INDEX.

Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), treaty of, 510
Abdullah, the Khalifa, crushed by Lord Kitchener, 726
Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, his victories in Egypt, 594
Aberdeen, Lord, joins the Whigs, 667;
prime minister, 681;
engages in Crimean war, 684;
resigns, 689
Abyssinian war, the, 705, 706
Acre, captured by Richard I., 117;
besieged by Bonaparte, 592;
taken by the English, 661
Addington, Henry, prime minister, 596;
resigns, 603;
frames the "Six Acts," 640;
resigns again, 641
Adrian IV., Pope, grants Ireland to Henry II., 99
Aelfthryth, Queen, murders Edward the Martyr, 52
Aella, South Saxon king, 15
—, Northumbrian king, slain by Danes, 36
Aethelbald, King of Wessex, 36
Aethelbert, King of Kent, 23;
converted by Augustine, 24
—, King of Wessex, 36
Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, subdues the Danes, 45
Aethelfrith, King of Northumbria, 19
Aethelred, King of Wessex, defeats the Danes, 37
— the Redeless, 52;
raises Danegelt, 53;
deposed and recalled, 54
Aethelstan, King of England, 45;
beats the Danes at Brunanburgh, 46
Aethelwulf, King of Wessex, 34;
his Danish wars, 35, 36
Afghan war, the first, 724, 725;
the second, 733
Africa, S., English in, 724, 725, 727-733, 752-754
Agincourt, battle of, 224
Agricola, Julius, governor of Britain, 6
Aidan, St., Bishop of York, 27
Alabama, case of the, 697;
arbitration concerning, 707, 708
Alberoni, Cardinal, aids Jacobites, 490
Albert of Saxe-Coburg (the Prince Consort) marries Queen Victoria, 661
Albuera, battle of, 620
Alcuin at court of Charles the Great, 29
Alexander II., Pope, encourages William I. to invade England, 62
Alexander III., Pope, reconciled with Henry II., 109
— VI., Pope, 289
Alexander I. of Russia, 595;
his wars with Napoleon, 608, 610, 623, 624
— II. of Russia, his war with England, 690;
conquers Turkey, 710
Alfred, his wars with the Danes, 37, 39;
his government, 40-42;
greatness of, 43
—, son of Aethelred II., murdered, 56
Alma, battle of the, 685
Almanza, battle of, 470
America, English explorers in, 333;
English settlements in, 361;
wars with French in, 511, 519-521, 527-529.
See under Canada and United States
American Colonies, disputes with the, 540-544
— war of Independence, 546-552
Amherst, Lord, Viceroy of India, 739
Amiens, Mise of, 141
—, Peace of, 596
Angles, settlements of, in Britain, 14-16
Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., 207
— Neville, married to Prince Edward, 257;
married to Richard III., 263;
death of, 269
— Boleyn, marries Henry VIII., 294;
divorced and executed, 300
— of Cleves, married to and divorced by Henry VIII., 304
—, Queen, 461;
ruled by Lady Churchill, 461;
dismisses her, 475;
death, 480
—, Duchess of Brittany, 274-275
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 84;
withstands William II., 85;
disputes with Henry I., 89
Anson, Commodore, voyage of, 511
Antoninus, wall of, 8
Appellants, Lords, rising of, 208;
punished by Richard II., 210
Aquitaine, united to England by Henry II., 97;
rebellions in, 109, 121, 139;
seized by Philip the Fair, 163;
recovered, 168;
enlarged by Edward III., 194;
falls away, 198;
lost by Henry VI., 244
Arabi Pasha stirs up rebellion in Egypt, 713
Argyle, Archibald, Earl of, leader of the Covenanters, 395;
execution of, 421
—, Archibald, Marquis of, rebellion and execution of, 437
—, John, Duke of, at death-bed of Queen Anne, 480;
