s Uncas and Miantonomoh; S. Orcutt’s Stratford and Bridgeport (1886); Luzerne Ray in New Englander, July, 1843 (reprinted in Beach’s Ind. Miscellany).

On the Pequods, see Wm. Apes’ Son of the Forest, and other small books by this member of the tribe, published from 1829 to 1837; Lossing in Scribner’s Monthly, ii., Oct., 1871 (included in Beach). Cf. our Vol. III. p. 368.

[1427] Further modern portraitures can be found in Dwight’s Travels; Barry’s Massachusetts; Felt’s Eccles. Hist. N. E. (p. 279); Samuel Eliot on the “Early relations with the Indians” in the volume of the Mass. Hist. Soc. Lectures; Zachariah Allen on The conditions of life, habits, and customs of the native Indians of America, and their treatment by the first settlers. An address before the Rhode Island Historical Society, Dec. 4, 1879 (Providence, 1880). Cf. on the Indians and the Puritans, Amer. Chh. Review, iii. 208, 359.

[1428] Cf. Brodhead’s New York; the Doc. Hist. N. Y.; and Wm. Eliot Griffis’ Arent van Curler and his policy of peace with the Iroquois (1884).

[1429] Cf. Vol. IV. 306. The best source for the story of Jogues is Felix Martin’s Life of Father Isaac Jogues, missionary priest of the Society of Jesus, slain by the Mohawk Iroquois, in the present state of New York, Oct. 18, 1646. With [his] account of the captivity and death of René Goupil, slain Sept. 29, 1642. Translated from the French by J. G. Shea (New York, 1885). It is accompanied by a map of the county by Gen. John S. Clark, indicating the sites of the Indian villages and missions, which is an improvement upon Clark’s earlier map, given post, Vol. IV. 293. Cf. Hist. Mag., xii. 15; Hale’s Book of Rites, introd. W. H. Withrow has a paper on Jogues in the Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada, iii. (2) 45.

[1430] Vol. IV. 279, 309.

[1431] Cf. D. Humphrey’s Hist. Acc. of the Soc. for propagating the Gospel (1730); Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv.; A. G. Hopkins in the Oneida Hist. Soc. Trans., 1885-86, p. 5; W. M. Beauchamp in Am. Chh. Rev., xlvi. 87; S. K. Lothrop’s Kirkland; and Miss Fletcher’s Report (1888), p. 85.

[1432] Sylvester’s Northern New York; Clark’s Onondaga; Jones’s Oneida County; Simms’ Schoharie County; Benton’s Herkimer County; C. E. Stickney’s Minisink Region; G. H. Harris’ Aboriginal occupation of the lower Genesee County (Rochester, 1884,—taken from W. F. Peck’s Semi-Centennial Hist. of Rochester); Ketchum’s Buffalo; John Wentworth Sanborn’s Legends, Customs, and Social Life of the Seneca Indians (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878). On the origin of the name Seneca, see O. H. Marshall’s Hist. Writings, p. 231.

[1433] See Vol. IV. 299. Shea says the only copies known of the 1727 edition are those noted in the catalogues of H. C. Murphy, Menzies, Brinley, and T. H. Morrell. Stevens noted a copy in 1885, at £42. The Murphy Catalogue gives the various editions. Cf. Sabin and Pilling. There is an account of Colden in the Hist. Mag., Jan., 1865. Palfrey (New England, iv. 40) warns the student that Colden must be used with caution, and that he needs to be corrected by Charlevoix.

[1434] See Vol. V. 618.

[1435] Cf. Vol. IV. 297. Schoolcraft later included in his Indian Tribes a reprint of David Cusick’s Ancient Hist. of the Six Nations (1825), the work of a Tuscarora chief. Brinton (Myths, 108) calls it of little value. Elias Johnson, another Tuscarora, printed a little Hist. of the Six Nations at Lockport in 1881.

[1436] See Vol. V., VI., VII.

[1437] This was the earliest of Morgan’s important writings on the Iroquois, but the full outcome of all his views on the Indian character and life can only be studied by following him through his later Ancient Society, his Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity, and his Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines. Cf. Pilling’s Proof-sheets for a conspectus of his works. Morgan’s early studies on the Iroquois sensibly affected his judgment in his later treatment of all other North American tribes.

