[429] Letter of Mr. Pickard, Portland, Me., Nov. 18, 1893.

[430] Letter of Mr. Thurston, Jan. 13, 1893.

[431] Letter of Mr. Thurston, Oct. 21, 1895; letter of Aaron Dunn, South Paris, Me., April 9, 1896.

[432] Letter of J. Milton Hall, April 30, 1897.

[433] Letter of S. Shurtleff, May 25, 1896.

[434] Letter of Mr. Cheney, Pawtuxet, R.I., April 8, 1896.

[435] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, p. 67.

[436] Corroborative evidence as regards the routes of Morgan County is found in letters from the following persons: E. M. Stanberry, McConnellsville, O., Nov. 1, 1892; T. L. Gray, Deavertown, O., Dec. 2, 1892; Martha Millions, Pennsville, O., March 9, 1892; E. R. Brown, Sugar Grove, O.; H. C. Harvey, Manchester, Kan., Jan. 16, 1893.

[437] For these features see the general map.

[438] See p. 129, this chapter.

[439] See the language of Jefferson Davis, quoted on p. 312, Chapter X; letter of A. P. Dutton, Racine, Wis., April 7, 1896; E. M. Pettit, Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, pp. 29, 30, 31; letter of Florence and Cordelia H. Ray, referred to on p. 126, this chapter.

[440] Letter of Mr. Cavins, Dec. 5, 1895.

[441] Conversation with James Bayliss, Massillon, O., Aug. 15, 1895.

[442] Letter of Brown Thurston, Portland, Me., Oct. 21, 1895.

[443] See p. 80, Chapter III.

[444] Underground Railroad, p. 174. See also pp. 176, 177.

[445] Ibid., pp. 364, 365.

The following letter from Mr. Pennypacker to Mr. Still explains itself:

"Schuylkill, 11th Mo., 7th, 1857.

William Still, Respected Friend,—There are three colored friends at my house now, who will reach the city by the Philadelphia and Reading train this evening. Please meet them.

Thine, etc., E. F. Pennypacker.

We have within the past two months passed forty-three through our hands, transported most of them to Norristown in our own conveyance. E. F. P."

[446] Letter of Mr. Jones, Elmira, N.Y., Jan. 16, 1897.

[447] See p. 78, Chapter III.

[448] Letter of Mr. Peirce, Folcroft, Delaware Co., Pa., Feb. 1, 1893.

[449] See p. 79, Chapter III.

[450] Ibid.

[451] Life and Poems of John Howard Bryant, p. 30. Mr. Bryant made a practice of receiving fugitives in his house in Princeton, Ill.

[452] Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Anti-Slavery Reminiscences, p. 27.

[453] Ibid., pp. 28, 30.

[454] R. C. Smedley, Underground Railroad, p. 355.

[455] Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston, pp. 34, 36, 37.

[456] William Still, Underground Railroad Records, pp. 77, 142, 151, 163, 165, 211, etc.

[457] Letter of James S. Rogers, Chicago, Ill., April 17, 1897.

[458] Letter of Brown Thurston, Portland, Me., Oct. 21, 1895.

[459] Letter of Aldis O. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.

[460] "They crossed at Detroit and at Niagara and at Ogdensburg. Of those in New England, some went up through Vermont, some fled to Maine, and crossed over into New Brunswick." F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, Vol. I, p. 170.

[461] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, pp. 80, 81.

[462] Silas Farmer, History of Detroit and Michigan, p. 346.

[463] Edward G. Mason, Early Chicago and Illinois, p. 110.

[464] See Chapter III, pp. 82, 83.

[465] Letter of John G. Weiblen, Fairview, Erie Co., Pa., Nov. 26, 1895.

[466] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, p. 77.

[467] Conversation with Nelson Watrous, Harbor, O., Aug. 8, 1892; conversation with J. D. Hulbert, Harbor, O., Aug. 7, 1892.

