[140] The Republican Leader, March 16, 1894, article, "Reminiscence of the Underground Railroad," by E. H. Trueblood.

[141] See Underground Railroad Records, pp. 46, 47.

[142] Ibid., pp. 81-84; see also Narrative of Henry Box Brown, who escaped from slavery enclosed in a box 3 feet long and 2 wide, written from a statement of facts made by himself, 1849, by Charles Stearns.

[143] Smedley, Underground Railroad, pp. 138, 139.

[144] The Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, pp. 24, 25; see also the Chicago Tribune, Jan. 29, 1893, p. 33.

[145] Conversation with James W. Torrence, Northwood, Logan Co., O., Sept. 22, 1894.

[146] Letter of William I. Bowditch, Boston, Mass., April 5, 1893.

[147] Letter of John Weldon, Dwight, Ill., Nov. 7, 1895.

[148] History of Darke County, Ohio, p. 332 et seq.

[149] Letter of Thomas L. Smith, Fredericksburg, Wayne Co., O., Oct. 6, 1894.

[150] Letter of J. E. Platt, Guthrie, Ok., March 28, 1896. Mr. Platt is a son of Deacon Jirch Platt.

[151] Letter of William H. Collins, Quincy, Ill., Jan. 13, 1896.

[152] Conversation with J. Addison Giddings, Jefferson, O.

[153] Letter of Lewis Ford, Boston, Mass. See also Reminiscences of Fugitive Slave Law Days in Boston, by Austin Bearse, 1880, p. 12.

[154] Letter of John Weldon, Dwight, Ill., Jan. 10, 1896.

[155] Letter of the Rev. J. E. Roy, Chicago, Ill., April 9, 1896.

[156] W. G. Deshler and others, Memorial on the Death of James M. Westwater, pp. 14, 15.

[157] Letter of E. H. Trueblood, Hitchcock, Ind.

[158] Letter of E. F. Brown, Amesville, O.

[159] Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, Feb. 11, 1894, article by W. Eldebe.

[160] Letter of Professor George Churchill, Galesburg, Jan. 29, 1896.

[161] Conversation with Gabe N. Johnson, Ironton, O., Sept. 30, 1894.

[162] Smedley, Underground Railroad, p. 242.

[163] Letter of Valentine Nicholson, Indianapolis, Ind., Sept. 10, 1892.

[164] The Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times, p. 10.

[165] Ibid., p 34. et seq.

[166] Letter from Mr. Sidney Speed, Crawfordsville, Ind., March 6, 1896.

[167] Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, pp. 439-442.

[168] M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, p. 61.

[169] Smedley, Underground Railroad, p. 244.

[170] Spark's Washington, IX, 158, quoted in Quakers of Pennsylvania, by Dr. A. C. Applegarth, Johns Hopkins Studies, X, 463.

[171] The letter from which this quotation is made will be found in Underground Railroad, by R. C. Smedley, pp. 355, 356.

[172] The italics are my own.

[173] Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, pp. 103, 104; see also the Reminiscences of Levi Coffin.

[174] George H. Woodruff, History of Will County, Illinois, p. 268.

[175] Conversation with J. R. Ware, and with the daughter of Mr. Hyde, Mrs. Amanda Shepherd, Mechanicsburg, O., Sept. 7, 1895; conversation with Major Joseph C. Brand, Urbana, O., Aug. 13, 1894.

[176] Conversation with George W. S. Lucas, Salem, Columbiana Co., Aug. 14, 1892, when he was fifty-nine years old. He was remarkably clear and convincing in his statements, many of which have since been corroborated. Citizens of Salem referred to him as a reliable source of information.

[177] Letter from George L. Burroughes, Cairo, Ill., Jan. 6, 1896. Mr. Burroughes said that Mr. Robert Delany, a friend from Canada, proposed to him that they both take an agency for the Underground Railroad. Delany took the Rock Island route and Burroughes the Cairo route.