[1438] Hale has also contributed to the Mag. Amer. Hist., 1885, xiii. 131, a paper on “Chief George H. M. Johnson, his life and work among the Six Nations;” and to the Amer. Antiquarian, 1885, vii. 7, one on “The Iroquois sacrifice of the white dog.”

A few other references on the Iroquois follow: Drake’s Book of the Indians, book v.; D. Sherman in Mag. West. Hist., i. 467; W. W. Beauchamp in Amer. Antiquarian (Nov., 1886), viii. 358; D. Gray on the last Indian council in the Genesee Country, in Scribner’s Mag., xxv. 338; Penna. Mag., i. 163, 319; ii. 407. For the Schaghticoke tribe, see Hist. Mag., June, 1870; and for those of the Susquehanna Valley, Miner’s Wyoming and Stone’s Wyoming. E. M. Ruttenber’s Indian Tribes of the Hudson River (Albany, 1872) is an important book. Miss Fletcher’s Report includes a paper on the N. Y. Indians, by F. B. Hough.

[1439] N. Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc., vol. iv.

[1440] There is a sketch of this singular character in Brinton’s Lenape, ch. 7.

[1441] Also Amer. Whig Review, Feb., 1849; and in Beach’s Indian Miscellany.

[1442] We may also note: D. B. Brunner’s Indians of Berks county, Pa.; being a summary of all the tangible records of the aborigines of Berks County (Reading, Pa., 1881), and W. J. Buck’s “Lappawinzo and Tishcohan chiefs of the Lenni Lenape” in the Penna. Mag. of Hist., July, 1883, p. 215. The early writers to elucidate the condition of the Delawares soon after the white contact are Vanderdonck, Campanius, Gabriel Thomas, and later there is something of value in Peter Kalm’s Travels. The early authorities on Pennsylvania need also to be consulted, as well as the Penna. Archives, and the Collections of the Penna. Hist. Soc., and its Bulletin, whose first number has Ettwein’s Traditions and language of the Indians. Of considerable historical value is Charles Thomson’s Enquiry (see Vol. V. 575), and the relations of the Quakers to the tribes are surveyed in an Account of the Conduct of the Society of Friends towards the Indian Tribes (Lond., 1844); but other references will be found post, Vol. V. 582, including others on the Moravian missions, the literature of which is of much importance in this study. Cf. Chas. Beatty’s Journal of a two months’ tour (London, 1768), the works of Heckewelder and Loskiel, and Schweinitz’s Zeisberger. Cf. Miss Fletcher’s Report, p. 78.

[1443] Vol. III., under Virginia and Maryland. Cf. Hist. Mag., March, 1857.

[1444] For instance, the Relatio itineris in Marylandiam.

[1445] See Vol. III.

[1446] The latest summary is in Miss Fletcher’s Report, ch. 2 and 3.

[1447] F. Kidder in Hist. Mag. (1857), i. 161. Doyle’s English in America, Virginia, etc. (London, 1882) gives a brief chapter to the natives. Cf. travels of Bartram and Smyth, and Miss Fletcher’s Report, ch. 19.

[1448] Vol. II.

[1449] Vol. V. p. 65.

[1450] Vol. V. p. 69, 344, 393.

[1451] Vol. V. p. 401.

[1452] This also makes part of the Urlsperger tract, Ausführliche Nachricht von den Saltzburgischen Emigranten (Halle, 1835). See Vol. V. p. 395.

[1453] Vol. V. p. 399. Cf. Mag. Amer. Hist., v. 346.

[1454] The long contested case of the Cherokees v. Georgia brought out much material. Cf. Vol. VII. p. 322, and Poole’s Index, p. 225. There is a somewhat curious presentation of the Cherokee mind in the address of Dewi Brown in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xii. 30.

[1455] The histories of the Creek war give some material. See Vol. VII. and Harrison’s Life of John Howard Payne, ch. 4. Cf. Poole’s Index, p. 314.

[1456] Cf. Poole’s Index.

[1457] See Vol. VII.

[1458] Cf. Claiborne’s Mississippi, i.; Brinton in Hist. Mag., 2d ser., vol. i. p. 16; and E. L. Berthoud’s Natchez Indians (Golden, 1886), a pamphlet.