[468] The following incident given by Mr. Rush R. Sloane will serve as an illustration: "In the summer of 1853, four fugitives arrived at Sandusky.
... Mr. John Irvine ... had arranged for a 'sharpee,' a small sail-boat
used by fishermen, with one George Sweigels, to sail the boat to Canada with this party, for which service Captain Sweigels was to receive thirty-five dollars. One man accompanied Captain Sweigels, and at eight o'clock in the evening this party in this small boat started to cross Lake Erie. The wind was favorable, and before morning Point au Pelee Island was reached, and the next day the four escaped fugitives were in Canada." The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, pp. 49, 50.

[469] History of Brown County, Ohio, p. 315.

[470] Conversation with ex-President James H. Fairchild, Oberlin, O., Aug. 3, 1892.

[471] See the Annual Reports of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.

[472] Conversation with Mrs. Joel Woods, at Martin's Ferry, Aug. 19, 1892.

[473] Conversation with Judge Jesse W. Laird, Jackson, O., June, 1895.

[474] Conversation with Mr. Robert Purvis, at Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1895.

[475] Conversation with John Evans, at Windsor, Ont., C.W., Aug. 2, 1895; John Evans was a slave near Louisville, but was given his liberty in 1850, when his master became financially involved.

[476] Howe, The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, p. 11.

[477] Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown, p. 229.

[478] Letter from Mr. D. B. Hodge, Oct. 9, 1894.

[479] Letter from Colonel N. C. Buswell, March 13, 1896.

[480] Letter from Seth Linton.

[481] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, p. 39.

[482] Coffin, Reminiscences, pp. 304, 305; letter of Miss H. N. Wilson, College Hill, O., April 14, 1892.

[483] Laura S. Haviland, A Woman's Life Work, p. 199.

In a letter dated Lawrence, Kan., March 23, 1893, Mr. Fitch Reed gives some of the circumstances connected with the progress of this company through the last stages of its journey. He says: "In 1853, there came over the road twenty-eight in one gang, with a conductor by the name of Fairfield, from Virginia, who had aided in liberating all his father's and uncle's slaves, and there was a reward out for him of five hundred dollars, dead or alive. They had fifty-two rounds of arms, and were determined not to be taken alive. Four teams from my house [in Cambridge, Mich.] started at sunset, drove through Clinton after dark, got to Ypsilanti before daylight. Stayed at Bro. Ray's through the day. At noon, Bro. M. Coe, from our station, got on the cars and went to Detroit, and left Ray to drive his team. Coe informed the friends of the situation, and made arrangements for their reception. The friends came out to meet them ten miles before we came to Detroit, piloted us to a large boarding-house by the side of the river. Two hundred abolitionists took breakfast with them just before daylight. We procured boats enough for Fairfield and his crew. As they pushed off from shore, they all commenced singing the song, 'I am on my way to Canada, where colored men are free,' and continued firing off their arms till out of hearing. At eight o'clock, the ferry-boats started, and the station-keepers went over and spent most of the day with them."

[484] Conversation with Jacob Cummings, Columbus, O., April, 1894.

[485] Conversation with the daughter mentioned, now the wife of William Burghardt, Warsaw, N.Y., June, 1894. Article on the Underground Railroad in the History of Warsaw, New York.

[486] Letter from N. A. Hunt, of Riverside, Cal., Feb. 12, 1891.

[487] Quoted by Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 71.

[488] Asbury, History of Quincy, p. 74. The account of the Burr, Work and Thompson case occupies pp. 72, 73 and 74 of Asbury's volume.

[489] E. Hicks Trueblood, "Reminiscences of the Underground Railroad," in the Republican Leader, Salem, Ind., March 16, 1894.

[490] Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, or How the Way was Prepared. Edited from his manuscript. Pp. 1-7.

[491] Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, pp. 12-14.

[492] Boston Weekly Transcript, Dec. 29, 1893.

[493] The Chicago Tribune, Sunday, Jan. 29, 1893.

[494] Ibid.

[495] Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, pp. 138, 144.

[496] Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, pp. 11, 104-143. See also the Chicago Tribune, Sunday, Jan. 29, 1893, p. 33.