[178] Letter of Martin I. Townsend, Troy, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1896. Mr. Townsend was counsel for the fugitive, Charles Nalle, in the Nalle or Troy Rescue case. See the little book entitled, Harriet, the Moses of Her People, 2d ed., p. 146; see also History of the County of Albany, New York, from 1609-1886, p. 725.

[179] Conversation with Judge J. W. Finney, Detroit, Mich., July 27, 1897.

[180] Weiss, Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, Vol. II, pp. 92, 93.

[181] Frederick Douglass relates that when he escaped from Maryland to New York, in 1838, he was befriended by David Ruggles, the secretary of the New York Vigilance Committee; Life of Frederick Douglass, 1881, p. 205.

[182] The Rev. J. W. Loguen gives the names of the committee in his autobiography, p. 396.

[183] Samuel J. May, Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 349-364; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in the United States, Vol. II, pp. 305, 306.

[184] Ibid., p. 308. The list of members of the Committee of Vigilance given by Austin Bearse, the doorkeeper of the Committee, contains two hundred and nine names. Among these are A. Bronson Alcott, Edward Atkinson, Henry I. Bowditch, Richard H. Dana, Jr., Lewis Hayden, William Lloyd Garrison, Samuel G. Howe, Francis Jackson, Ellis Gray Loring, James Russell Lowell, Theodore Parker, Edmund Quincy and others of distinction. See pp. 3, 4, 5, 6, in Mr. Bearse's Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave-Law Days in Boston.

[185] For much valuable material relating to the Vigilance Committee of Boston, see Theodore Parker's Scrap-Book, in the Boston Public Library.

[186] Mr. Bearse says: "There were printed tickets of notice which I delivered to each member in person, if possible, of which the following copies are specimens:

'Boston, June 7, 1854.

There will be a meeting of the Vigilance Committee at the Meionaon (Tremont Temple), on Thursday evening, June 8, at half-past seven.

Pass in by the Office Entrance, and through the Meionaon Ante-Room.

Theodore Parker, Chairman of Executive Committees.'

'Vigilance Committee! The members of the Vigilance Committee are hereby notified to meet at —— ——

By order of the Committee,

A. Bearse, Doorkeeper.'"

—Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave-Law Days in Boston, pp. 15, 16.

[187] Ibid., p. 14.

[188] Judg. vii. 3; Deut. xx. 8; referred to by Brown in his "Agreement and Rules."

[189] F. B. Sanborn, in his Life and Letters of John Brown, pp. 125, 126, gives the agreement, rules, and signatures. See also R. J. Hinton's John Brown and His Men, Appendix, pp. 585, 588.

[190] Mason A. Green, History of Springfield, Massachusetts, 1636-1886, p. 506.

[191] Article, "Meeting to Form a Vigilance Committee," in the Pennsylvania Freeman, Dec. 9, 1852; quoted in Underground Railroad Records, by William Still, pp. 610-612.

[192] Still's Underground Railroad Records, p. 177. References to the action of the committee of which Mr. Still was chairman will be found scattered through the Records. See, for example, pp. 70, 98, 102, 131, 150, 162, 173, 176, 204, 224, 274, 275, 303, 325, 335, 388, 412, 449, 493, 500.

[193] Conversation with Asbury Parker, Ironton, O., Sept. 30, 1894.

[194] Conversation with Anthony Bingey, Windsor, Ont., July 3, 1895.

[195] Reminiscences, p. 178.

[196] Conversation with M. J. Benedict, Alum Creek Settlement, Dec. 2, 1893. See also Underground Railroad, Smedley, pp. 56, 136, 142, 174.

[197] Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave, written by himself, 2d ed., 1848, p. 102.

[198] The letter is printed in full, together with other letters, in Still's Underground Railroad Records, pp. 590, 591.

[199] Levi Coffin, Reminiscences, p. 316.

[200] Protectionist, Arnold Buffum, Editor, New Garden, Ind., 7th mo., 1st, 1841.

[201] Reminiscences, pp. 317, 321.

[202] Still's Underground Railroad Records, p. 613.