[1459] Vol. V. p. 68. Cf. also an abridged memoir of the missions in Louisiana by Father Francis Watrin, Jesuit, 1764-65, in Mag. West. Hist., Feb., 1885, p. 265; the Travels into Arkansa territory, 1819, by Thomas Nuttall (Philad., 1821), for other accounts of the aboriginal inhabitants of the banks of the Mississippi; the History of Kansas (Chicago, 1883), p. 58; and the Proceedings of the Kansas Hist. Society.

[1460] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 298; and C. W. Butterfield in the Mag. West. Hist., Feb., 1887; and on the Indian occupation of Ohio, Ibid., Nov., 1884. David Jones’ Two Visits, 1772-73, concerns the Ohio Indians. Our Vol. V. covers this region during the French wars. J. R. Dodge’s Red Man of the Ohio Valley, 1650-1795 (Springfield, O., 1860), is a popular book.

[1461] Hist. Mag., x. (Jan., 1866).

[1462] Mag. West. Hist., ii. 38.

[1463] Hist. Writings, 1887.

[1464] Fergus Hist. Series, No. 27 (1884). Cf. Hough’s map of the tribal districts of Indiana in his Rept. on the Geology and Nat. Hist. of Indiana (1882).

[1465] See Vol. IV. 298.

[1466] Cf. Hist. Mag., Sept., 1861; and Peter D. Clarke’s Origin and Traditional Hist. of the Wyandotts (Toronto, 1870). Clarke is a native Indian writer.

[1467] Cf. I. A. Lapham on the Indians of Wisconsin (Milwaukee, 1879); and E. Jacker on the missions in Am. Cath. Quart., i. 404; also Miss Fletcher’s Report, ch. 21.

[1468] Vol. VII.

[1469] Cf. her Report (1888), ch. 10, and her Indian ceremonies (Salem, Mass., 1884), taken from the xvi. Report of the Peabody Museum of Amer. Archæology and Ethnology, 1883, pp. 260-333, and containing: The white buffalo festival of the Uncpapas.—The elk mystery or festival. Ogallala Sioux.—The religious ceremony of the four winds or quarters, as observed by the Santee Sioux.—The shadow or ghost lodge: a ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux.—The “Wawan,” or pipe dance of the Omahas.

The Minnesota Hist. Soc. Collections have much on the Dacotahs.

[1470] Ab-sa-ra-ka, home of the Crows, being the experience of an officer’s wife on the plains, with outlines of the natural features of the land, tables of distances, maps [etc.] (Philad., 1868).

[1471] These may be supplemented by Letheman’s account of the Navajos in the Smithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 280; and books of adventures, like Ruxton’s Life in the Far West; Pumpelly’s Across America and Asia; H. C. Dorr in Overland Monthly, Apr., 1871 (also in Beach’s Indian Miscellany); James Hobbs’ Wild life in the far West (Hartford, 1875),—not to name others, and a large mass of periodical literature to be reached for the English portion through Poole’s Index. Cf. Miss Fletcher’s Report (1888).

[1472] A Journal, kept at Nootka Sound, by John R. Jewitt, one of the surviving crew of the ship Boston, of Boston, John Salter, commander, who was massacred on 22d of March, 1803. Interspersed with some account of the natives, their manners and customs (Boston, 1807). Another account has been published with the title, “A narrative of the adventures and sufferings of J. R. Jewitt,” compiled from Jewitt’s “Oral relations,” by Richard Alsop; and another alteration and abridgment by S. G. Goodrich has been published with the title, “The captive of Nootka.” Cf. Sabin, Pilling, Field, etc. Cf. also Hist. Mag., Mar., 1863. The French half-breeds of the Northwest are described by V. Havard in the Smithsonian Rept., 1879.

[1473] Dall’s Alaska and its Resources (Boston, 1870), with its list of books, is of use in this particular field. Cf. also Miss Fletcher’s Report (1888), ch. 19 and 20.

[1474] His map is reproduced in Petermann’s Geog. Mittheilungen, xxv. pl. 13.

