[1252] Narrative of the errors, false gods, and other superstitions and diabolical rites in which the Indians of the province of Huarochiri lived in ancient times, collected by Dr. Francisco de Avila, 1608: translated and edited by Clements R. Markham (Hakluyt Society, 1872). [There was a copy of the Spanish MS. in the E. G. Squier sale, 1876, no. 726.—Ed.]

[1253] Tratado de las idolatrias de los Indios del Peru. This work is mentioned by Leon Pinelo as “una obra grande y de mucha erudicion,” but it was never printed.

[1254] Contra idolatriam, MS.

[1255] Extirpacion de la idolatria del Peru, por el Padre Pablo Joseph de Arriaga (Lima, 1621, pp. 137).

[1256] [See Vol. II. p. 570. The Historiæ Pervanæ ordinis Eremitarum S. P. Augustini libri octodecim (1651-52) is mainly a translation of Calancha. Cf. Sabin, nos. 8760, 9870.—Ed.]

[1257] Historia de Copacabana y de su milagrosa imagen, escrita por el R. P. Fray Alonso Ramos Gavilan (1620). The work of Ramos was reprinted from an incomplete copy at La Paz in 1860, and edited by Fr. Rafael Sans.

[1258] Origen de los Indios del Nuevo Mundo (1607), and in Barcia (1729).

[1259] Monarquia de los Incas del Peru. Antonio says of this work, “Tertium quod promiserat adhuc latet nempe.”

[1260] Historia general del Peru, origen y descendencia de los Incas, pueblos y ciudades, por P. Fr. Martin de Múrua (1618). [Cf. Markham’s Cieza’s Travels, Second Part, p. 12.—Ed.]

[1261] He was a cousin of the poet of the same name, and of the dukes of Feria.

[1262] See Vol. II. pp. 290, 575.

[1263] The Commentarios Reales (Part I.) of Garcilassos de la Vega contain 21 quotations from Blas Valera, 30 from Cieza de Leon (first part), 27 from Acosta, 11 from Gomara, 9 from Zarate, 3 from the Republica de las Indias Occidentales of Fray Geronimo Roman, 2 from Fernandez, 4 from the Inca’s schoolfellow Alcobasa, and 1 from Juan Botero Benes.

[1264] In a learned pamphlet on the word Uirakocha,—“Lexicologia Keshua por Leonardo Villar” (pp. 16, double columns. Lima, 1887).

[1265] [The common expression of distrust is such as is shown by Hutchinson in his Two Years in Peru, who finds little to commend amid a constant glorification of the Incas to the prejudice of the older peoples; and by Marcoy in his Travels in South America, who speaks of his “simple and audacious gasconades” (Eng. trans. i. p. 186).—Ed.]

[1266] Cf. the bibliography of the book in Vol. II. pp. 569, 570, 575.—Ed.

[1267] By Clements R. Markham, in 1872.

[1268] [Cf. bibliog. of Herrera in Vol. II. pp. 67, 68.—Ed.]

[1269] Informaciones acerca del Señorio y Gobierno de los Ingas hechas, por mandado de Don Francisco de Toledo Virey del Peru (1570-72). Edited by Don Márcos Jiménez de la Espada, in the Coleccion de libros Españoles raros ó curiosos, Tomo xvi. (Madrid, 1882).

[1270] We first hear of Sarmiento in a memorial dated at Cuzco on March 4, 1572, in which he says that he was the author of a history of the Incas, now lost. We further gather that, owing to having found out from the records of the Incas that Tupac Inca Yupanqui discovered two islands in the South Sea, called Ahuachumpi and Ninachumpi, Sarmiento sailed on an expedition to discover them at some time previous to 1564. Balboa also mentions the tradition of the discovery of these islands by Tupac Yupanqui. Sarmiento seems to have discovered islands which he believed to be those of the Inca, and in 1567 he volunteered to command the expedition dispatched by Lope de Castro, then governor of Peru, to discover the Terra Australis. But Castro gave the command to his own relation, Mandana. We learn, however, from the memorial of Sarmiento, that he accompanied the expedition, and that the first land was discovered through shaping a course in accordance with his advice. Sarmiento submitted a full report of this first voyage of Mandana, which is now lost, to the Viceroy Toledo. In 1579, Sarmiento was sent to explore the Straits of Magellan. In 1586, on his way to Spain, he was captured by an English ship belonging to Raleigh, and was entertained hospitably by Sir Walter at Durham House until his ransom was collected. From the Spanish captive his host obtained much information respecting Peru and its Incas. He could have no higher authority. One of the journals of the survey of Magellan Straits by Sarmiento was published at Madrid in 1768: Viage al estrecho de Magellanes: por el Capitan Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, en los años 1579 y 1580. See Vol. II. p. 616.

[1271] [Cf. Vol. II. p. 571.]

[1272] Historia del Reino de Quito, en la America Meridional, escrita por el Presbitero Don Juan de Velasco nativo de Mismo Reino, año de 1789. A Spanish edition, Quito, Imprenta del Gobierno, 1844, 3 Tomos, was printed from the manuscript, Histoire du Royaume de Quito, por Don Juan de Velasco (inédite,) vol. ix. Voyages, &c., par H. Ternaux Compans (Paris, 1840). This version, however, covers only a part of the work, of which the second volume only relates to the ancient history. [Cf. Vol. II. p. 576.—Ed.]