[203] Ibid., p. 598. In the fragment of a letter from which Mr. Still quotes, Mr. Douglass says, "They [the fugitives] usually tarry with us only during the night, and are forwarded to Canada by the morning train. We give them supper, lodging, and breakfast, pay their expenses, and give them a half-dollar over."

[204] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, p. 21.

[205] Ibid., pp. 23, 57, 79.

[206] Ibid., p. 74. The "Three C's" is now the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, or "Big Four" Route.

[207] Conversation with Thomas Williams, of Pennsville, O.; letter of H. C. Harvey, Manchester, Kan., Jan. 16, 1893.

[208] Letter of I. Newton Peirce, Folcroft, Pa., Feb. 1, 1893.

[209] Letter of Sidney Speed, Crawfordsville, Ind., March 6, 1896. Mr. Speed and his father were both connected with the Crawfordsville centre.

[210] Life and Poems of John Howard Bryant, p. 30; letter of William H. Collins, Quincy, Ill., Jan. 13, 1896; History of Knox County, Illinois, p. 211.

[211] Letter of George L. Burroughes, Cairo, Ill., Jan. 6, 1896.

[212] Ibid.; conversation with the Rev. R. G. Ramsey, Cadiz, O., Aug. 18, 1892.

[213] J. B. Grinnell, Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 216.

[214] Smedley, Underground Railroad, pp. 174, 176, 177, 365. The following letter is in point:—

"Schuylkill, 11th Mo., 7th, 1857.

William Still, Respected Friend:—There are three colored friends at my house now, who will reach the city by the Philadelphia and Reading train this evening. Please meet them.

Thine, etc.,
E. F. Pennypacker."

[215] Letter of John W. Jones, Elmira, N.Y., Jan. 18, 1897.

[216] Letter of the Hon. Andrew D. White, Ithaca, N.Y., April 10, 1897.

[217] Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Anti-Slavery Reminiscences, pp. 28, 38.

[218] Letter of William I. Bowditch, Boston, April 5, 1893. Mr. Bowditch says: "Generally I passed them (the fugitives) on to William Jackson, at Newton. His house being on the Worcester Railroad, he could easily forward any one." Captain Austin Bearse, Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston, p. 37.

[219] Letter of Brown Thurston, Portland, Me., Oct. 21, 1895.

[220] Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Anti-Slavery Reminiscences, pp. 27, 30.

[221] Austin Bearse, Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston, 1880, pp. 34-39.

[222] Smedley, Underground Railroad, letter of Robert Purvis, of Philadelphia, p. 335.

[223] Still, Underground Railroad Records, pp. 165-172. For other cases, see pp. 211, 379-381, 437, 558, 559-565.

[224] See p. 312, Chapter X.

[225] Letters of Brown Thurston, Portland, Me., Jan. 13, 1893, and Oct. 21, 1895.

[226] For letters from Mr. Garrett to William Still, of the Acting Committee of Vigilance of Philadelphia, notifying him that fugitives had been sent by boat, see Still's Underground Railroad Records, pp. 380, 387.

[227] Letter of S. T. Pickard, Portland, Me., Nov. 18, 1893.

[228] Still, Underground Railroad Records, p. 368; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, p. 325; New England Magazine, January, 1890, p. 580.

[229] Letter of A. P. Dutton, of Racine, Wis., April 7, 1896. As a shipper of grain and an abolitionist for twenty years in Racine, Mr. Dutton was able to turn his dock into a place of deportation for runaway slaves.

[230] A. J. Andreas, History of Chicago, Vol. I, p. 606.

[231] Letter of Mr. Weiblen, Fairview, Erie Co., Pa., Nov. 26, 1895.

[232] The Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888, p. 46.

[233] Ibid., p. 50.

[234] The names of the last six boats given, as well as several of the others, were obtained from freedmen in Canada, who keep them in grateful remembrance.

[235] Narrative of William W. Brown, by himself, 1848, pp. 107, 108.