wins battle of Sheriffmuir, 489
Armada, the Spanish, 337-339
Armagnac faction in France, 218, 222, 226
Armed Neutrality, the, 595
Arthur, legendary hero of Britain, 13
— of Brittany, 111;
his claims on England, 122;
murdered by John, 124
—, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., marriage and death of, 280
Asaf-ud-Dowlab, Nawab of Oude, his dealings with Warren
Hastings, 568, 569
Ashdown, battle of, 37
Assaye, battle of, 604
Auckland, Lord, Viceroy of India, his Afghan war, 740, 741
Augustine, St., converts Kent, 23, 24
Aulus Plautius, Roman general, 5
Austerlitz, battle of, 608
Australia, British settlement in, 565;
history of the colonies of, 750-752
Austria, allied to William III., 447;
engages in war of Spanish Succession, 463, 477;
aided by England, 500-510;
wars of, with Frederic the Great, 522-537;
with French Republic, 579-594;
with Napoleon, 608-625;
wars of, in Italy, 670, 695;
with Prussia, 705
Austrian Succession, war of the, 500
Babington, Anthony, his plot against Elizabeth, 336
Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, 343;
impeached, 359
Baeda (Venerable Bede), 29
Balaclava, battle of, 687
Ball, John, Lollard preacher, 204, 206
Balliol, Edward, wins and loses Scottish throne, 182, 183
—, John, claims Scottish throne, 160;
his reign, 162, 163;
deposed by Edward I., 164
Bank of England founded, 456;
panic at, in 1797, 586
Bannockburn, battle of, 176
Bantry Bay, French fleet at, 588
Barbados colonized, 361
Bareilly, battle of, 732
Barnet, battle of, 258
Barons' war, the, 141-145
Bartholemew, St., Massacre of, 332
Bastille, storming of the, 576
Bastwick, John, cruel sentence on, 369
Bavaria, Charles, Elector of, claimant for the empire, 500
Bavaria, Joseph, Prince of, claims crown of Spain, 457, 458
—, Maximilian, Elector of, defeated by Marlborough, 466
Baylen, capitulation of, 614
Beaufort, family of, 217.
See under Somerset, Dukes of
—, Cardinal, quarrels with Humphrey of Gloucester, 233;
advocates peace, 238;
dies, 240
Beaugé, battle of, 229
Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 100;
quarrels with Henry II., 101, 102;
exiled, 103, 104;
murdered, 105
Bedford, John, Duke of, regent of France, 231;
his victories, 233;
foiled by Jeanne d'Arc, 236, 237;
dies, 239
—, Russell, Duke of, minister of George III., 538, 539
Benevolences, raised by Edward IV., 261;
by Richard III., 269;
by Henry VIII., 288;
by Charles I., 364
Bentinck, Lord George, leader of Protectionists, 667, 680
—, Lord William, Governor-general of India, 739, 740
—, William, Duke of Portland, 609
Bermuda colonized, 361
Bible translated into English, 302
Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., 166
Black Death, the, 189
— Hole of Calcutta, the, 523
— Prince, the. See Edward the Black Prince
Bladensburg, battle of, 627
Blake, Admiral, defeats the Dutch, 409;
defeats Spaniards, 413
Blenheim, battle of, 466, 467
Blücher, Marshal, commands Prussians at Ligny and Waterloo, 628, 629
Boadicea. See Boudicca
Boleyn. See Anne
Bolingbroke, Henry of. See Henry IV.
—, Henry St. John, Viscount of, minister under Queen Anne, 479;
Jacobite intrigues of, 480;
joins the Pretender, 486
Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, 610
—, Joseph, King of Naples, 609;
of Spain, 613-625
—, Louis, King of Holland, 609;
dethroned, 622
—, Louis Napoleon. See Napoleon III.
—, Napoleon. See Napoleon I.
