[148] Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 61; Graesse, Trésor, i. 130; Sabin, i. 201, who says Rich put it under 1560.

[149] Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 62; Additions, p. 78.

[150] Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 110.

[151] There are copies in Harvard College and Carter-Brown libraries. Cf. Sabin, i. 199; Leclerc, no. 24 (150 francs); Court, no. 13; Murphy, no. 1,606[A]; Stevens, Historical Collection, i. 48; his Nuggets, £2 2s. But recent prices have been £20 and £25; Brunet, i. 294; Ternaux, no. 24; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,173. This tract was reprinted in the Novus orbis (Basle, 1532), and was appended to the Antwerp edition (1536) of Brocard’s Descriptio terræ sanctæ (Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 218; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 117). It is also in the Novus orbis of Rotterdam, 1596 (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 505).

[152] There are copies in the Harvard College, Lenox, and Carter-Brown libraries. It is very rare; a fair copy was priced in London, in 1881, at £62. Cf. Brunet, i. 293; Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 94; Sabin, i. 198; Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 154; Murphy, no. 1,607; Court, no. 14.

[153] The book is very rare. There is a copy in Harvard College Library. A copy was priced in London at £36; but Quaritch holds the Beckford copy (no. 2,275), in fine binding, at £148. Harrisse (Bill. Amer. Vet., no. 167) errs in his description. Cf. Brunet, i. 294; Sobolewski, no. 3,667; Sabin, i. 199; Huth, p. 920; Stevens, Historical Collections, i. 48; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 99; Murphy, no. 3,002; Court, no. 124.

[154] Richard Eden’s copy of this book, with his annotations, apparently used in making his translation of 1555, was sold in the Brinley sale, no. 40, having been earlier in the Judge Davis sale in 1847 (no. 1,352). The first of the Stevens copies, in his sale of 1870 (nos. 75, 1,234), is now in Mr. Deane’s library. There are also copies in the Force (Library of Congress), Carter-Brown (Catalogue, vol. i. no. 104), and Ticknor (Catalogue, p. 14) collections, and in Harvard College Library. Cf. Sabin, i.; Stevens’s Nuggets, £1 11s. 6d.; Ternaux, no. 47; Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 176; Muller (1877), no. 2,031; Court, no. 15; Murphy, no. 1,608; Leclerc (1878), no. 25 (80 francs); Quaritch, no. 11,628 (£3 10s.; again, £5 5s.); Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,176 (£50). Priced in Germany at 60 and 100 marks.

[155] Ramusio’s name does not appear, but D’Avezac thinks his editorship is probable; cf. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (1872), p. 11. There are copies in Harvard College, Carter-Brown, J. C. Brevoort, H. C. Murphy, and Lenox libraries. For an account of a map said to belong to it, see Winsor’s Bibliography of Ptolemy, sub anno 1540. Cf. Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 190; Stevens, Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 344, and Nuggets, vol. ii. no. 1,808; Murphy, no. 1,609; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,177; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 107; Ternaux, no. 43; Court, no. 213. Ramusio also included Martyr in the third volume of his Navigationi. Cf. the opinions of Mr. Deane and Mr. Brevoort on the Summario as given in Vol. III. p. 20.

[156] Brunet, Graesse, Ternaux.

[157] Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 214.

[158] Vol. i. p. 199.

[159] See Vol. III. p. 200; Murphy, no. 1,610.

[160] The book is rare; the copy in the Menzies sale (no. 1,332) brought $42.50. Cf. further in Vol. III. p. 204; also Cooke, no. 1,642.

[161] It has three decades and three books of the “De Babylonica legatione.” There are copies in Harvard College and the Carter-Brown libraries. Cf. Rich (1832), no. 52; Nuggets, £1 10s. 6d.; Sabin, i. 201; Muller, (1877), no. 2,031; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 295; Leclerc, no. 26 (80 francs); Harrassowitz, 35 marks; Quaritch, £1 5s. and £1 16s.; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,178; O’Callaghan, no. 1,479; Cooke, no. 1,641; Court, no. 16; Murphy, no. 1,611.

[162] Graesse, i. 130; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 344; Stevens (1870), no. 1,235.

[163] The Sunderland copy (vol. iv. no. 8,179), with the map, brought £24; a French catalogue advertised one with the map for 250 francs. Without the map it is worth about $25. See further in Vol. III. p. 42; also Murphy, no. 1,612; Cooke, no. 1,643; Court, no. 17. Hakluyt’s text was used by Lok in making an English version (he adopted, however, Eden’s text of the first three decades), which was printed as De Novo Orbe; or, the Historie of the West Indies. Bibliographers differ about the editions. One without date is held by some to have been printed in 1597 (White-Kennett; Field, Indian Bibliography, no. 1,013; Menzies, no. 1,333, $35; Huth, p. 923); but others consider it the sheets of the 1612 edition with a new title (see Vol. III. p. 47, Field, no. 1,014; Stevens, 1870, no. 1,236; Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 10; O’Callaghan, no. 1,481; Murphy, no. 1,612*; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 129, 130). There are copies of this 1612 edition in the Boston Athenæum, Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Massachusetts Historical Society libraries; it is worth from $30 to $40. Mr. Deane’s edition of 1612 has a dedication to Julius Cæsar, the English jurist of that day, which is not in the edition without date. See Vol. III. p. 47. The same was reissued as a “second edition,” with a title dated 1628, of which there is a copy in Harvard College Library (Field, no. 1,015; Stevens, Nuggets, £4 14s. 6d.; Menzies, no. 1,334; Griswold, no. 475; Quaritch, £9 and £12).