[236] Mr. Quincy's report of the case, quoted by M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, p. 35.

[237] See p. 38.

[238] Smedley, Underground Railroad, pp. 356-361.

[239] Levi Coffin, Reminiscences, pp. 548-554.

[240] This account is condensed from a report given in the Troy Whig, April 28, 1859, and printed in the book entitled, Harriet the Moses of Her People, pp. 143-149.

[241] See Appendix E, pp. 403-439.

[242] William Birney, James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.

[243] Smedley, Underground Railroad, p. 56.

[244] Letter of Mrs. Pamela S. Thomas, Schoolcraft, Mich., March 25, 1896.

[245] Letter of Mrs. Laura S. Haviland, Englewood, Ill., June 5, 1893.

[246] Letter of M. M. Fisher, Medway, Mass., Oct. 23, 1893.

[247] E. G. Mason, Early Chicago and Illinois, 1890, p. 110.

[248] Letter of Sarah C. Pennypacker, Schuylkill, Pa., June 8, 1896.

[249] Letter of H. B. Leeper, Princeton, Ill., Dec. 19, 1895.

[250] Letter of E. S. Hill, Atlantic, Ia., Oct. 30, 1894.

[251] Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, p. 67.

[252] Letter of W. D. Schooley, Nov. 15, 1893.

[253] Letter of James H. Frazee, Milton, Ind., Feb. 3, 1894.

[254] Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. I, p. 335. See also History of Brown County, Ohio, p. 443.

[255] History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, p. 424.

[256] Letter of Dr. N. B. Sisson, Porter, Gallia Co., O., Sept. 16, 1894.

[257] Letter of Gabe N. Johnson, Ironton, O., November, 1894.

[258] Article in the New Lexington (O.) Tribune, signed "W. A. D.," fall of 1885; exact date unknown.

[259] Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 380.

[260] Fairchild, The Underground Railroad, Vol. IV; Tract No. 87, Western Reserve Historical Society, p. 97.

[261] Deut. xxiii, 15, 16.

[262] Delivered in Melodeon Hall, Boston, Oct. 6, 1850. The Chronotype, Oct. 7, 1850. See Vol. II, No. 2, of the Scrap-book relating to Theodore Parker, compiled by Miss C. C. Thayer, Boston Public Library.

[263] William Birney, James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.

[264] Letter of H. B. Leeper, Princeton, Ill., Dec. 19, 1895.

[265] Smedley, Underground Railroad, p. 355.

[266] Letter of Frederick Douglass, Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893. Mr. Douglass escaped from slavery in 1839.

[267] M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, pp. 13, 104, 105.

[268] M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, pp. 7, 8, and the references there given.

[269] Letter of Colonel D. W. H. Howard, Wauseon, O., Aug. 22, 1894.

[270] See Chapter VII, p. 203.

[271] Conversation with the Hon. James M. Ashley, Toledo, O., August, 1894.

[272] Narrative of Lyman Goodnow in History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, p. 462.

[273] See p. 355, Chapter XI.

[274] S. B. Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery, p. 198.

[275] American Church History, Vol. XII; see article on "The Society of Friends," by Professor A. C. Thomas, pp. 242-248; also Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery, pp. 198-219.

[276] H. N. McTyeire, D.D., History of Methodism, 1887, pp. 375, 536, 601, 611.

[277] Conversation with Major J. C. Brand, Urbana, O., Aug. 13, 1894.

[278] Conversation with Thomas M. Hazlett, Freeport, Harrison Co., O., Aug. 18, 1895.

[279] Conversation with Mrs. Mary B. Carson, Piqua, O., Aug. 30, 1895.

[280] Letter of Professor F. L. Parker, Grinnell, Ia., Sept. 30, 1894.

[281] Wm. B. Sprague, D.D., Annals of the American Pulpit, Vol. IV, 1858, p. 137; Robert E. Thompson, D.D., History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States, 1895, p. 122.

[282] Robert E. Thompson, D.D., History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States, 1895, pp. 136, 137.