[497] Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, pp. 10 and 11.

[498] Letter dated Evansville, Ind., March 31, 1851. Printed in Still's Underground Railroad Records, pp. 30, 31.

[499] Still, Underground Railroad Records, p. 31.

[500] Still, Underground Railroad Records, p. 35. Letter dated South Florence, Ala., Aug. 6, 1851.

[501] Conversation with Samuel Harper and his wife, Jane Harper, the two surviving members of the company of slaves escorted to Canada by Brown in March, 1859. Their home since has been in or about Windsor. I found them there in the early part of August, 1895.

[502] Halloway, History of Kansas. Quoted from John Brown's letters, January, 1859 (pp. 539-545).

[503] In a letter written by Brown, January, 1859, to the New York Tribune, in which paper it was published. It was also published in the Lawrence (Kansas) Republican. See Sanborn's Life and Letters of John Brown, p. 481.

[504] Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, pp. 482, 483; also Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown, pp. 219, 220.

[505] Irving B. Richman, John Brown among the Quakers, and Other Sketches, pp. 46, 47, 48.

[506] Irving B. Richman, John Brown among the Quakers, and Other Sketches, pp. 46, 47, 48.

[507] Sanborn, The Life and Letters of John Brown, p. 483. See the letter of "The Parallels."

[508] Hinton, John Brown and His Men, p. 221.

[509] Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown, p. 221.

[510] Hinton, John Brown and His Men, p. 222, note.

[511] Life of Frederick Douglass, 1881, pp. 280, 281 and 318, 319. Also Hinton, John Brown and His Men, pp. 30, 31, 32.

[512] Hinton, John Brown and His Men, Appendix, pp. 673, 674, 675. Also Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown, pp. 203, 204, 206.

[513] Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 80.

[514] Quoted by Wilson, in his History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 80.

[515] Liberator, Aug. 15, 1845, "The Branded Hand," quoted in part by Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 83; Whittier's Poetical Works, Vol. III, Riverside edition, 1896, p. 114.

[516] Reminiscences written by George W. Clark, by request, have been used to secure an intimate acquaintance with some of the men engaged in the underground service.

[517] Laura S. Haviland, A Woman's Life Work, pp. 91-110.

[518] Personal Memoir of Daniel Drayton, 1853, p. 23.

[519] Personal Memoir of Daniel Drayton, p. 102.

[520] A. L. Benedict, Memoir of Richard Dillingham, 1852, p. 18. Also Harriet Beecher Stowe, A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, pp. 58, 59.

[521] A. L. Benedict, Memoir of Richard Dillingham, p. 18.

[522] This account of Richard Dillingham is based on the Memoir written by his friend, A. L. Benedict, a Quaker, and published in 1852. Abridged versions of this memoir will be found in the Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, Appendix, pp. 713-718; and Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 590.

[523] Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, pp. 80-82.

[524] A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1853, Boston edition of 1896, pp. 274, 275; also Father Henson's Story of His Own Life, 1858, chaps. xii, xiii.

[525] Father Henson's Story of His Own Life, chaps. xvi, xvii.

[526] Father Henson's Story of His Own Life, pp. 149, 150.

[527] Ibid., pp. 162, 163.

[528] The New Lexington (Ohio) Tribune, winter of 1885-1886. Some information in regard to Cheadle appears in a series of articles on the Underground Railroad contributed to this paper by Mr. Gray.

[529] History of Morgan County, Ohio, 1886, published by Charles Robertson, M.D., article on the Underground Railroad.

[530] Dr. Alexander Milton Ross, Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist; from 1855 to 1865, 2d ed., 1876, p. 3. The first edition of this book was issued in 1867. For this and other works of Mr. Ross see Prominent Men of Canada, pp. 118, 119, 120.

[531] Ross, Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist, p. 5.

[532] Ibid., p. 8.

[533] Ross, Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist, pp. 10, 11, 12.

[534] Ibid., pp. 37, 38, 39.