[1273] [Cf. Vol. II. p. 578.—Ed.]

[1274] [Cf. Vol. II. p. 577; Sabin’s Dictionary, xv. p. 439. The opinions of Prescott can be got at through Poole’s Index, p. 993. H. H. Bancroft, Chronicles, 25, gives a characteristic estimate of Prescott’s archæological labors. Prescott’s catalogue of his own library, with his annotations, is in the Boston Public Library, no. 6334.27.—Ed.]

[1275] Prescott quotes these four authorities 249 times, and all other early writers known to him (Herrera, Zarate, Betanzos, Balboa, Montesinos, Pedro Pizarro, Fernandez, Gomara, Levinus Apollonius, Velasco, and the MS. “Declaracion de la Audiencia”) 82 times.

[1276] Calancha and a MS. letter of Valverde. He also refers several times to the Antigüedades Peruanas of Tschudi and Rivero.

[1277] Spanish Conquest in America, vol. iii. book xiii. chap. 3, pp. 468 to 513. [Cf. Vol. II. p. 578.]—Ed.

[1278] It was translated into English as Peruvian Antiquities, by Dr. Francis L. Hawkes, of New York, in 1853. [The English translation retained the woodcuts, but omitted the atlas. Cf. Field, Ind. Bibliog., no. 1306; Sabin, xvii. p. 319. There is a French edition, Antiquités Péruviennes (Paris, 1859). Dr. Tschudi later published Reisen durch Süd Amerika, in five vols. (Leipzig, 1866-69), which was translated into English as Travels in Peru, 1838-1842, and published in New York and London.—Ed.]

[1279] Los Anales del Cuzco, por Dr. Mesa (Cuzco, 2 vols.).

[1280] Historia Antigua del Peru, por Sebastian Lorente (Lima, 1860).

[1281] Historia de la civilizacion Peruana, Revista de Lima (Lima, 1880).

[1282] Recuerdos de la Monarquia Peruana, ó Bosquejo de la historia de los Incas, por Dr. Justo Sahuaraura Inca, Canonigo en la Catedral de Cuzco (Paris, 1850).

[1283] Le Pérou avant la conquête espagnole, d’après les principaux historiens originaux et quelques documents inédits sur les antiquités de ce pays (Paris, 1858).

[1284] Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen, von J. G. Müller (Basel, 1867).

[1285] Anthropologie der Naturvölker, von Dr. Theodor Waitz (4 vols.) Leipzig, 1864.

[1286] Myths of the New World, a treatise on the symbolism and mythology of the Red Race of America, by Daniel G. Brinton, M.D. (New York, 1868). Aboriginal American authors and their productions, especially those in the native languages, by Daniel G. Brinton, M.D. (Philadelphia, 1883). [Brinton’s writings, however, in the main illustrate the antiquities north of Panama.]

[1287] Antiquarian, ethnological and other researches in New Granada, Equador, Peru, and Chile; with observations on the Pre-Incarial, Incarial, and other monuments of Peruvian nations, by William Bollaert, F.R.G.S. (London, 1860). [Bollaert’s minor and periodical contributions, mainly embodied in his final work, are numerous: Contributions to an introduction to the Anthropology of the New World. Ancient Peruvian graphic Records (tr. in Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France, n. s., i.). Observations on the history of the Incas (in the Transactions Ethnological Soc., 1854).—Ed.]

[1288] Vues des Cordillères, ou Monumens des Peuples indigènes de l’Amérique (Paris, 1810; in 8vo, 1816), called in the English translation, Researches concerning the institutions and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America, with descriptions and views of some of the most striking scenes in the Cordilleras. Transl. into English by Helen Maria Williams (London, 1814). Voyage aux Régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent fait en 1799-1804, avec deux Atlas, 3 vols. 4to (Paris, 1814-25; and 8vo, 13 vols., 1816-31), called in the English translation, Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, 1799-1804, by A. von Humboldt [and A. Bonpland]: translated and edited by Thomasina Ross (Lond., 1852); and in earlier versions by H. M. Williams (London, 1818-1829). [Humboldt’s later summarized expressions are found in his Ansichten der Natur (Stuttgart, 1849; English tr., Aspects of Nature, by Mrs. Sabine, London and Philad., 1849; and Views of Nature, by E. C. Otté, London, 1850). Current views of Humboldt’s American studies can be tracked through Poole’s Index, p. 613.—Ed.]