[164] Brunet, i. 294; Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 10; Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 160; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 93; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,174, (£61). There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.

[165] Sabin, i. 200. Copy in Harvard College Library; it was printed at the Elzevir Press (Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 11; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,036; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,175).

[166] Prescott’s copy is in Harvard College Library (Ferdinand and Isabella, 1873, ii. 76).

[167] Cf. Arana, Bibliog. de obras anon. (1882), no. 373.

[168] There are copies of this Basle edition in the Boston Public, Harvard College, Carter-Brown, Lenox, Astor, and Barlow libraries. Münster’s map, of which an account is given elsewhere, is often wanting; the price for a copy with the map has risen from a guinea in Rich’s day (1832), to £5. Cf. Harrisse, no. 171; Leclerc, no. 411; Muller (1877), no. 1,301; Ternaux, no. 38; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,100; Court, no. 249. The Paris edition has the Orontius Finæus map properly, though others are sometimes found in it. Cf. Harrisse, nos. 172, 173; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 102; Sabin, vol. ix. nos. 34,101, 34,102; Leclerc, nos. 412 (150 francs), 2,769; Stevens, Bibliotheca geographica, p. 124; Cooke, no. 2,879; Court, no. 250; Sunderland, no. 263; Muller (1872), no. 1,847; Quaritch (1883) £12 16s. The Lenox Library has copies of different imprints,—“apud Galeotum” and “apud Parvum.” There are other copies in the Barlow and Carter-Brown libraries. Good copies are worth about £10.

[169] Sabin (vol. ix. p. 30) says it is rarer than the original Latin. There are copies in Harvard College, Congressional, and Carter-Brown libraries. Cf. Rich (1832), £1 1s.; Ternaux, no. 45; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,106; Grenville, p. 498; Harrisse, no. 188, with references; Stevens (1870), no. 1,419; Muller (1872), no. 1,853, and (1877) no. 1,309 (40 florins), with corrections of Harrisse; Sobolewski, no. 3,857; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 110; Huth, vol. iii. nos. 1,050-1,051. Quaritch and others of late price it at £3. It was from this German edition of the Novus orbis that the collection, often quoted as that of Cornelis Albyn, and called Nieuwe Weerelt, was made up in 1563, with some additional matter. It is in the dialect of Brabant, and Muller (Books on America, 1872, no. 1,854) says it is “exceedingly rare, even in Holland;” he prices it at 50 florins. Cf. Leclerc, no. 2,579 (250 francs); Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,107; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 240; Huth, vol. iii. no. 1,051; A. R. Smith’s Catalogue (1874), no. 8 (£2 2s.); Pinart, no. 668.

[170] It has pp. 585-600 in addition to the edition of 1532. There are copies in the Cornell University (Sparks Catalogue, no. 1,107), Lenox, Carter-Brown, Barlow, J. C. Brevoort, and American Antiquarian Society libraries. One of the two copies in Harvard College Library belonged at different times to Charles Sumner, E. A. Crowninshield (no. 796), and the poet Thomas Gray, and has Gray’s annotations, and a record that it cost him one shilling and ninepence. The map of the 1532 Basle edition belongs to this 1537 edition; but it is often wanting. The Huth Catalogue (vol. iii. p. 1050) calls the map of “extreme rarity;” and Quaritch has pointed out that the larger names in the map being set in type in the block, there is some variation in the style of these inscriptions belonging to the different issues. Cf. Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,103; Harrisse, no. 223; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 123; Leclerc, no. 413, with map (100 francs); Stevens (Nuggets) does not mention the map, but his Bibliotheca historica (1870), no. 1,455, and Historical Collections, p. 66, give it; Muller (1872), no. 1,850 and (1877) no. 1,306. Recent prices of good copies with the map are quoted at £4 4s., 57 marks, and 70 francs; without the map it brings about $4.00. Grolier’s copy was in the Beckford sale (1882), no. 187.

[171] There are copies in the Boston Public (two copies), Boston Athenæum, Harvard College, Carter-Brown (no. 202), and American Antiquarian Society libraries. The map is repeated from the earlier Basle editions. Cf. Brinley Catalogue, no. 50; Huth Catalogue (without map), iii. 1,050; Harrisse, no. 171; Stevens, Historical Collection, vol. i. no. 501; Cooke, no. 1,064; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,104. Rich, in 1832, priced it with map at £2 2s.; recent prices are £4 4s. and £5 5s.

[172] Edited by Balthazar Lydius. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 182; Graesse, iv. 699; Brunet, iv. 132; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,105; Huth, iii. 1051; Leclerc, no. 414 (40 francs); Stevens, Nuggets, £2 2s.; Court, no. 251; Muller (1872), no. 1,870. There are copies in Harvard College Library and Boston Athenæum.

[173] The editions of Ptolemy recording or affecting the progress of geography in respect to the New World are noted severally elsewhere in the present work; but the whole series is viewed together in the Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography, by Justin Winsor, which, after appearing serially in the Harvard University Bulletin, was issued separately by the University Library in 1884 as no. 18 of its Bibliographical Contributions.

[174] H. H. Bancroft, Mexico, i. 258. Harrisse (Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 237) gives the date 1541 as apparently the first edition. His authority is the Labanoff Catalogue; but the date therein is probably an error (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,384). The Athenæ Rauricæ cites a Latin edition of 1543,—it is supposed without warrant, though it is also mentioned in Poggendorff’s Biog.-liter. Handwörterbuch, ii. 234.

[175] Harrisse (Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 258), describing a copy in the Lenox Library. The map of America in this edition is given by Santarem, and much reduced in Lelewel. There are twenty-four maps in it in all (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,385).