[535] Mr. Richard J. Hinton in his book entitled John Brown and His Men, p. 171, while writing of Captain Brown's convention at Chatham, Canada West, mentions Mr. Ross in the following words: "Dr. Alexander M. Ross of Toronto, Canada, physician and ornithologist, who is still living, honored by all who know him, then a young (white) man who devoted himself for years to aiding the American slave, was a frequent visitor to this section (Chatham). He was a faithful friend of John Brown, efficient as an ally, seeking to serve under all conditions of need and peril."

More or less extended notices of Dr. Ross and his work have appeared during the past few years; for example, in the Toronto Globe, Dec. 3 and 10, 1892; in the Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art and Literature, May, 1896; and in the Chicago Daily Inter-Ocean, March 18, 1896.

[536] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, p. 44.

[537] See p. 3, Chapter I.

[538] Mitchell, The Underground Railroad, p. 20 et seq.

[539] Sarah H. Bradford, Harriet the Moses of Her People, p. 76. See also Appendix, p. 137. These testimonials were given in 1868 and were printed in connection with a short biography of Harriet in the year mentioned. The first edition of this biography has not been accessible to me, but it is mentioned by the Rev. Samuel J. May in his Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict, published the following year. The second edition of the book appeared in 1886.

[540] Ibid., p. 139.

[541] Hinton, John Brown and His Men, p. 173.

[542] Mrs. Bradford, Harriet the Moses of Her People, p. 135.

[543] Ibid., pp. 136, 137.

[544] Ibid., p. 406.

[545] James Freeman Clarke, Anti-Slavery Days, pp. 81, 82. Also M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, p. 62.

[546] Mrs. Bradford, Harriet the Moses of Her People, p. 39.

[547] Mrs. Bradford, Harriet the Moses of Her People, pp. 83, 84.

[548] Ibid., p. 61.

[549] Mrs. Bradford, Harriet the Moses of Her People, Appendix, p. 142.

[550] Lillie B. C. Wyman, in the New England Magazine, March, 1876, pp. 117, 118. Conversation with Harriet Tubman, Cambridge, Mass., April 8, 1897.

[551] "A case of this kind," says Dr. S. G. Howe, "was related to us by Mrs. Amy Martin. She says: "My father's name was James Ford.... He ... would be over one hundred years old, if he were now living.... He was held here (in Canada) by the Indians as a slave, and sold, I think he said, to a British officer, who was a very cruel master, and he escaped from him, and came to Ohio, ... to Cleveland, I believe, first, and made his way from there to Erie (Pa.), where he settled.... When we were in Erie, we moved a little way out of the village, and our house was ... a station of the U. G. R. R." The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, by S. G. Howe, 1864, pp. 8, 9.

[552] Act of 30th Geo. III.

[553] See the article entitled "Slavery in Canada," by J. C. Hamilton, LL.B., in the Magazine of American History, Vol. XXV, pp. 233-236.

[554] M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, p. 20.

[555] Ibid., p. 60; R. C. Smedley, Underground Railroad, p. 26.

[556] S. G. Howe, The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, pp. 11, 12.

[557] William Birney, James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.

[558] Mr. Gallatin to Mr. Clay, Sept. 26, 1827, Niles' Register, p. 290.

[559] Congressional Globe, Twenty-fifth Congress, Third Session, p. 34.

[560] The Patriot War defeated a foolhardy attempt to induce the Province of Upper Canada to proclaim its independence. The refugees were by no means willing to see a movement begun, the success of which might "break the only arm interposed for their security." J. W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Freeman, p. 344.

[561] Nineteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, January, 1851, p. 67.

[562] Interview with Elder Anthony Bingey, Windsor, Ontario, July 31, 1895. On this point Dr. S. G. Howe says: "Of course it [the Fugitive Slave Law] gave great increase to the emigration, and free born blacks fled with the slaves from a land in which their birthright of freedom was no longer secure." Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, p. 15.

[563] Independent, Jan. 18, 1855.

[564] Independent, April 6, 1855; see also Von Holst's Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. V, p. 63, note.