[1289] Antonio Ulloa’s Mémoires philosophiques, historiques, physiques, concernant le découverte de l’Amérique (Paris, 1787). Voyage historique de l’Amérique Méridionale, fait par ordre du Roy d’Espagne; ouvrage qui contient une histoire des Yncas du Pérou, et des observations astronomiques et physiques, faites pour déterminer la figure et la grandeur de la terre (Amsterdam, 1732). Or in the English translation, Voyage to South America by Don Jorge Juan and Don Antonio de Ulloa, 2 vols. 8vo (London, 1758, 1772; fifth ed. 1807). [Another of the savans in this scientific expedition was Charles M. La Condamine, and we have his observations in his Journal du Voyage fait à l’Equateur (1751), and in a paper on the Peruvian monuments in the Mémoires of the Berlin Academy (1746). Other early observers deserving brief mention are Pedro de Madriga, whose account is appended to Admiral Jacques d’Heremite’s Journael van de Nassausche Vloot (Amsterdam, 1652), and Amedée François Frezier’s Voyage to the South Sea (London, 1717).—Ed.]

[1290] L’Homme Américain considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux (Paris, 1839). [He gives a large ethnological map of South America. His book is separately printed from Voyages dans l’Amérique Meridionale (9 vols.)—Ed.]

[1291] Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique de Sud, exécutée par ordre du Gouvernement Français pendant les annees 1843 à 1847. Troisième partie, Antiquités des Incas (4to, Paris, 1854).

[1292] Pérou et Bolivie, Récit de voyage suivi d’études archéologiques et ethnographiques et de notes sur l’écriture et les langues des populations Indiennes. Ouvrage contenant plus de 1100 gravures, 27 cartes et 18 plans, par Charles Wiener (Paris, 1880). [Wiener earlier published two monographs: Notice sur le communisme des Incas (Paris, 1874); Essai sur les institutions politiques, religieuses, économiques et sociales de l’Empire des Incas (Paris, 1874).—Ed.]

[1293] Uira-cocha, por Leonardo Villar (Lima, 1887).

[1294] Cuzco and Lima (London, 1856).

[1295] Travels in Peru and India while superintending the collection of chinchona plants and seeds in South America, and their introduction into India (London, 1862). [Cf. Field’s Indian Bibliog. for notes on Mr. Markham’s book. He epitomizes the accounts of Peruvian antiquities in his Peru (London, 1880), of the “Foreign Countries Series.” Cf. Vol. II. p. 578.]—Ed.

[1296] Peru, Incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas (N. Y. 1877; London, 1877). [Squier was sent to Peru on a diplomatic mission by the United States government in 1863, and this service rendered, he gave two years to exploring the antiquities of the country. His Peru embodies various separate studies, which he had previously contributed to the Journal of the American Geographical Society (vol. iii. 1870-71); the American Naturalist (vol. iv. 1870); Harper’s Monthly (vols. vii., xxxvi., xxxvii.). He contributed “Quelques remarques sur la géographie et les monuments du Pérou” to the Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Paris, Jan., 1868. A list of Squier’s publications is appended to the Sale Catalogue of his Library (N. Y., 1876), which contains a list of his MSS., most of which, it is believed, passed into the collection of H. H. Bancroft. Mr. Squier’s closing years were obscured by infirmity; he died in 1888.—Ed.]

[1297] [Among the recent travellers, mention may be made of a few of various interests: Edmund Temple’s Travels in Peru (Lond., 1830); Thomas Sutcliffe’s Sixteen Years in Chili and Peru (Lond., 1841); S. S. Hill’s Travels in Peru and Mexico (Lond., 1860); Thos. J. Hutchinson’s Two Years in Peru (with papers on prehistoric anthropology in the Anthropological Journal, iv. 438, and “Some Fallacies about the Incas,” in the Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Liverpool, 1873-74, p. 121); Marcoy’s Voyage, first in the Tour du Monde, 1863-64, and then separately in French, and again in English; E. Pertuiset’s Le Trésor des Incas (Paris, 1877); and Comte d’Ursel’s Sud-Amérique, 2d ed. (Paris, 1879). F. Hassaurek, in his Four Years among Spanish Americans (N. Y., 1867), epitomizes in his ch. xvi. the history of Quito.—Ed.]

[1298] Intellectual Observer, May, 1863 (London).

[1299] Riquezas Peruanas (Lima, 1884).

[1300] The temple of the Andes, by Richards Inwards (London, 1884). [Mr. Markham has also had occasion to speak of these ruins in annotating his edition of Cieza de Leon, p. 374. There is a privately printed book by L. Angrand, Antiquités Américaines: lettres sur les antiquités de Tiaguanaco, et l’origine présumable de la plus ancienne civilisation du Haut-Pérou (Paris, 1866).—Ed.]

[1301] This superb work was issued at Berlin and London with German and English texts. The English title reads, Peruvian Antiquities: the Necropolis of Ancon in Peru. A contribution to our knowledge of the culture and industries of the empire of the Incas. Being the results of excavations made on the spot. Translated by A. H. Keane. With the aid of the general administration of the royal museums of Berlin (Berlin, 1880-87); in three folio volumes, with 119 colored and plain plates. The divisions are: 1. The Necropolis and its graves. 2. Garments and textiles. 3. Ornaments, utensils, earthenware; evolution of ornamentation, with treatises by L. Wittmack on the plants found in the graves; R. Virchow on the human remains, and A. Nehring on the animals. [A few of the plates are reproduced in black and white in Ruge’s Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen. The authors represent that the graveyard of Ancon, an obscure place lying near the coast, north of Lima, was probably the burial-place of a poor people; but its obscurity has saved it to us while important places have been ransacked and destroyed. The reader will be struck with the richness of the woven materials, which are so strikingly figured in the plates. On this point Stübel published in Dresden in 1888, as a part of the Festschrift of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the “Verein für Erdkunde,” a paper Ueber altperuanische Gewebemuster und ihnen analoge Ornamente der altklassischen Kunst (Dresden, 1888). Some of the plates in the larger work impress one with the great variety of ornamenting skill. The collection formed by John H. Blake from an ancient cemetery on the bay of Chacota, now in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Mass., is described in the Reports of that institution, xi. 195, 277. Reference may also be made to B. M. Wright’s Description of the collection of gold ornaments from the “huacas,” or graves of some aboriginal races of the northwestern provinces of South America, belonging to Lady Brassey (London, 1885).—Ed.]