Bonner, Bishop, opposes Reformation, 308, 309;
persecutes Protestants, 319
Boscawen, Admiral, wins victory of Lagos, 526
Boston, riots in, 543, 545;
besieged and taken by Washington, 546, 547
Bothwell Brig, battle of, 433
—, James Hepburn, Earl of, murders Darnley, 327;
marries Mary, Queen of Scots, 328
Boudicca, Queen, rebellion of, 6
Bouvines, battle of, 128
Boyne, battle of the, 451
Bradshaw, John, regicide, 401
Bramham Moor, battle of, 217
Breda, Declaration of, 419
—, Peace of, 428
Bretigny, Treaty of, 194
Bretwalda, meaning of title, 23
Britain, early inhabitants of, 1;
conquered by Romans, 5
Britons, occupy England and Wales, 2
Brittany, under Henry II., 106;
wars of Edward III. in, 186;
of Henry VII. in, 274
Broad Church Party, the, 677
Brooklyn, battle of, 547
Brougham, Henry Lord, chancellor, 648;
resigns, 657
Bruce, Edward, King of Ireland, 177
—, Robert, claims Scottish throne, 160;
slays Comyn, 168;
King of Scotland, 170;
wars with Edward II., 172-174;
victorious at Bannockburn, 176;
invades England, 177, 180
Brunanburgh, battle of, 46
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, favourite of James I., 357;
his journey to Madrid, 360;
minister of Charles I., 363;
Rochelle expedition of, 364;
assassinated, 365
—, George, Duke of, minister of Charles II., 428
Buller, Sir R., defeats of, in S. Africa, 729, 730
Bunker's Hill, battle of, 546
Burgundy, Chas., Duke of, aids Edward IV., 258;
quarrels with him, 262
—, Philip, Duke of, allied to the English, 228, 233;
joins the French, 238
Burke, Edmund, advocates reform, 544;
speeches on French revolution, 577, 578;
joins Pitt, 580
Burleigh, Robert Cecil, Lord, minister of Elizabeth, 326;
dies, 348
Burmah, first war with, 739;
second war with, 743
Bute, John, Earl of, minister of George III., 535;
concludes peace of Paris, 537;
resigns, 538
Buxar, battle of, 566
Byng, Admiral, George, wins battle of Cape Passaro, 490
—, Admiral, John, fails at Minorca, 523;
executed, 523
Byron, George, Lord, joins Greeks, 643
Cabal, the, 428
Cabinet government, beginning of, 483
Cabul, British disaster at, 740, 741;
taken by General Roberts, 749
Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 242
Cadiz, Drake's expedition to, 337;
taken by Essex, 341
Cæsar, Julius, invades Britain, 4
Calais, captured by Edward III., 188;
lost under Mary, 321
Calder, Admiral, defeats Villeneuve off Finesterre, 606
Calendar, reform of the, 543
Cambridge, Richard, Earl of, conspires against Henry V., 222
Camden, battle of, 550
Campeggio, Cardinal, Papal legate to Henry VIII., 291, 292
Camperdown, battle of, 587
Campo Formio, treaty of, 585
Canada, French and English struggle for, 526, 529;
invaded by Americans, 626;
subsequent history of, 735
Canning, George, his war-policy, 614;
takes office under Lord Liverpool, 641;
his foreign policy, 643;
prime minister, 644
—, George, Lord, Governor-General of India, 744;
Viceroy, 748
Cape Colony, annexed by Britain, 631;
subsequent history of, 752, 753
Carausius, Emperor, in Britain, 11
Carnatic, the, wars of Clive in, 518, 519;
annexed by Wellesley, 594
Caroline of Anspach, Queen of George II., her influence, 495
— of Brunswick, wife of George IV., 628;
quarrels with her husband, 641
Carpenter, General, wins battle of Preston, 488;
of Glenshiel, 490
Carteret, George Granville, Lord, minister of George II., 499;
his war-policy, 501;
at Congress of Worms, 502;
his fall, 503
Cassivelaunus, British chief, 4
Castlereagh, Viscount, reactionary policy of, 637;
frames the "Six Acts," 640;
commits suicide, 641
Catesby, William, favourite of Richard III., 270;
executed, 271
—, Thomas, frames Gunpowder Plot, 354
Catherine of France, marries Henry V., 228
— of Aragon, married to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 280;
to Henry VIII., 291;
divorced by him, 294
— Howard, married to Henry VIII., 304;
divorced and executed, 305
— Parr, married to Henry VIII., 305
— of Portugal, Queen of Charles II., 425
Cato Street conspiracy, 640
Cawnpore, massacre at, 747;
battle of, 748