[176] Also published at Basle (Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 152; Weigel, 1877, Catalogue; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,386). It has twenty-eight maps. There is a copy in the Royal Library at Munich.

[177] The third and later German editions were as follows: 1546. According to the Athenæ Rauricæ.—1550. Basle, 1,233 pages, woodcuts, with views of towns added for the first time, and fourteen folios of maps. Harrisse (no. 294) quotes the description in Ebert’s Dictionary, no. 14,500. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,387; Leclerc, no. 396; Rosenthal (Munich, 1884), no. 52, at 80 marks. Harrisse (Additions, no. 179) says the Royal Library at Munich has three different German editions of 1550.—1553. Basle. Muller (Books on America, 1872, no. 1,020; 1877, no. 2,203) cites a copy, with twenty-six maps; also Sabin (vol. xii. no. 51,388).—1556. Cited by Sabin, vol. xii. no. 53,389.—1561. Basle. Cf. Rosenthal, Catalogue (1884), no. 53.—1564. Basle. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,390; Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 598. It has fourteen maps, the last being of the New World.—1569, 1574, 1578. Basle. All are cited by Ebert and Harrisse, who give them twenty-six maps, and say that the cuts are poor impressions.—1574, 1578, 1588. Undated; but cited by Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,391-51,393.—1592, 1598. In these editions the twenty-six maps and the woodcuts are engraved after new drawings. That of 1592 is in the Boston Athenæum; that of 1598 is in Harvard College Library. The likeness of Münster on the title is inscribed: “Seins alters lx jar.” America is shown in the general mappemonde, and in map no. xxvi., “Die Newe Welt.” Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,394-51,395.—1614, 1628. These Basle editions reproduced the engravings of the 1592 and 1598 editions, and are considered the completest issues of the German text. They are worth from 30 to 40 marks each. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,396.

[178] The Athenæ Rauricæ gives a Latin edition of 1545.

[179] This 1550 Latin edition has fourteen maps, and copies are worth from $12 to $15. Cf. Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 300; Huth Catalogue, iii. 1,009; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,379; Strutt, Dictionary of Engravers.

[180] The title of the 1554 edition as shown in the copy in the Boston Public Library reads as follows: Cosmo | graphiae | uniuersalis Lib. VI. in | quibus iuxta certioris fidei scriptorum | traditionem describuntur, | Omnium habitabilis orbis partium situs, pro- | priæq’ dotes. | Regionum Topographicæ effigies. | Terræ ingenia, quibus sit ut tam differentes & ua | rias specie res, & animatas, & inanimatas, ferat. | Animalium peregrinorum naturæ & picturæ. | Nobiliorum ciuitatum icones & descriptiones. | Regnorum initia, incrementa & translationes. | Regum & principum genealogiæ. | Item omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, mu- | tationes: atq’ memorabilium in hunc usque an- | num 1554. gestarum rerum Historia. | Autore Sebast. Munstero. The same edition is in the Harvard College Library; but the title varies, and reads thus: Cosmo | graphiæ | uniuersalis Lib. VI. in | quibus, iuxta certioris fidei scriptorum | traditionem describuntur, | Omniū habitabilis orbis partiū situs, propriæq’ dotes. | Regionum Topographicæ effigies. | Terræ ingenia, quibus sit ut tam differentes & uarias | specie res, & animatas & inanimatas, ferat. | Animalium peregrinorum naturæ & picturæ. Nobiliorum ciuitatum icones & descriptiones. | Regnorum initia, incrementa & translationes. | Omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, res gestæ, mu- | tationes: Item regum & principum genealogiæ. | Autore Sebast. Munstero. | The colophon in both reads: | Basileæ Apud Henrichum Petri, | Mense Septemb. Anno Sa | lvtis M.D.LIIII. | This copy belonged to Dr. Mather Byles, and has his autograph; the title is mounted, and may have belonged to some other one of the several “title-editions” which appeared about this time. Cf. Harvard University Bulletin, ii. 285; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 194; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,380-51,381. The account of America is on pages 1,099-1,113. These editions have been bought of late years for about $4; but Rosenthal (Munich, 1884) prices a copy of 1552 at 130 marks, and one of 1554 at 150 marks.

[181] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,382; Muller, Books on America (1872), p. 11.

[182] Some copies have nineteen maps, others twenty-two in all. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 291; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,383. Some passages displeasing to the Catholics are said to have been omitted in this edition. It is worth about $12 or $15.

[183] Supplément, col. 1,129; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,397.

[184] That of Basle, 1556, has on pp. 1,353-1,374, “Des nouvelles ilsles: comment, quand et par qui elles ont esté trouvées,” with a map and fourteen woodcuts. It is usually priced at about $20; the copies are commonly worn (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,398). The same publisher, Henry Pierre, reissued it (without date) in 1568, with twelve folding woodcut maps, the first of which pertains to America (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 271; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,399). In 1575 a new French edition, with the cuts reduced, was issued in three volumes, folio, edited by Belleforest and others; it gives 101 pages to America. Cf. Brunet, col. 1,945; Supplément, col. 1,129; Stevens (1870), p. 121; Sunderland, no. 8,722 (£18 10s.); Porquet (1884), no. 1,673, (150 francs); Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,400.

[185] Cf. Vol. III. of the present History, pp. 200, 201.

[186] Weigel (1877), p. 96; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,401.

[187] Supplément, col. 1,129. Cf. also Weigel (1877), p. 96; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,132; Sabin, vol. xii. nos. 51,402-51,403.