[1302] Antonio Raimondi. El Peru. Tomo I. Parte Preliminar, 4to, pp. 444 (Lima, 1874). Tomo II. Historia de la Geografia del Peru, 4to, pp. 475 (Lima, 1876). Tomo III. Historia de la Geografia del Peru, 4to, pp. 614 (Lima, 1880).

[1303] Voyages, Relations et Mémoires Originaux pour servir à l’Histoire de la Découverte de l’Amérique, 20 vols. in 10, 8vo (Paris, 1837-41). See Vol. II., introd. p. vi.

[1304] [Among less important or more general later writers on this ancient civilization may be mentioned: Charles Labarthe’s La Civilisation péruvienne avant l’arrivée des Espagnols (Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France, n. s., i.), and his paper from the Annuaire Ethnographique, on the “Documents inédits sur l’empire des Incas” (Paris, 1861); Rudolf Falb’s Das Land der Inca in seiner Bedeutung für die Urgeschichte der Sprache und Schrift (Leipzig, 1883); Lieut. G. M. Gilliss, in Schoolcraft’s Ind. Tribes, v. 657; Dr. Macedo’s comparison of the Inca and Aztec civilizations in the Proc. of the Numism. and Antiq. Soc. (Philad. 1883); Vicomte Th. de Bussière’s Le Pérou (Paris, 1863); beside chapters in such comprehensive works as those of Nadaillac, Ruge, Baldwin, Wilson (Prehistoric Man), and the papers of Castaing and others in the Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France, and an occasional paper in the Journals of the American and other geographical and ethnological societies. Current English comment is reached through Poole’s Index, pp. 627, 992.—Ed.]

[1305] [Humboldt (Views of Nature, 235) points out that the name Chimborazo is probably a relic of this earlier tongue.—Ed.]

[1306] [Wiener, Pérou et Bolivie, p. 98, gives a plan of the neighborhood of Truxillo, showing the position “du Gran Chimu,” and an enlarged plan of the ruins.—Ed.]

[1307] Squier, 210.

[1308] [There are two or three Peruvian periodicals of some importance for their archæological papers. The Mercurio Peruano de Historia, Literatura y Noticias publicas que da a luz la Sociedad Academica de Amantes de Lima (Lima, 1791-1795), appeared in twelve volumes. It is often defective, and the Spanish government finally interdicted it, as it was considered revolutionary in principle. It was edited at one time by the Père Cisneros. There is a set in Harvard College library.

The Revista Peruana (Lima) has been the channel of some important archæological contributions. Others appeared in the Museo Erudito, o los Tiempos y las Costumbres (Cuzco, 1837, etc.)—Ed.]

[1309] Squier.

[1310] I do not now believe that the idolatrous practices and legends, preserved by Arriaga and Avila, had any connection with the Chimu race.

[1311] Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Peru, nuevamente compuesta por el Maestro Fray Domingo de S. Thomas de la orden de S. Domingo, Morador en los dichos reynos. Impresso en Valladolid por Francisco Fernandez de Cordova, 1560. Lexicon ó Vocabulario de la lengua general del Peru, llamada Quichua (Valladolid, 1560). The grammar and vocabulary are usually bound up together. [The two were priced respectively by Leclerc, in 1878, at 2,500 and 600 francs.—Ed.]

The grammar and vocabulary of San Tomas were reprinted at Lima in 1586 by Antonio Ricardo. In the list given by Rivero and Von Tschudi (Antigüedades Peruanas, p. 99), the printer Ricardo is entered as the author of this Lima edition of San Tomas.

[1312] Grammatica y Vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru llamada Quichua por Diego de Torres Rubio S. S. (Seville, 1603). This original edition is of great rarity. Quaritch, in 1885, asked £20 for a defective copy.—Ed.

A second edition was printed at Lima in 1619; and a third in 1700. To this third edition a vocabulary was added of the Chinchaysuyu dialect, by Juan de Figueredo. A fourth edition was published at Lima in 1754, also containing the Chinchaysuyu vocabulary, which is spoken in the north of Peru. [For this 1754 edition see Leclerc, no. 2409. It is worth about $50.—Ed.]

[1313] Vocabulario de la Lengua general de todo el Peru llamada lengua Quichua ó del Inca. En la ciudad de los Reyes, 1586. Second edition printed by Francisco del Canto, 1607 (2 vols. 4to). [Leclerc (no. 2401), in 1879, priced this ed. at 2,000 francs; Quaritch, a defective copy, £21.—Ed.]