Ceadda (St. Chad) converts Mercia, 27
Ceawlin, King of Wessex, 18
Cecil. See Burleigh and Salisbury
Celts conquer Britain, 2
Cerdic, first King of Wessex, 16
Cetewayo, Zulu king, conquered, 753
Charles I., his journey to Madrid, 360;
accession of, 362;
character and policy of, 362-364;
his disputes with Parliament, 364-377;
misgovernment of, 366-370;
defeated by Scots, 371, 372;
engages in the Civil War, 379-396;
a prisoner, 396;
his intrigues, 396-399;
tried and executed, 401
— II., in Scotland, 404;
defeated at Worcester, 405;
accession of, 420;
allied to France, 429;
unconstitutional rule of, 430-434;
dies, 435
— Edward, Prince (the Young Pretender), invades Scotland, 504;
his successes, 505, 506;
defeated, 508;
dies, 509
— V., King of France, his wars with England, 197, 198, 202
— VI., King of France, miserable reign of, 218;
his madness, 228;
dies, 232
— VII. of France, murders John of Burgundy, 228;
proclaimed king, 232;
crowned by Jeanne d'Arc, 235
— VIII. of France, his wars with Henry VII., 274, 275
— IX. of France, orders Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 332
— X. of France, deposed, 647
Charles V., Emperor, allied to Henry VIII., 286;
his wars in Italy, 291;
abdication of, 320
— VI., Emperor (Archduke Charles), claims the Spanish crown, 458;
becomes Emperor, 477;
dies, 500
— VII., Emperor, his wars with Austria, 500-502
Charles II. of Spain, declares Philip of Anjou his heir, 458
— III. of Spain, makes war on England, 535, 548
— IV. of Spain, deposed by Napoleon, 613
Charles XII. of Sweden, his dealings with Marlborough, 470;
supports the Jacobites, 490
Charlotte, Princess, marriage and death of, 639
Charter, the Great, 130, 131;
confirmed by Edward I., 166
Chartist agitation, 660, 663, 670
Chatham, first Earl of. See William Pitt
—, second Earl of, his expedition to Walcheren, 618
Chicheley, Archbishop, urges war with France, 221
Chillianwallah, battle of, 743
China, first war with, 661;
second war with, 693
Christianity, in early Britain, 13;
brought to the Saxons by Augustine, 23, 24;
in northern Britain, 25, 27
Churchill. See Marlborough
Clarence, Edward of, Earl of Warwick, beheaded by Henry VII., 277
—, George, Duke of, conspires against Edward IV., 256;
executed, 263
—, Thomas, Duke of, slain at Beaugé, 229
—, William, Duke of. See William IV.
Clarendon, Constitutions of, 102
—, Edward Hyde, Lord, minister of Charles II., 425;
his fall, 428
Claudius, Emperor, invades Britain, 5
Claverhouse, John Graham of, Viscount Dundee, leads Scottish
Jacobites, 448
Clement VII., Pope, his action on the divorce of Henry VIII., 291-294
Clericis Laicos, the Bull, 165
Clive, Robert Lord, his victories in British India, 519;
conquers Bengal, 530;
his second governorship in Bengal, 566
Clyde, Colin Campbell, Lord, in Crimea, 684;
suppresses Indian Mutiny, 748
Cnut, his war with Eadmund Ironside, 54;
his reign, 55
Coalition Ministry, the, 558;
its fall, 559
Cobden, Richard, Free Trader, 666
Cobham's plot, 354
Codrington, Admiral, wins battle of Navarino, 643
Colonies, rise of, under Elizabeth, 341;
under James I., 361;
history of the. See under Canada, Australia, etc.
Columba, St., founds abbey of Iona, 26
Commonwealth, the, proclaimed, 403;
history of the, 403-419
Comyn, John, Regent of Scotland, 168;
slain by Bruce, 169
Confirmatio Cartarum, the, 166
Conservatives, name adopted by Tories, 656
Consols, creation of the, 513
Constance of Brittany, marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, 104
Constantine, Roman emperor, 11
—, King of Scots, 46
Conventicle Act, the, 424
Convention Parliament, the first, 421;
the second, 445
Convention, the French, 579;
declares war on England, 581
Cook, Captain, his discoveries, 752
Coote, Sir Eyre, wins battle of Wandewash, 531;
battle of Porto Novo, 569
Cope, Sir John, defeated at Prestonpans, 508
Copenhagen, battle of, 595
Coroners first instituted, 122
Corn Laws, the, 635;
repeal of the, 667
Cornwallis, Lord, his campaigns in America, 550, 551;
Governor-General of India, 571, 572;