[188] Terzo volume delle navigationi et viaggi, etc., Venice, 1556. His name is, Latinized, Ramusius.

[189] Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 46. A list of the Contents is given in the Carter-Brown Catalogue (vol. i. p. 181), and in Leclerc (no. 484), where a set (1554, 1583, 1565) is priced at 250 francs. Of interest in connection with the present History, there are in the first volume of Ramusio the voyages of Da Gama, Vespucius, and Magellan, as well as matter of interest in connection with Cabot (see Vol. III. p. 24); in the second volume (1559), the travels of Marco Polo, the voyage of the Zeni and of Cabot. The first edition of the first volume was published in 1550; Ramusio’s name does not appear. A second edition came out in 1554. Cf. Murphy Catalogue, nos. 2,096-2,098; Cooke, no. 2,117.

[190] Born in 1485-1486; died in 1557. There is an alleged portrait of Ramusio in the new edition of Il viaggio di Giovan Leone, etc. (Venice, 1857), the only volume of it published. The portrait of him by Paul Veronese in the hall of the Great Council was burned in 1557; and Cicogna (Biblioteca Veneziana, ii. 310) says that the likeness now in the Sala dello Scudo is imaginary.

[191] Cf. also Camus, Mémoire sur De Bry, p. 8; Humboldt, Examen critique; Hallam, Literature of Europe; Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 304; Brunet, vol. iv. col. 1100; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 195 Clarke’s Maritime Discovery, p. x, where Tiraboschi’s account of Ramusio is translated; and H. H. Bancroft, Mexico, i. 282. Ternaux mentions a second edition in 1564; but Harrisse could find no evidence of it (Bibl. Amer. Vet., p. xxxiii). There was a well-known second edition of the third volume in 1565 (differing in title only from the 1556 edition), which, with a first volume of 1588 and a second volume of 1583, is thought to make up the most desirable copy; though there are some qualifications in the case, since the 1606 edition of the third volume is really more complete.

[192] Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 275.

[193] Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 287, 288, 299, 337; Sunderland, nos. 8,569, 8,570; Brinley, no. 44; Murphy, no. 1,709; Court, no. 241.

[194] Court, no. 242.

[195] Carter-Brown, i. 386; ii. 12; Brinley, no. 45.

[196] The different editions in the various languages are given in Sabin, xii. 282.

[197] Sabin, vol. viii. no. 32,004.

[198] A complete reprint of all of Hakluyt’s publications, in fourteen or fifteen volumes, is announced (1884) by E. and G. Goldsmid, of Edinburgh.

[199] The title, however, as given in catalogues generally, runs: Collectiones peregrinationum in Indiam orientalem et Indiam occidentalem, XXV partibus comprehensæ a Theodoro, Joan-Theodoro De Bry, et a Matheo Merian publicatæ. Francofurti ad Mænum, 1590-1634.

[200] This part is of extreme rarity, and Dibdin says that Lord Oxford bought the copy in the Grenville Library in 1740 for £140. Cf. Vol. III.

[201] The earliest description of a set of De Bry of any bibliographical moment is that of the Abbé de Rothelin, Observations et détails sur la collection des voyages, etc. (Paris, 1742), pp. 44 (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 473), which is reprinted in Lenglet du Fresnoy’s Méthode pour étudier la géographie (1768), i. 324. Gabriel Martin, in his catalogue of the library of M. Cisternay du Fay, had somewhat earlier announced that collector’s triumph in calling a set in his catalogue (no. 2,825) “exemplum omni genere perfectum,” when his copy brought 450 francs. The Abbé de Rothelin aimed to exceed Cisternay du Fay, and did in the varieties which he brought together. The next description was that of De Bure in his Bibliographie instructive (vol. i. p. 67), printed 1763-1768; but the German editions were overlooked by De Bure, as they had been by his predecessors. The Carter-Brown Catalogue (vol. i. no. 473) shows Sobolewski’s copy of De Bure with manuscript notes. A lifetime later, in 1802, A. G. Camus printed at Paris his Mémoire sur les grands et petits voyages [de De Bry] et les voyages de Thevenot. As a careful and critical piece of work, this collation of Camus was superior to De Bure’s. A description of a copy belonging to the Duke of Bedford was printed in Paris in 1836 (6 pp.). Weigel, in the Serapeum (1845), pp. 65-89, printed his “Bibliographische Mittheilungen über die deutschen Ausgaben von De Bry,” which was also printed separately. It described a copy now owned in New York. Muller, in his Catalogue (1872), p. 217, indicates some differences from Weigel’s collations. The copy formed by De Bure fell into Mr. Grenville’s hands, and was largely improved by him before he left it, with his library, to the British Museum. The Bibliotheca Grenvilliana describes it, and Bartlett (Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 321) thinks it the finest in Europe. Cf. Dibdin’s description, which is copied in the American Bibliopolist (1872), p. 13. The standard collation at present is probably that of Brunet, in his Manuel du libraire, vol. i. (1860), which was also printed separately; in this he follows Weigel for the German texts. This account is followed by Sabin in his Dictionary (vol. iii. p. 20), whose article, prepared by Charles A. Cutter, of the Boston Athenæum, has also been printed separately. The Brunet account is accompanied by a valuable note (also in Sabin, iii. 59), by Sobolewski, whose best set (reaching one hundred and seventy parts) was a wonderful one, though he lacked the English Hariot. This set came to this country through Muller (cf. his Catalogue, 1875, p. 387), and is now in the Lenox Library. Sobolewski’s second set went into the Field Collection, and was sold in 1875; and again in the J. J. Cooke sale (Catalogue, iii. 297) in 1883. Cf. Catalogue de la collection de feu M. Serge Sobolewski de Moscou, prepared by Albert Cohn. The sale took place in Leipsic in July, 1873. Brunet and Sobolewski both point out the great difficulties of a satisfactory collation, arising from the publisher’s habit of mixing the sheets of the various editions, forming varieties almost beyond the acquisition of the most enthusiastic collector, “so that,” says Brunet, “perhaps no two copies of this work are exactly alike.” “No man ever yet,” says Henry Stevens (Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 179), “made up his De Bry perfect, if one may count on the three great De Bry witnesses,—the Right Honorable Thomas Grenville, the Russian prince Sobolewski, and the American Mr. Lenox,—who all went far beyond De Bure, yet fell far short of attaining all the variations they had heard of.” The collector will value various other collations now accessible, like that in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 396 (also printed separately, twenty-five copies, in 1875); that printed by Quaritch, confined to the German texts; that in the Huth Catalogue, ii. 404; and that in the Sunderland Catalogue, nos. 2,052, 2,053.