[1314] Gramatica y Arte nueva de la lengua general de todo el Peru llamada lengua Quichua o Lengua del Inca por Diego Gonzales Holguin de la Compañia de Jesus, natural de Caceres Impresso en la Ciudad de los Reyes del Peru, por Francisco del Canto, 1607. [Leclerc, 1879, no. 2402, 500 francs.—Ed.] A second edition was published at Lima in 1842.

[1315] Arte y gramatica muy copiosa de la lengua Aymará con muchos y variados modos de hablar (Roma, 1603).

[1316] Arte de la lengua Aymará con una selva de frases en la misma lengua y su declaracion en romance. Impresso en la casa de in Compañia de Jesus de Juli en la provincia de Chucuyto. Por Francisco del Canto, 1612. pp. 348.

[1317] Vocabulario de la lengua Aymara, Juli 1612, Spanish and Aymara, pp. 420, Aymara and Spanish, pp. 378. [Priced by Quaritch in 1885 at £60; by Leclerc in 1879 at 2,000 francs.—Ed.]

[1318] Arte de la lengua general del’ ynga llamada Quechhua (Lima, 1691). Leclerc, 1879. 250 francs.

[1319] Arte de la lengua Yunga de los valles del Obispado de Truxillo, con un confesionario, y todos las ovaciones cristianas y otras casas. Autor el beneficiado Don Fernando de la Carrera Cura y Vicario de San Martin de Reque en el corregimiento de Chiclayo (Lima, 1644).

This work is extremely rare. Only three copies are known to exist, one in the library at Madrid, one in the British Museum, which belonged to M. Ternaux Compans, and one in possession of Dr. Villar, in Peru. A copy was made for William von Humboldt from the British Museum copy, which is now in the library at Berlin.

The Arte de la lengua Yunga was reprinted in numbers of the Revista de Lima in 1880, under the editorial supervision of Dr. Gonzalez de la Rosa.

[1320] Sermones de los misterios de nuestra Santa Fé catolica, en lengua Castellana, y la general del Inca. Impugnanse los errores particulares que los Indios han tenido, por el Doctor Don Fernando de Avendaño, 1648. Rivero and Von Tschudi give some extracts from these sermons in the Antigüedades Peruanas, p. 108.

[1321] Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum juxta ordinem Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ, per R. P. F. Ludovicum Hieronymum Orerum (Neapoli, 1607).

[1322] Carter-Brown, ii. 7.

[1323] Primera parte de la miscelanea austral de Don Diego D’Avalos y Figueroa ex varias coloquias, interlocutores Delia y Cilena, con la defensa de Danias. Impreso en Lima por Antonio Ricardo, año 1602.

[1324] Die Kechua Sprache, I.; Sprachlehre, II.; Wörterbuch, von J. J. Von Tschudi (Wien, 1853).

[1325] Gramatica y Diccionario de la lengua general de Peru, llamada comunmuente Quichua, por el R. P. Fr. Honorio Mossi, Misionero Apostolico del colejio de propaganda fide de la ciudad de Potosi (Sucre, 1859). [An earlier Gramática y Ensayo was published at Sucre in 1857. Leclerc says it has become very rare.—Ed.]

[1326] Gramatica Quichua o del idioma del Imperio de los Incas, por José Dionisio Anchorena (Lima, 1874).

[1327] Elementos de Gramatica Quichua ó idioma de los Yncas por el Dr. José Fernandez Nodal. The book was printed in England in 1874.

[1328] El Evangelio de Jesu Christo segun San Lucas en Aymara y Español, traducido de la vulgata Latin al Aymará por Don Vicente Pazos-kanki, Doctor de la Universidad del Cuzco e Individuo de la Sociedad Historica de Nueva York (Londres, 1829).

[1329] Apunchis Santa Yoancama Ehuangeliun, Quichua cayri Ynca siminpi quillkcasca. El Santo Evangelio de Nuestro Señor Jesu-Christo segun San Juan, traducido del original a la lengua Quichua o del Ynca; por el Rev. J. H. Gybbon Spilsbury, Buenos Aires, 1880.

[1330] Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, leur langue, leur religion, leur histoire, par Vicente Fidel Lopez (Paris et Montevideo, 1871). [Lopez’s book was subjected to an examination by Lucien Adam, in a paper, “Le Quichua, est il une langue aryenne?” in the Luxembourg Compte-Rendu du Congrés des Américanistes, ii. 75. Cf. Macmillan’s Mag., xxvii. 424, by A. Lang.—Ed.]

[1331] Peruvia Scythica. The Quichua language of Peru: its derivation from Central Asia, with the American languages in general, and with the Turanian and Iberian languages of the Old World, including the Basque, the Llycian, and the Pre-Aryan language of Etruria; by Robert Ellis, B. D. (Trübner & Co., London, 1875).

[1332] Ollanta: ein Altperuanisches Drama aus der Kechuasprache, übersetzt und commentirt von J. J. von Tschudi (Wien, 1875).