[1475] The periodical literature can be reached through Poole’s Index; particularly to be mentioned, however, are the Atlantic Monthly, Apr., 1875; by J. R. Browne in Harper’s Mag., Aug., 1861, repeated in Beach’s Ind. Miscellany. For the missionary aspects see such books as Geronimo Boscana’s Chinigchinich; a historical account of the origin, customs, and traditions of the Indians at the missionary establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California; called the Acagchemem nation. Translated from the original Spanish manuscript, by one who was many years a resident of Alta California [Alfred Robinson] (N. Y., 1846), which is included in Robinson’s Life in California (N. Y., 1846); and C. C. Painter’s Visit to the mission Indians of southern California, and other western tribes (Philadelphia, 1886).

[1476] See, for instance: Maj. Powell on tribal society in the Third Rept. Bur. of Ethnology. On Totemism, see the Fourth Rept., p. 165, and J. G. Frazier in his Totemism (Edinburgh, 1887). Lucien Carr on the social and political condition of women among the Huron-Iroquois tribes, in Peabody Mus. Rept., xvi. 207. J. M. Browne on Indian medicine in the Atlantic, July, 1866, reprinted in Beach’s Indian Miscellany. J. M. Lemoine on their mortuary rites in Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada, ii. 85, and H. C. Yarrow on their mortuary customs in the First Rept. Bur. Ethnol., p. 87, and on their mummifications in Ibid. p. 130. Andrew MacFarland Davis on Indian games in the Bulletin, Essex Institute, vols. xvii., xviii., and separately. On their intellectual and literary capacity, John Reade in the Proc. Roy. Soc. of Canada (ii. sect. 2d, p. 17); Edward Jacker in Amer. Catholic Quarterly (ii. 304; iii. 255); Brinton’s Lenape and their legends; W. G. Simms’ Views and Reviews.

[1477] The North Americans of Antiquity, by John T. Short, p. 130.

[1478] Ibid. p. 127.

[1479] The Antiquity of Man in America, by Alfred R. Wallace in Nineteenth Century (November, 1887), vol. xxii. p. 673.

[1480] Palæolithic Man in America, in Popular Science Monthly (November, 1888), p. 23.

[1481] Sometimes the gravels in which such implements were originally deposited have disappeared through denudation or other natural causes, leaving the implements on the surface. But the outside of such specimens always shows traces of decomposition, indicating their high antiquity. Other examples of implements of like shape, found on the surface in places where there has been no glacial drift, may be palæolithic, but their form is no sufficient proof of this, since they may equally well have been the work of the Indians, who are known to have fashioned similar objects.

[1482] The Great Ice Age and its relation to the antiquity of Man, by James Geikie, p. 416.

[1483] An Inventory of our Glacial Drift, by T. C. Chamberlin in the Proceedings of American Association for Advancement of Science, vol. xxxv. p. 196. A general map of this great moraine and others representing portions of it on a large scale will be found in his “Preliminary Paper on the terminal moraine of the second glacial period,” in the Third Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, by J. W. Powell (Washington, 1883).

[1484] Chamberlin, Proc. Amer. Assoc., ubi sup., p. 199.

[1485] The place of Niagara Falls in geological history, by G. K. Gilbert, of the U. S. Govt. Surv., in the Proc. Amer. Assoc., Ibid. p. 223; Geology of Minnesota [final report], by N. H. Winchell and Warren Upham, vol. i. p. 337 (St. Paul, 1888).

[1486] The American Naturalist, vol. vii. p. 204.

[1487] Ibid. vol. x. p. 329.

[1488] Tenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, vol. ii. p. 30.

[1489] Second report on the palæolithic implements from the glacial drift, in the valley of the Delaware River, near Trenton, New Jersey, Ibid. p. 225.

[1490] A complete account of Dr. Abbott’s investigations will be found in his Primitive Industry, chap. 32 (Palæolithic Implements); Tenth ann. rep. of Peabody Museum, vol. ii. p. 30; Eleventh Do., Ibid. p. 225; Proceedings of Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xxi. p. 124; vol. xxiii. p. 424; Proc. of Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, vol. xxxvii.

[1491] Proceedings of Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xxi. p. 148.

[1492] Twelfth annual report of Peabody Museum, vol. ii. p. 489.

[1493] Proceedings of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., Ibid. p. 132.

[1494] Popular Science Monthly, January, 1889, p. 411.