[202] There are lists of the sets which have been sold since 1709 given in Sabin (vol. iii. p. 47), from Brunet, and in the Carter-Brown Catalogue (vol. i. p. 408). The Rothelin copy, then esteemed the best known, brought, in 1746, 750 francs. At a later day, with additions secured under better knowledge, it again changed hands at 2,551 francs, and once more, in 1855 (described in the Bulletin du bibliophile, 1855, pp. 38-41), Mr. Lenox bought it for 12,000 francs; and in 1873 Mr. Lenox also bought the best Sobolewski copy (fifty-five volumes) for 5,050 thalers. With these and other parts, procured elsewhere, this library is supposed to lead all others in the facilities for a De Bry bibliography. Fair copies of the Grands voyages in Latin, in first or second editions, are usually sold for about £100, and for both voyages for £150, and sometimes £200. Muller, in 1872, held the fourteen parts, in German, of the Grands voyages, at 1,000 florins. Fragmentary sets are frequently in the Catalogues, but bring proportionately much less prices. In unusually full sets the appreciation of value is rapid with every additional part. Most large American libraries have sets of more or less completeness. Besides those in the Carter-Brown (which took thirty years to make, besides a duplicate set from the Sobolewski sale) and Lenox libraries, there are others in the Boston Public, Harvard College, Astor, and Long Island Historical Society libraries,—all of fair proportions, and not unfrequently in duplicate and complemental sets. The copy of the Great Voyages, in Latin (all first editions), in the Murphy Library (Catalogue, no. 379), was gathered for Mr. Murphy by Obadiah Rich. The Murphy Library also contained the German text in first editions. In 1884 Quaritch offered the fine set from the Hamilton Library (twenty-five parts), “presumed to be quite perfect,” for £670. The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres is about publishing his bibliography of De Bry.

[203] There are somewhat diverse views on this point expressed by Brunet and in the Grenville Catalogue.

[204] Reference has been made elsewhere (Vol. III. pp. 123, 164) to sketches, now preserved as a part of the Grenville copy of De Bry in the British Museum, which seem to have been the originals from which De Bry engraved the pictures in Hariot’s Virginia, etc. These were drawn by Wyth, or White. A collection of twenty-four plates of such, from De Bry, were published in New York in 1841 (Field’s Indian Bibliography, no. 1,701). Cf. Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct. 20, 1866, for other of De Bry’s drawings in the British Museum. De Bry’s engravings have been since copied by Picard in his Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses des peuples idolatres (Amsterdam, 1723), and by others. Exception is taken to the fidelity of De Bry’s engravings in the parts on Columbus; cf. Navarrete, French translation, i. 320.

[205] Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 453, 454, 455.

[206] Rich (1832), £5 5s. Cf. P. A. Tiele’s Mémoire bibliographique sur les journaux des navigateurs Néerlandais réimprimés dans les collections de De Bry et de Hulsius, Amsterdam, 1867.

[207] Stevens (1870), no. 668; Sabin, vi. 211.

[208] Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 456; vol. ii. no. 198; Muller (1875), p. 389.

[209] Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 457, 458; vol. ii. nos. 373, 791. There was a second edition in 1655. Cf. Muller (1872), no. 636; Sabin, vol. i. no. 50; iii. 59; Huth, ii. 612. Abelin also edited the first four volumes (covering 1617-1643) of the Theatrum Europeum (Frankfort, 1635), etc., which pertains incidentally to American affairs (Muller, 1872, no. 1,514). Fitzer’s Orientalische Indien (1628) and Arthus’s Historia Indiæ orientalis (1608) are abridgments of the Small Voyages.

[210] Vol. IV. p. 442.

[211] Sabin, vol. x. no. 42,392; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 530.

[212] Muller (1872), no. 1,867.

[213] Vol. III. p. 47. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. nos. 159, 169, 189, 223, 308, 330, 397. Sobolewski’s copy was in the Menzies sale (no. 1,649). Quaritch’s price is from £75 to £100, according to condition, which is the price of good copies in recent sales.

[214] Muller (1872), no. 2,067.

[215] Catalogue (1875), no. 3,284; (1877), no. 1,627; Tiele, no. 1.

[216] Muller (1872), no. 1,837.

[217] This collection also includes the voyages of Barentz, and of Hudson, as well as several through Magellan’s Straits, with Madriga’s voyage to Peru and Chili.