[1333] Ollanta, an ancient Inca Drama, by Clements R. Markham (London, 1871).

[1334] Ollanta o sea la severidad de un padre y la clemencia de un rey drama traducido del Quichua al Castellano por José S. Barranca (Lima, 1868).

[1335] Ollanta por Constantino Carrasco (Lima, 1876).

[1336] Los vinculos de Ollanta y Cusi Kcoyllor, Drama en Quichua. José Fernandez Nodal. Dr. Nodal commenced, but never completed, an English translation.

[1337] Collection Linguistique Americaine. Tome iv. Ollanaï, drama en vers Quechuas du temps des Incas traduit et commenté, par Gavino Pacheco Zegarra (Paris, 1878), pp. clxxiv and 265.

[1338] Ollantay. Estudio sobre el drama Quichua, por Bartolomé Mitre, publicada en la Nueva Revista de Buenos Ayres (1881).

[1339] Poesia Dramatica de los Incas. Ollantay, por Clemente R. Markham traducido del Ingles por Adolfo F. Olivares, y seguido de una carta critica del Dr. Don Vicente Fidel Lopez (Buenos Ayres, 1883).

[1340] See Vol. IV. p. 141.

[1341] A most graphic and picturesque account of the ceremonies attending the process of adoption is given in the Narrative of the Captivity of Col. James Smith. He was taken prisoner, in May, 1755, by two Delaware Indians, and carried to Fort Duquesne. He describes the methods of the men and the women in an Indian town by which he was adopted as one of the Caughnewagos. He shared the life and rovings of the tribe till 1760, when he got back to his home; accompanied Bouquet as a guide; was colonel of a regiment in our Revolutionary War, and afterwards a member of the Kentucky legislature. Here certainly was a varied career.

[1342] Governor Colden says that when he first went among the Mohawks he was adopted by them. The name given to him was “Cayenderogue,” which was borne by an old sachem, a notable warrior. He writes: “I thought no more of it at that time than as an artifice to draw a belly-full of strong liquor from me for himself and his companions. But when, about ten or twelve years after, my business led me among them,” he was recognized by the name, and it served him in good stead. (Hist. of Five Nats., 3d ed., i. p. 11.) The savages always took the liberty of assigning names of their own, either general or individual, to the Europeans with whom they had intercourse. The governor of Canada, for the time being, was called “Onontio”; of New York, “Corlear”; of Virginia, “Assarigoa”; of Pennsylvania, “Onas,” etc. At a council of the Six Nations with the governors of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, held at Lancaster in June, 1744, it came under notice that the governor of Maryland had as yet no appellation assigned him by the natives. Much formality was used in providing one for him. It was tried by lot as to which of the tribes should have the honor of naming him. The lot fell to the Cayugas, one of whose chiefs, after solemn deliberation, assigned the name “To-carryhogan.” (Colden, ii. p. 89.)

[1343] From Archives of Massachusetts, vol. lxviii. p. 193:—

“For the Indian Sagamores, and people that are in warre against us.

“Inteligence is Come to us that you haue some English (especially weomen and children) in Captivity among you. Wee haue therefore sent this messenger, offering to redeeme them either for payment in goods or wompom; or by exchange of prisoners. Wee desire your answer by this our messinger, what price you demand for euery man woman and child, or if you will exchainge for Indians: if you haue any among you that can write your Answer to this our messuage, we desire it in writting, and to that end haue sent paper, pen and Incke by the messenger. If you lett our messenger haue free accesse to you and freedome of a safe returne: Wee are willing to doe the like by any messenger of yours. Prouided he come vnarmed and Carry a white flagg Vpon a Staffe vissible to be seene: which we calle a flagg of truce: and is used by Civil nations in time of warre when any messingers are sent in a way of treaty: which wee haue done by our messenger.

“Boston 31th of March 1676 past by the Council E. R. S. & was signed

“In testimony whereof I haue set to my hand & Seal.

F. L. Gov.”

(From N. E. Hist. and Gen. Register, Jan’y, 1885, pp. 79, 80.)

[1344] Dinwiddie Papers, ii. p. 426.

[1345] Quoted in Parkman’s Montcalm and Wolfe, i. p. 297.

[1346] Margry, v. 135-250.

[1347] By the treaty at Lancaster, the Indians covenanted to cede to the English, for goods of the money value of £400, the lands between the Alleghanies and the Ohio. See our Vol. V. 566.—Ed.

[1348] These treaties are fully presented, with all the harangues, by Colden, vol. ii.

[1349] The most capable and intelligent interpreter employed by the English for a long period, and who served at the councils for negotiating the most important treaties of this time, was Conrad Weiser. He came with his family from Germany in 1710, and settled at Schoharie, N. Y. His ability and integrity won him the confidence alike of the Indians and the English. In the Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. i. pp. 1-34, are autobiographical, personal, and narrative papers and journals by this remarkable man, equally characterized by the boldest spirit of adventure and by an ardent piety. He gives in full his journal of his mission from the governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia to negotiate with the Six Nations in 1737. [See Vol. V. 566.—Ed.]

[1350] Mahon’s England, ch. 35, and Smollett’s England, Book iii. ch. 9.