[1495] On the discovery of stone implements in the glacial drift of North America, in the Quart. Journ. of Science (London, January, 1878), vol. xv. p. 68.

[1496] The Trenton gravel and its relation to the antiquity of man, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1880, p. 296.

[1497] Primitive Industry, p. 533 et seq.

[1498] The bibliography of Professor Wright’s publications upon this subject will be found in Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii. p. 427.

[1499] Science, vol. i. p. 271.

[1500] Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii. p. 435.

[1501] Proc. Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, vol. xxxvii.

[1502] Early Man in the Delaware Valley, in the Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv.

[1503] The Age of the Philadelphia Red Gravel, Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv.

[1504] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 293. The preface of this volume is dated “New York, April 10, 1873.” In an article in the North American Review for January, 1874 (vol. cxviii. p. 70), on “The Antiquity of the North American Indians,” he traces that race back to palæolithic times.

[1505] Flint implements from the stratified drift of the vicinity of Richmond, Va., in the American Journal of Science (3d series), vol. xi. p. 195; quoted in Dana’s Manual of Geology, p. 578.

[1506] Sixth annual report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1877, p. 54.

[1507] Her paper on “Ancient quartz-workers and their quarries in Minnesota,” read before the Minnesota Historical Society, February, 1880, was reprinted in The American Antiquarian, vol. iii. p. 18.

[1508] Vestiges of Glacial Man in Central Minnesota, in the Proc. Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, vol. xxxii. p. 385. A more extended account of her researches will be found under the same title in the American Naturalist for June and July, 1884 (vol. xviii. pp. 594 and 697). On p. 705 the writer has given at some length his opinion in regard to the artificial character of these quartz objects.

[1509] Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii. p. 436.

[1510] In 1877, by Professor S. S. Haldeman on an island in the Susquehanna River, in Lancaster Co., Penn. (Eleventh Rep. Peabody Mus., vol. ii. p. 255). In 1878, by A. F. Berlin in the Schuylkill Valley, at Reading, Penn. (American Antiquarian, vol. i. p. 10). In 1879, by Dr. W. J. Hoffman in the valley of the Potomac, near Washington (American Naturalist, vol. xiii. p. 108). Subsequently by others in the same vicinity, reported by S. V. Proudfit in The American Anthropologist, vol. i. p. 337. By David Dodge at Wakefield, Mass., and by Mr. Frazer at Marshfield, Mass. (Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxi. pp. 123 and 450). By the writer, in several localities in New England (Ibid. p. 382).

[1511] Sixth annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, by F. V. Hayden (1873), p. 652.

[1512] Ibid. (1874), p. 247.

[1513] Ibid. p. 254.

[1514] Eleventh Report of Peabody Museum, p. 257.

[1515] Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a quaternary lake of northwestern Nevada, by I. C. Russell, being Monog. No. xi. U. S. Geol. Surv. under J. W. Powell, p. 247 (Washington, 1885).

[1516] Ibid. p. 269.

[1517] Pop. Science Monthly, November, 1888, p. 27.

[1518] Article in the Iconographic Encyclopædia, on Prehistoric Archæology, by Daniel G. Brinton, vol. ii. p. 63 (Philadelphia, 1886).

[1519] Smithsonian Report, 1862, p. 297, where it is figured; and repeated in his Prehistoric Man, vol. i. p. 45.

[1520] See p. 385 of this volume.

[1521] Memoirs of Mus. of Comp. Zoölogy at Harv. College, vol. vi. pp. 258-288 (Cambridge, 1880).

[1522] The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, by H. H. Bancroft, vol. iv. pp. 699-707.

[1523] Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, vol. i. p. 232, pl. xxii, fig. 3.

[1524] The aboriginal relics called “sinkers” or “plummets” in Amer. Journal of Archæology, vol. i. p. 105.

[1525] The Epoch of the Mammoth and the Apparition of Man upon the Earth, by James C. Southall, p. 399 (Philadelphia, 1878).

[1526] Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes of the United States, vol. i. p. 101 (Philadelphia, 1851).

[1527] S. B. J. Skertchly in the Journal Anthrop. Inst., vol. xvii. p. 335 (Jan. 10, 1888).

[1528] The American Naturalist, vol. xxi. p. 459 (1887).