[218] The collection, as it is known, is sometimes dated 1644 and 1645, but usually 1646 (Muller, 1872, no. 1,871; Tiele, Mémoire bibliographique, p. 9; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. nos. 567, 586; Sabin, iv. 315, 316). A partial English translation appeared in London in 1703 (Muller, 1872, no. 1,886). The Oost-Indische Voyagien, issued at Amsterdam in 1648 by Joost Hartgers, is a reprint of part of Commelin, with some additions. Only one volume was printed; but Muller thinks (1872 Catalogue, no. 1877) that some separate issues (1649-1651), including Vries’s voyage to Virginia and New Netherland, were intended to make part of a second volume. Cf. Sabin, viii. 118; Stevens, Nuggets, no. 1,339.

[219] Vol. IV. p. 219.

[220] The original of Ogilby’s America: cf. Vol. III. p. 416.

[221] Muller (1872), no. 1,884. Another Dutch publication, deserving of a passing notice, which, though not a collection of voyages, enlarges upon the heroes of such voyages, is the Leeven en Daden der doorluchtigste Zee-helden (Amsterdam, 1676), by Lambert van den Bos, which gives accounts of Columbus, Vespucius, Magellan, Drake, Cavendish, the Zeni, Cabot, Cortereal, Frobisher, and Davis. There was a German translation at Nuremberg in 1681 (Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,149; Stevens, 1870, no. 231).

[222] Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,111. A second edition was printed by the widow Cellier in Paris in 1683 (Muller, 1875, p. 395), containing the same matter differently arranged.

[223] An earlier edition (1667) did not have them (Muller, 1875, p. 394). Capel’s Vorstellungen des Norden (Hamburg, 1676) summarizes the voyages of the Zeni, Hudson, and others to the Arctic regions.

[224] Sabin, iv. 68; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 50. It includes in the later editions Castell’s description of America, with other of the Harleian manuscripts, and gives Ferdinand Columbus’ life of his father.

[225] Historical Magazine, i. 125.

[226] Allibone; Bohn’s Lowndes, etc.

[227] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,400; Sabin, viii. 92; Muller (1872), no. 1,901.

[228] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 745, who errs somewhat in his statements; Murphy Catalogue, no. 1,074; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 88, with full table of contents. The best description is in Muller (1872), no. 1,887. Although Vander Aa says, in the title of the folio edition, that it is based on the Gottfriedt-Abelin Newe Welt, this new collection is at least four times as extensive.

[229] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 96.

[230] Carter-Brown, iii. 110.

[231] Carter-Brown, iii. 150.

[232] The publication began in numbers in 1708, and some copies are dated 1710 (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 158).

[233] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 208, in ten vols., 1715-1718. H. H. Bancroft (Central America, ii. 749), cites an edition (1715-1727) in nine vols. Muller (1870, no. 2,021) cites an edition, ten vols., 1731-1738.

[234] Sabin, vol. i. no. 1,250.

[235] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 792; H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 747.

[236] Volumes xii. to xv. are given to America; the later volumes were compiled by Querlon and De Leyre.

[237] Different sets vary in the number of volumes.

[238] Muller (1872), nos. 1,895-1,900; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 831; H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 746. A German translation appeared at Leipsic in 1747 in twenty-one volumes.

[239] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 750.

[240] Muller (1872), nos. 1,980, 1,981. There was a German translation, with enlargements, by J. C. Adelung, Halle, 1767; an English translation is also cited. A similar range was taken in Alexander Dalrymple’s Historical Collection of Voyages in the South Pacific Ocean (London, 1770), of which there was a French translation in 1774 (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,730). The most important contribution in English on this subject, however, is in Dr. James Burney’s Chronological History of Discovery in the South Sea (1803-1817), five volumes quarto.

[241] Dr. Johnson wrote the Introduction; there was a third edition in 1767 (Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 2994).

[242] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 750.

[243] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 754.

[244] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,494.

[245] Sabin, v. 473; H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 750.

[246] Sabin, ix. 529; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,602; H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 750.

[247] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,733; H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 751.

[248] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 751; Allibone.

[249] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 749.

[250] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 752.

[251] There was a quarto reprint in Philadelphia of a part of it in 1810-1812.

[252] There is a catalogue of voyages and an index in vol. xvii. Cf. Allibone’s Dictionary.

[253] Stevens, Bibliotheca geographica, no. 317.

[254] Muller (1872), no. 1,842.

[255] Muller (1875), no. 3,303.

[256] Complete sets are sometimes offered by dealers at £30 to £35.

[257] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 757.

[258] A Spanish translation of the modern voyages by Urrabieta was published in Paris in 1860-1861. The Spanish Enciclopedia de viajes modernos (Madrid, 1859), five volumes, edited by Fernandez Cuesta, refers to the later periods (H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 758).

[259] The plane earth cut the cosmic sphere like a diaphragm, shutting the light from Tartarus.

ἀυτὰρ ὕπερθεν

γῆς ῥίζαι πεφύασι καὶ ἀτρυγέτοιο θαλάσσης.

(Hesiod, Theog. 727.)

“and above

Impend the roots of earth and barren sea.”

(The remains of Hesiod the Ascræan, etc., translated by C. A. Elton, 2d ed. London, 1815.)

Critics differ as to the age of the vivid description of Tartarus in the Theogony.