[1351] Governor Dinwiddie, in urging the assembly of Virginia, in 1756, to active war measures, warned them of the alternative of “giving up your Liberty for Slavery, the purest Religion for the grossest Idolatry and Superstition, the legal and mild Government of a Protestant King for the Arbitrary Exactions and heavy Oppressions of a Popish Tyrant.” (Dinwiddie Papers, ii. p. 515.)

[1352] In Mr. Parkman’s Montcalm and Wolfe, i. p. 65 and on, is a lively account of the busy zeal of Father Piquet in making and putting to service savage converts of the sort described in the text. [See Vol. V. 571.—Ed.]

[1353] The excellent James Logan, who came over as secretary to William Penn, and who always claimed to be a consistent member of the Society of Friends, took an exception to a position on one point,—that of maintaining the right, and even obligation, of defensive warfare. A letter of very cogent argument to this effect was addressed by him to the Society of Friends in 1741, remonstrating with them for their opposition in the legislature to means for defending the colony. Collections of Historl. Soc. of Penns., i. p. 36. [See Vol V. p. 243.—Ed.]

[1354] It was but a repetition of the passions and jealousies of the colonists of Massachusetts, as maddened by the devastation inflicted upon them in King Philip’s war, when they themselves broke up the settlements, then under hopeful promise, of “Praying Indians,” at Natick and other villages, the fruits of the devoted labors of the Apostle Eliot. The occasion of this dispersion and severe watch over the Indian converts was a jealousy that they had been warmed in the bosom of a weak pity merely for a deadly use of their fangs.

[1355] [See Vol. V. 240.—Ed.]

[1356] Spotswood Papers, published by the Virginia Historical Society. [The events of this period are followed in our Vol. V.—Ed.]

[1357] The official papers are given in full by Colden, who adds a very able memorial of his own, in favor of the act, addressed to Governor Burnet, in 1724. It was estimated that the Indian trade of New York increased fivefold in twelve years.

[1358] [See Vol. V. 530, 575.—Ed.]

[1359] Appendix V to the Ohio Valley Historical Series, edition of Bouquet’s Expedition (Cincinnati, 1868).

[1360] It is estimated that not less than two hundred of these scattered traders, who had confidently ventured into the wilderness on the assurance of the treaty, were massacred, after being plundered of goods of more than a hundred thousand pounds in value.

[1361] [The events of the Pontiac war can be followed in Vol. V.—Ed.]

[1362] The bibliography of the subject is nowhere exhaustively done. The Proof-sheets of Pilling as a tentative effort, and his later divisionary sections, devoted to the Eskimo, Siouan, and other stocks, though primarily framed for their linguistic bearing, are the chief help; and these guides can be supplemented by Field’s Indian Bibliography, the references for anonymous books in Sabin’s Dictionary (ix. p. 86), and sections in many catalogues of public and private libraries, like the Brinley (iii. 5, 352 etc.), devoted wholly or in part to Americana, and the foot-notes and authorities given in Parkman, H. H. Bancroft, and many others.

[1363] Parkman’s merits as a historian are elsewhere recognized in the present history. See Vols. II., IV., and V. He first gave his summary of Indian character in the introductory chapter of his first historical book, his Pontiac. He later completed it in papers in the North Amer. Rev., July, 1865, and July, 1866, and finally in the introduction to his Jesuits.

[1364] This class of material, including the Lettres Edifiantes, has been examined in our Vol. IV. 292, 296, 316, etc. Cf. Shea’s Charlevoix, i. 88; Glorias del segundo siglo de la compañia de Jesus, 1646-1730 (Madrid, 1734).

Parkman calls Brébœuf the best observer among the Jesuits. On their missions see Revue Canadienne, Jan., 1888; Dublin Review, xii. (1869) 70; Mag. Amer. Hist., iii. 250. Margry (vol. i.) has a “Mémoire” on the Recollects, 1614-1884. Cf. Revue Canadienne, by S. Lesage, Feb., 1867, p. 303. On the earlier Canadian missions see N. E. Dionne in Nouvelles Soirées Canadiennes, i. 399; U. S. Catholic Monthly, vii. 235, 518, 561; and the Abbé Verreau on the beginnings of the Church in Canada, in Roy. Soc. Canada, Proc., ii. 63.

[1365] See Vol. IV. 130, 290, 296, 298.

[1366] Jesuits, p. liv.

[1367] Shea’s ed. Charlevoix, p. 91. See post, Vol. IV. 298.

[1368] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 242.

[1369] U.S. Statutes at Large, xvii. 513.

[1370] Parkman in his La Salle lets us into the feelings of that explorer. La Salle’s account of the Indians is translated in the Mag. Amer. Hist., Ap., 1878.

[1371] Cf. Travels of several learned missionaries of the Society of Jesus, translated from the French (London, 1714).

[1372] See Vol. V. 245, 582.

[1373] See Vol. V. p. 169.

[1374] Other missionary records are noticed in Vol. V. Brinton enlarges upon the traces of Indian degradation following upon all missionary efforts among them. Amer. Hero Myths, 206, 231.

[1375] The careers of Johnson and Croghan are traced in Vol. V.