[1529] Early Man in America, in the North American Review, Oct., 1883, p. 340.

[1530] The Auriferous Gravels, etc., p. 273.

[1531] Ibid. p. 242.

[1532] Sixth annual report of the U. S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories, p. 29.

[1533] Ibid. p. 44.

[1534] The Auriferous Gravels, etc., p. 281.

[1535] The Antiquity of Man in North America, p. 679.

[1536] Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii, p. 269.

[1537] Reports of Peabody Museum, vol. iii. pp. 177, 408; iv. p. 35.

[1538] Early Man in Britain, by W. Boyd Dawkins, p. 167.

[1539] Dr. H. Ten Kate in Science, vol. xii. p. 228 (November 9, 1888).

[1540] Notes on the Crania of the N. E. Indians, by Lucien Carr, p. 9 (Anniversary Memoirs of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.), 1880.

[1541] The Standard Natural History, ed. by J. S. Kingsley, vol. vi. p. 143.

[1542] The Mammoth and the Flood, by Henry H. Howorth, p. 316 (London, 1887).

[1543] Fossil Men and their modern Representatives, by J. W. Dawson, p. 106 et seq. (London, 1880).

[1544] Le Maconnais Préhistorique, ... ouvrage posthume par H. De Ferry ... avec notes et cet. par A. Arcelin, Mâcon, 1870.

[1545] The Auriferous Gravels, etc., p. 287.

[1546] Primitive Industry; or Illustrations of the Handiwork in Stone, Bone, and Clay of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America, by Charles C. Abbott (Salem and Boston, 1881), p. 3.

[1547] Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii. p. 422.

[1548] Proc. of Am. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, vol. xxxvii.

[1549] Primitive Industry, p. 253.

[1550] Ibid. p. 262.

[1551] Primitive Industry, p. 276 et seq.

[1552] Ibid. p. 515, note.

[1553] Proc. of Am. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, vol. xxxvii.

[1554] Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, translated by J. R. Forster (London, 1770-71), v. ii. p. 17.

[1555] Primitive Industry, p. 462.

[1556] Proc. of Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, vol. xxxvii.

[1557] Rep. of Peabody Museum, vol. iv. p. 43.

[1558] Vol. ix. p. 363.

[1559] See Vol. II. pp. 144 and 187.

[1560] Companions of Columbus, p. 28.

[1561] Flint Chips, a Guide to Prehistoric Archæology, by Edw. T. Stevens, p. 123.

[1562] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, by C. C. Jones, p. 320.

[1563] Rep. of Peabody Museum, vol. iv. p. 45.

[1564] “Early Man in the Delaware Valley,” in the Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv.

[1565] Early Man in Britain, p. 173.

[1566] Waitz, Introd. to Anthropology, Eng. trans., p. 255, points out the dangers of over-confidence in this research. Cf. also J. H. McCulloh’s Researches (1829).

The best indications of the sources as respects the origin of the Americans can be found in Haven’s Archæology of the United States (Smithsonian Contributions, vii., 1856); Bancroft’s foot-notes to his Nat. Races, v. ch. 1; Short, ch. 3, on the diversity of opinions; Poole’s Index, p. 637, and Supplement, p. 274. Cf. Drake’s Book of the Indians, ch. 2.

Without anticipating the characterization and mention of the essential books later to be indicated, some miscellaneous references may be added without much attempt at classifying them.

Among English writers: Hyde Clarke’s Researches on prehistoric and protohistoric comparative philology, mythology, and archæology in connection with the origin of culture in America (London, 1875). Robert Knox’s Races of Men (London, 1862); J. Kennedy in his Probable origin of the American Indians (London, 1854), and in his Essays, ethnological and linguistic (London, 1861); J. C. Beltrami’s Pilgrimage in Europe and America (London, 1828); C. H. Smith in Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, xxxviii. 1.