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 590
Corporation Act, the, 424
Corporations, reform of the, 654
Cotton Famine, the, 697
Courtenays, Earls of Devon. See Devon
Covenant, the Scottish, 371
Covenanters, the, 371;
allied with Parliamentarians, 378;
risings of, in Scotland, 433;
join William of Orange, 448
Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, counsels Henry VIII.'s divorce, 293;
favours Protestantism, 302;
compiles the Prayer-book, 309;
deposed by Mary, 316;
burnt, 320
Crécy, battle of, 187, 188
Crimea, invasion of, 685. See Russian War
Cromwell, Oliver, member for Huntingdon, 365;
his ability as cavalry leader, 387;
at Marston Moor, 390;
at Naseby, 395;
wins battle of Preston, 400;
campaign in Ireland, 403;
campaign of Dunbar and Worcester, 405;
character, 406;
dissolves the Rump, 410;
his rule as Protector, 412, 416
—, Richard, Protector, 416;
resigns, 417
—, Thomas, minister of Henry VIII., 293;
favours reformers, 302;
disgraced and executed, 304
Crusade, the first, 84;
the third, 111, 116
Culloden, battle of, 508
Cumberland, Ernest, Duke of, King of Hanover, 659
—, George, Duke of, defeated at Fontenoy, 503;
wins battle of Culloden, 508;
defeated at Lawfeldt, 510;
capitulates at Closter-Seven, 525
—, conquered by William II., 83
Cumbria, kingdom of. See Strathclyde
Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), British king, 5
Dalhousie, Lord, Governor-General of India, 743;
his annexations, 744
Danby, Thomas Osborne, Lord, minister of Charles II., 431;
impeached, 431;
invites William of Orange, 442;
minister of William III., 455
Danegelt, raised by Aethelred, 53;
by William I., 78;
abolished by Henry II., 101
Danelagh, the, 40;
conquered by Edward the Elder, 45
Danes, incursions of, 32;
settle in England, 35;
conquer Northumbria, 36;
conquer Mercia, 38;
wars of, with Alfred, 39, 41;
conquered by Edward the Elder, 45;
conciliated by Eadgar, 49, 50;
invade England under Swegen, 53;
oppose William I., 70
Darien Scheme, the, 472
David I., King of Scotland, aids Queen Matilda, 73
— II., King of Scotland, expelled by Balliol, 182;
defeated at Neville's Cross, 189;
prisoner in England, 193;
released, 195
Declaration of Right, the, 446
Delhi, captured by British, 604;
siege of, during mutiny, 746;
Durbar at, 750
Deorham, battle of, 18
Derby, Edward Stanley, Earl of, prime minister in 1852, 680;
in 1858, 694;
in 1866, 703
Dermot of Leinster, introduces English into Ireland, 107
Derry, siege of, 450
Derwentwater, Earl, Jacobite leader, 487-489
Desmond, Garrett, Earl of, rebellion of, 346
Despencer, Hugh, favourite of Edward II., 177-179
Dettingen, battle of, 502
Devon, John, Earl of, beheaded by Edward IV., 253;
Edward, Earl of, conspires against Queen Mary, 317
Directory, proclaimed in France, 584;
fall of, 593
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield, leads Protectionists, 666, 667;
minister under Lord Derby, 680;
his Reform Bills, 694, 703;
prime minister, 705;
second ministry of, 709;
at Congress of Berlin, 711;
loses office, 712;
dies, 716
Divine Right of kings, 351
Domesday Book, 70-78
Douglas, James, the Black, invades England, 180
—, Archibald, Earl of, captured at Homildon, 216;
at Shrewsbury, 216
Dover, riot at, 58;
naval battle of, 135;
treaty of, 429
Drake, Sir Francis, his voyages, 334, 335;
expedition of Cadiz, 337;
to South America, 341
Druids, the, 4
Dudley, Edmund, minister of Henry VII., 273;
beheaded, 283
—, Lord Guilford, marries Lady Jane Grey, 312;
beheaded, 318
—. See Northumberland and Leicester
Dunbar, victory of Edward I. at, 164;
victory of Cromwell at, 405
Dundee. See Claverhouse
Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, his reforms, 47, 48;
exiled by Eadwig, 48;
archbishop and prime minister, 49;
exiled, 52
Dupleix, his career in Southern India, 512, 518;
recalled, 519
Eadgar, King of England, 48;
his prosperous reign, 49, 50
— the Etheling, 61;
proclaimed king, 67;
risings in favour of, 69, 70
Eadmund (St.), King of East Anglia, martyred by Danes, 36