[1376] Vol. V. passim.

[1377] Such were the Travels of Alexander Henry, the Sufferings of Peter Williamson, and the long list of so-called “Captivities” (see Vol. V. 186, 490). Probably Mr. Samuel G. Drake was for many years the most assiduous promoter of this class of books. This compiler’s sympathetic sentiment clearly affected his rhetoric and sometimes the accuracy of his statements. Cf. titles of his books in Pilling, Sabin, and Field. Cf. Drake’s Aboriginal Races of North America, revised by H. L. Williams (N. Y., 1880).

[1378] Voyages: an account of his travels and experiences among the North American Indians, from 1652 to 1684. Transcribed from original manuscripts in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum. With historical illustrations and an introduction by G. D. Scull (Boston, 1885), a publication of the Prince Society.

[1379] Voyages, 2d ed., London, 1724.

[1380] See Vol. IV. p. 299.

[1381] In 1766-68.

[1382] Reise in das Innere Nord Amerikas (Coblenz, 1841); also in an English translation (London).

[1383] Border Reminiscences (N. Y., 1872).

[1384] Army Sacrifices.

[1385] Notes of the settlement and Indian wars of the western parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1763-1783. See Vol. V. p. 581.

[1386] The question has often been discussed as to the origin of the title of “Indian summer,” as applied to a beautiful portion of our autumnal season. Dr. Doddridge gives us an explanation of its original significance, or, at least, of an association with it, which would make a feeling of dread rather than of romance its most striking suggestion. He says that to a backwoodsman the term in its original import would cause a chill of horror. The explanation is as follows: The white settlers on the frontiers found no peace from Indian alarms and onsets save in the winter. From spring to the early part of the autumn, the settlers, cooped up in the forts, or ever at watch in their fields, had no security or comfort. The approach of winter was hailed as a jubilee in cabin and farm, with bustle and hilarity. But after the first set-in of winter aspects came a longer or shorter interval of warm, smoky, hazy weather, which would tempt the Indians—as if a brief return of summer—to renew their incursions on the frontiers. The season, then, was an “Indian summer” only for blood and mischief. So the spell of warm open weather, of melting snows, in the latter part of February—a premature spring—was a period of dread for the frontiersmen. It was called the “pawwawing days,” as the Indians were then holding their incantations and councils for rehearsing for their spring war-parties.

[1387] Cf. further on Hildreth and his books our Vol. VII. p. 536.

[1388] There are notices of other books of this kind in Vols. V. and VII. of the present History. Particularly, may be mentioned Joseph Pritt’s Mirror of Olden Time (Chambersburg, Va., 1848; 2d ed., Abingdon, Va., 1849), in which the most interesting portions are the personal narratives of such captives to the Indians as Col. James Smith, John M’Cullough, and others, the full credibility of which is vouched for by those who knew them as neighbors and associates. This class of narratives by men who for years, willingly or unwillingly, affiliated with their wild captors make very intelligible to us the fact that the whites are much more readily Indianized than are Indians led to conform to the ways of civilization. Cf. Archibald Loudon’s Selection of some of the most interesting narratives, of outrages, committed by the Indians, in their wars with the white people. Also, an account of their manners, customs, traditions, etc. (Carlisle, 1808-11; Harrisburg, 1888).

[1389] Vol. VII. p. 448. As types of successive ranges of anthropological studies see Happel’s Thesaurus Exoticorum (Hamburg, 1688); Stuart and Kuyper’s De Mensch zoo als hij voorkomt (Amsterdam, 1802), vol. vi., and the better known Researches of Prichard (vol. v.).

[1390] See Vol. V. 68.

[1391] See Vol. VII. 264.

[1392] The original paintings for the plates are now in the Peabody Museum (Report, xvi. 189). M’Kenney also published his Memoirs, official and personal, with sketches of travel among the northern and southern Indians (N. Y., 1846), in two volumes. He had been in 1816 the agent of the United States in dealing with the Indians, and in 1824 had been put at the head of the Indian bureau.

[1393] The English editions are generally called Illustrations of the Manners, etc.

[1394] The best bibliographical record of Catlin’s publications is in Pilling’s Bibliog. Siouan languages (1887), p. 15. Cf. Field, p. 63; Sabin, iii. p. 436.

[1395] The volume contains three interesting portraits of Catlin and reimpressions of his drawings as originally published.

[1396] For diversity of opinions respecting it see Allibone’s Dictionary. The modern scientific historian and ethnologist think in conjunction in giving it a low rank compared with what such a book should be. The fullest account of the bibliography of this and of Schoolcraft’s other books is in Pilling’s Proof-sheets. Whatever credit may accrue to Schoolcraft is kept out of sight in the title-page of a condensation of the book, which has some interspersed additions from other sources, all of which are obscurely included, so that the authorship of them is uncertain. The book is called The Indian Tribes of the United States, edited by F. S. Drake (Philad., 1884), in 2 vols. There is another conglomerate and useful book, edited by W. W. Beach, The Indian Miscellany; papers on the history, antiquities [etc.] of the American aborigines (Albany, 1877), which is a collection of magazine, review, and newspaper articles by various writers, usually of good character.