Some French authorities: Nadaillac, Les premiers hommes, ii. 93, and his L’Amérique préhistorique, ch. 10, and to the English translation W. H. Dall adds a chapter on this subject; Brasseur de Bourbourg’s introduction to his Popul Vuh (section 4); Dabry de Thiersant’s De l’origine des indiens du nouveau monde et de leur civilisation (Paris, 1883); M. A. Baguet’s “Les races primitives des deux Amériques” in Bull. de la Soc. de Géog. d’Anvers, viii. 440; Domenech in Revue Contemporaine, 1st ser., xxxiii. 283; xxxiv. 5, 284; 2d ser., iv.; Baron de Bretton’s Origines des peuples de l’Amérique, in the Nancy Compte-rendu, Congrès des Américanistes, i. 439.

Among German writers perhaps the most weighty are Theodor Waitz in his Anthropologie der Naturvölker (1862-66), and Carl Vogt’s Vorlesungen über den Menschen, translated as Lectures on Man (1864).

American writers: Drake’s Book of the Indians, ch. 1, 2; Doddridge’s Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of Virginia and Penna., ch. 3; Geo. Catlin’s Life amongst the Indians (1861), and his Last Rambles (1867), with extracts in Smithsonian Ann. Rept., 1885, iii. 749; Isaac McCoy’s Hist. of Baptist Indian Missions (Washington, 1840); Short’s No. Amer. of Antiq., ch. 4, 11; B. H. Coate’s Annual Discourse before the Penna. Hist. Soc. (Philad., 1834), reviewing the various theories; also in their Memoirs, iii. part 2; John Y. Smith in Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Ann. Rep., iv. 117; Dennie’s Portfolio, xiii. 231, 519; xiv. 7; A. R. Grote in Amer. Naturalist, xi. 221 (April, 1877); C. C. Abbott in Ibid. x. 65.

Some Canadian writers: J. Campbell in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Transactions (1880-81); Napoléon Legendre’s “Races indigénes de l’Amérique devant l’histoire” in Proc. Royal Soc. of Canada, ii. 25.

[1567] The book is a rare one. Field, No. 586. Sabin, vii. p. 157. Quaritch in 1885 had not known of a copy being for sale in twenty years. He then had two (Nos. 28,355-56). There is one in Harvard College Library. Garcia drew somewhat from a manuscript of Juan de Vetanzos, a companion of Pizarro, and he gives the native accounts of their origin. There was a second edition, with Barcia’s Annotations, Madrid, 1729 (Carter-Brown, iii. 432).

[1568] New English Canaan (Amsterdam, 1637—C. F. Adams’ ed., 1883, pp. 125, 129).

[1569] There is an English translation in the Bibliotheca Curiosa. [Edited by Edmund Goldsmidt.] (Edinburgh, 1883-85.) No. 12. On the origin of the native races of America. To which is added, A treatise on foreign languages and unknown islands, by Peter Albinus. Translated from the Latin. The translation is unfortunate in its blunders. Cf. H. W. Haynes in The Nation, Mar. 15, 1888. Grotius was b. 1583; d. 1645.

[1570] Carter-Brown, ii. 522, 523, 543.

[1571] This book is scarcer than the first (Brinley, iii. 5414-15). There is a letter addressed to De Laet, touching Grotius, in Claudius Morisotus’s Epistolarum Centuriæ duæ, 1656.

[1572] Brinley, iii. 5407-8. In Samuel Sewall’s Letter Book, i. 289, is an amusing reference to the “vanities of Hornius.”

[1573] Jo. Bapt. Poisson, Animadversiones ad ea quæ Hugo Grotius et Joh. Lahetius de origine gentium Peruvianarum et Mexicanarum scripserunt (Paris, 1644); Rob. Comtæus Nortmanus, De origine gentium Americanarum (Amsterdam, 1664), an academic dissertation adopting the Phœnician view; A. Mil, De origine animalium et migratione populorum (Geneva, 1667); Erasmus Franciscus, Lust- und Staatsgarten (Nürnberg, 1668), with a third part on the aboriginal inhabitants (Müller, 1877, no. 1150); Gottfried [Godofredus] Wagner, De Originibus Americanis (Leipzig, 1669); J. D. Victor, Disputatio historia de America (Jena, 1670); E. P. Ljung, Dissertatio de origine gentium novi orbis prima (Stregnäs [Sweden] 1676). An essay of 1695 reprinted in the Memoirs, Anthrop. Soc. of London, i. 365; Nic Witsen, Noord-en-Oost Tartarye (2d ed., Amsterdam, 1705), holding to the migration from northeastern Asia.