[260] Pythagoras has left no writings; Aristotle speaks only of his school; Diogenes Laertius in one passage (Vitae, viii. 1 (Pythag.), 25) quotes an authority to the effect that Pythagoras asserted the earth to be spherical and inhabited all over, so that there were antipodes, to whom that is over which to us is under. As all his disciples agreed on the spherical form of the earth while differing as to its position and motion, it is probable that they took the idea of its form from him. Diogenes Laertius states that Parmenides called the earth round (στρογγύλη, viii. 48), and also that he spoke of it as spherical (σφαιροειδῆ, ix. 3); the passages are not, as has been sometimes assumed, contradictory. The enunciation of the doctrine is often attributed to Thales and to Anaximander, on the authority of Plutarch, De placitis philosophorum, iii. 10, and Diogenes Laertius, ii. 1, respectively; but the evidence is conflicting (Simplicius, Ad Aristot., p. 506^b. ed. Brandis; Aristot., De caelo, ii. 13; Plutarch, De plac. phil. iii., xv. 9).

[261] Plato, Phaedo, 109. Schaefer is in error when he asserts (Entwicklung der Ansichten der Alten ueber Gestalt and Grösse der Erde, 16) that Plato in the Timaeus (55, 56) assigns a cubical form to the earth. The question there is not of the shape of the earth, the planet, but of the form of the constituent atoms of the element earth.

[262]

Terra pilae similis, nullo fulcimine nixa,
Aëre subjecto tam grave pendet onus.

[Ipsa volubilitas libratum sustinet orbem:
Quique premit partes, angulus omnis abest.

Cumque sit in media rerum regione locata,
Et tangat nullum plusve minusve latus;

Ni convexa foret, parti vicinior esset,
Nec medium terram mundus haberet onus.]

Arte Syracosia suspensus in aëre clauso
Stat globus, immensi parva figura poli;

Et quantum a summis, tantum secessit ab imis
Terra. Quod ut fiat, forma rotunda facit.

(Ovid, Fasti, vi. 269-280.)

The bracketed lines are found in but a few MSS. The last lines refer to a globe said to have been constructed by Archimedes.

[263] Plato makes Socrates say that he took up the works of Anaxagoras, hoping to learn whether the earth was round or flat (Phaedo, 46, Stallb. i. 176). In Plutarch’s dialogue “On the face appearing in the orb of the moon,” one of the characters is lavish in his ridicule of the sphericity of the earth and of the theory of antipodes. See also Lucretius, De rerum nat., i. 1052, etc., v. 650; Virgil, Georgics, i. 247; Tacitus, Germania, 45.

[264] That extraordinary picture could, however, hardly have been intended for an exposition of the actual physical geography of the globe.

[265] Aristotle, De caelo, ii. 15.

[266] Archimedes, Arenarius, i. 1, ed. Helbig. Leipsic, 1881, vol. ii. p. 243.

[267] The logical basis of Eratosthenes’s work was sound, but the result was vitiated by errors of fact in his assumptions, which, however, to some extent counterbalanced one another. The majority of ancient writers who treat of the matter give 252,000 stadia as the result, but Cleomedes (Circ. doctr. de subl., i. 10) gives 250,000. It is surmised that the former number originated in a desire to assign in round numbers 700 stadia to a degree. Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie, i. 180, n. 27.

[268] The stadium comprised six hundred feet, but the length of the Greek foot is uncertain; indeed, there were at least two varieties, the Olympic and the Attic, as in Egypt there was a royal and a common ell, and a much larger number of supposititious feet (and, consequently, stadia) have been discovered or invented by metrologists. Early French scholars, like Ramé de l’Isle, D’Anville, Gosselin, supposed the true length of the earth’s circumference to be known to the Greeks, and held that all the estimates which have come down to us were expressions of the same value in different stadia. It is now generally agreed that these estimates really denote different conceptions of the size of the earth, but opinions still differ widely as to the length of the stadium used by the geographers. The value selected by Peschel (Geschichte der Erdkunde, 2d ed., p. 46) is that likewise adopted by Hultsch (Griechische und Römische Metrologie, 2d ed., 1882) and Muellenhof (Deutsche Alterthumskunde, 2d ed., vol. i.). According to these writers, Eratosthenes is supposed to have devised as a standard geographical measure a stadium composed of feet equal to one half the royal Egyptian ell. According to Pliny (Hist. Nat., xii. 14, § 5), Eratosthenes allowed forty stadia to the Egyptian schonus; if we reckon the schonus at 12,000 royal ells, we have stadium = 12,000/40 × .525^m = 157.5^m. This would give a degree equal to 110,250^m, the true value being, according to Peschel, 110,808^m. To this conclusion Lepsius (Das Stadium und die Gradmessung des Eratosthenes auf Grundlage der Aegyptischen Masse, in Zeitschrift für Aegypt. Sprache u. Alterthumskunde, xv. [1877]. See also Die Längenmasse der Alten. Berlin, 1884) objects that the royal ell was never used in composition, and that the schonus was valued in different parts of Egypt at 12,000, 16,000, 24,000, small ells. He believes that the schonus referred to by Pliny contained 16,000 small ells, so that Eratosthenes’s stadium = ^16,000/₄₀ × .450^m = 180^m.