— I., King of England, his reign, 47
— II., Ironside, his wars with Cnut, 54
Eadred, King of England, his reign, 47
Eadric Streona, favourite of Aethelred II., 53;
his treachery, 54, 55
Eadric the Wild, his rebellion, 69
Eadwig, King of England, his reign, 48
Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 25;
slain at Heathfield, 26
—, Earl of Mercia, 60, 63, 64;
rebels against William I., 71
Ecclesiastical courts, founded by William I., 76;
claims of, urged by Becket, 101;
their powers restricted by Edward I., 150;
under Charles I., 369;
abolished, 374;
revived by James II., 440
Ecclesiastical Titles Act, the, 679
Ecgbert, King of Wessex, 31;
suzerain of all Britain, 32;
defeats the Danes, 34
Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria, slain by the Picts, 29
Edgehill, battle of, 383, 384
Education Act, the, 707
Edward the Elder, King of England, 44;
his victorious campaigns, 45
— the Martyr, his reign and murder, 51
— the Confessor, accession of, 57;
reign of, 58-61
— I., at battle of Lewis, 142;
wins battle of Evesham, 146;
at the Crusades, 147;
King of England, 148;
character and policy of, 149-153;
conquers Wales, 153-157;
arbiter in Scotland, 159, 162;
war with France, 162;
his conflicts with the Church, 165;
with the barons, 165;
invades Scotland, 164, 168;
dies, 170
— II. of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales, 157;
King of England, 171;
disastrous reign of, 173-178;
deposed and murdered, 179
— III., King of England, 179;
crushes Mortimer, 181;
wins battle of Halidon Hill, 182;
his first war with France, 183-194;
contest with Parliament, 186;
misfortunes of his later years, 197-200
— IV., Earl of March, leads Yorkists, 252;
proclaimed king, 253;
victorious at Towton, 254;
marriage of, 255;
his struggle with Warwick, 256, 257;
regains his throne, 258;
dies, 264
— V., his short reign and death, 264-268
— VI., birth of, 303; accession of, 308;
his reign, 308-312;
dies, 313
— the Black Prince, at Crécy, 188;
his victory at Poictiers, 191, 192;
his wars in Spain, 196;
long illness and death of, 197
—, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., born, 248;
married to Anne Neville, 257;
slain at Tewkesbury, 258
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., dies, 269
Egypt, Bonaparte in, 591;
taken by English, 595;
English interference in, 661;
under Ismail, 709;
conquered by Lord Wolseley, 713, 714
Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of Henry II., 97;
incites her sons to rebellion, 109;
supports King John, 122, 123
— of Provence, queen of Henry III., 136
— of Castille, queen of Edward I., 148
Eliot, Sir John, opposes Charles I., 365;
imprisoned, 366
Elizabeth Woodville, marries Edward IV., 255;
claims regency, 264
— of York, heiress of Edward IV., 269;
marries Henry VII., 273
—, Queen, birth of, 294;
imprisoned by Mary, 320;
accession, 322;
religious policy of, 323-326;
troubles with Mary of Scotland, 327, 328;
foreign policy, 330;
her prosperous rule, 333;
war with Spain, 335, 341;
the "Elizabethan Age," 343-349;
her Irish policy, 345;
dies, 348
—, daughter of James I., marries Elector Palatine, 358
Ellenborough, Lord, Governor-General of India, 741
Elliot, General, defends Gibraltar, 552
Emancipation, Catholic, Pitt's scheme for, 590, 591;
vetoed by George III., 596;
again, 609;
granted by Wellington, 646
Emmet, Robert, his rebellion, 603
Empson, Richard, minister of Henry VII., 273;
beheaded by Henry VIII., 283
English, coming of the, to Britain, 14;
social organization of the, 20, 21;
religion of the, 22;
receive Christianity, 23
Enniskillen, siege of, 451
Essex, kingdom of East Saxons, 16
—, Robert Devereux, Earl of, his expedition to Cadiz, 341;
to Ireland, 347;
his intrigues and execution, 348
—, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, his divorce, 356;
leader of Parliamentarians, 379;
at Edgehill, 383, 384;
at Newbury, 387;
capitulates at Lostwithiel, 392;
removed by "Self-denying Ordinance," 393
—, Frances, Countess of, poisons Sir T. Overbury, 356