It is possible, however, that Eratosthenes did not devise a new stadium, but adopted that in current use among the Greeks, the Athenian stadium. (I have seen no evidence that the long Olympic stadium was in common use.) This stadium is based on the Athenian foot, which, according to the investigations of Stuart, has been reckoned at .3081^m, being to the Roman foot as 25 to 24. This would give a stadium of 184.8^m, and a degree of 129,500^m. Now Strabo, in the passage where he says that people commonly estimated eight stadia to the mile, adds that Polybius allowed 8⅓ stadia to the mile (Geogr., vii. 7, § 4), and in the fragment known as the Table of Julian of Ascalon (Hultsch, Metrolog. script. reliq., Lips., 1864, i. 201) it is distinctly stated that Eratosthenes and Strabo reckoned 8⅓ stadia to the mile. In the opinion of Hultsch, this table probably belonged to an official compilation made under the emperor Julian. Very recently W. Dörpfeld has revised the work of Stuart, and by a series of measurements of the smaller architectural features in Athenian remains has made it appear that the Athenian foot equalled .2957^m (instead of .3081^m), which is almost precisely the Roman foot, and gives a stadium of 177.4^m, which runs 8⅓ to the Roman mile. If this revision is trustworthy,—and it has been accepted by Lepsius and by Nissel (who contributes the article on metrology to Mueller’s Handbuch der klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft, Nordlingen, 1886, etc.),—it seems to me probable that we have here the stadium used by Eratosthenes, and that his degree has a value of 124,180^m (Dörpfeld, Beiträge zur antiken Metrologie, in Mittheilungen des deutschen Archaeolog. Instituts zu Athen, vii. (1882), 277).

[269] Strabo, Geogr., ii. 5, § 7; the estimate of Posidonius is only quoted hypothetically by Strabo (ii. 2, § 2).

[270] Pliny, Hist. Nat. ii. 112, 113. There is apparently some misunderstanding, either on the part of Pliny or his copyists, in the subsequent proposition to increase this estimate by 12,000 stadia. Schaefer’s (Philologus, xxviii. 187) readjustment of the text is rather audacious. Pliny’s statement that Hipparchus estimated the circumference at 275,000 stadia does not agree with Strabo (i. 4, § 1).

[271] The discrepancy is variously explained. Riccioli, in his Geographia et hydrographia reformata, 1661, first suggested the more commonly received solution. Posidonius, he thought, having calculated the arc between Rhodes and Alexandria at 1-48 of the circumference, at first assumed 5,000 stadia as the distance between these places: 5,000 × 48 = 240,000. Later he adopted a revised estimate of the distance (Strabo, ii, ch. v. § 24), 3,750 stadia: 3,750 × 48 = 180,000. Letronne (Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, vi., 1822) prefers to regard both numbers as merely hypothetical illustrations of the processes. Hultsch (Griechische u. Römische Metrologie, 1882, p. 63) follows Fréret and Gosselin in regarding both numbers as expressing the same value in stadia of different length (Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie, i. 360, n. 29). The last explanation is barred by the positive statement of Strabo, who can hardly be thought not to have known what he was talking about: κἄν τῶν νεωτέρων δὲ ἀναμετρήσεων εἰσάγηται ἡ ἐλαχίστην ποιόυσα τὴν γῆν, οἵαν ὁ Ποσειδώνιος ἐγκρίνει περὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα μυριάδας οὖσαν, (Geogr., ii. 2, § 2.)

[272] Geographia, vii. 5.

[273] 1° = 500 stadia = 88,700^m, which is about one fifth smaller than the truth.

[274] Xenophanes is to be excepted, if, as M. Martin supposes, his doctrine of the infinite extent of the earth applied to its extent horizontally as well as downward.

[275] The domain of early Greek geography has not escaped the incursions of unbalanced investigators. The Greeks themselves allowed the Argonauts an ocean voyage: Crates and Strabo did valiant battle for the universal wisdom of Homer; nor are scholars lacking to-day who will demonstrate that Odysseus had circumnavigated Africa, floated in the shadow of Teneriffe—Horace to the contrary notwithstanding,—or sought and found the north pole. The evidence is against such vain imaginings. The world of Homer is a narrow world; to him the earth and the Ægean Sea are alike boundless, and in his thought fairy-land could begin west of the Lotos-eaters, and one could there forget the things of this life. There is little doubt that the author of the Odyssey considered Greece an island, and Asia and Africa another, and thought the great ocean eddied around the north of Hellas to a union with the Euxine.

[276]

Quinque tenent caelum zonae: quarum una corusco

Semper sole rubens, et torrida semper ab igni;
Quam circum extremae dextra laevaque trahuntur

Caeruleae glacie concretae atque imbribus atris;
Has inter mediam duae mortalibus aegris

Munere concessae divom.

(Virgil, Georg. i. 233.)

The passage appears to be paraphrased from similar lines which are preserved in Achilles Tatius (Isag. in Phænom. Arat.; Petavius, Uranolog. p. 153), and by him attributed to the Hermes of Eratosthenes. See also Tibullus, Eleg. iv., Ovid, and among the men of science, Aristotle, Meteorol., ii. 5, §§ 11, 13, 15; Strabo, Geogr., i. 2, § 24; ii. 5, § 3; Pliny, Hist. Nat., ii. ch. 68; Mela, De chorographia, i. 1; Cicero, Republ., vi. 16; Tusc. Disp., i. 28.

[277] Aristotle, Meteorol., ii. 1, § 10; ii. 5, § 15; De caelo, ii. 14 ad fin. Letronne, finding the latter passage inconvenient, reversed the meaning by the arbitrary insertion of a negative (Discussion de l’opinion d’Hipparque sur le prolongement de l’Afrique au sud de l’Equator in Journal des Savans, 1831, pp. 476, 545). The theory which he built upon this reconstructed foundation so impressed Humboldt that he changed his opinion as to the views of Aristotle on this point (Examen critique, ii. 373). Such an emendation is only justifiable by the sternest necessity, and it has been shown by Ruge (Der Chaldäer Seleukos, Dresden, 1865), and Prantl (Werke des Aristoteles uebersetzt und erläutert, Bd. ii.; Die Himmelsgebäude, note 61), that neither sense nor consistency requires the change.