Ethandun, battle of, 39
Eugéne of Savoy, commands Austrian army, 463;
joins Marlborough before Blenheim, 456;
his campaigns in Italy, 469-470
Eustace of Boulogne, 58
Evesham, battle of, 145, 146
Excise Bill of Walpole, 495
Exclusion Bill, the, 433, 434
Exeter, taken by West Saxons, 31;
taken by William I., 69;
besieged by Warbeck, 276
—, Henry Courtenay, Marquis of, beheaded by Henry VIII., 301
Eylau, battle of, 610
Factory Acts, the, 675
Fairfax, Ferdinand, Lord, Parliamentary general, 386
—, Sir Thomas, besieged in Hull, 386;
wins battle of Nantwich, 390;
at Marston Moor, 391;
leader of the "New Model," 393;
wins Naseby fight, 395;
suppresses Royalist risings, 400;
refuses to try the king, 401;
resigns, 404
Falkirk, victory of Edward I. at, 168;
of Charles Edward at, 508
Falkland, Lord, slain at Newbury, 387
Family compact, the, 496
Fashoda difficulty, the, 726, 727
Fawkes, Guy, his plot, 354
Fenians, the, their outrages, 704, 705
Fenwick, Sir John, conspires against William III., 456
Ferdinand of Aragon, allied to Henry VII., 279, 280
— of Brunswick, wins battle of Crefeldt, 526;
of Minden, 527
— VII. of Spain, kidnapped by Napoleon, 613
Ferozeshah, battle of, 742
Feudalism, character of English, after the Conquest, 72
Finan, St., Bishop of York, 27
Fire, the Great, of London, 427
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, executed by Henry VIII., 295
Fitzgerald, Garrett, rebellion of, 346
—, Lord Edward, heads "United Irishmen," 588;
slain, 589
"Five Boroughs," the, of Mercia, 38, 39;
conquered by Edward the Elder, 44
Five Mile Act, the, 424
Flambard, Ralf, minister of William II., 84
Flanders, alliance of Edward III. with, 184, 185;
English trade with, 195;
commercial treaty with, 279;
campaigns of Marlborough in, 468-472
Fontenoy, battle of, 503, 504
Formigny, battle of, 242
Fornham, battle of, 110
Forster, Thomas, leads Jacobite rising, 487;
defeated at Preston, 488
"Forty-Five, the," 504-508
Fox, Charles James, character of, 556;
his coalition with North, 557;
his India Bill, 558;
resigns, 559;
approves of French Revolution, 577, 581;
takes office with Grenville, 608;
dies, 609
Francis I. of France, 286;
at Field of Cloth of Gold, 288;
wars of, with Henry VIII., 305
Francis II. of France, married to Mary, Queen of Scots, 310
Francis I., Emperor, 510
— II., Emperor, makes war on France, 578;
surrenders imperial title, 608;
See under Austria
—, Sir Philip, his "Letters of Junius," 567;
opposes Warren Hastings, 570
Fraternity, edict of, 579
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, goes on third crusade, 116
— II. of Prussia, in war of Austrian Succession, 500, 502-510;
in Seven Years' war, 522, 537;
his victories of Rossbach and Leuthen, 525;
estranged from England, 537, 549
— William III. of Prussia, his wars with Napoleon, 610, 631
Free Trade, advocated by William Pitt, 563;
by Huskisson, 642;
by Peel, 666
Frobisher, Martin, his voyages, 334
Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, 620
Fyrd, the old English militia, 42
Gael, the, conquer Scotland and Ireland, 2
Gage, General, besieged in Boston, 546
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, imprisoned by Somerset, 309;
restored by Mary, 316
Gates, General, defeats Burgoyne, 548;
defeated by Cornwallis, 556
Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II., 171;
slain, 174
Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, son of Henry II., 106, 111
— Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, father of Henry II., 91, 93
George I., his character and policy, 482;
his reign, 480-494
— II., his quarrels with his father, 483;
accession, 495;
his campaigns in Germany, 501;
victorious at Dettingen, 502;
dies, 531
— III., accession of, 532;
his character and policy, 533, 534;
his struggles with the Whigs, 533, 538, 541, 543;
his American policy, 549;
action on the India Bill, 549;
vetoes Catholic Emancipation, 596;
his madness, 596;
final quarrel with the Whigs, 609;
renewed madness, 622;
dies, 641
— IV., character of, 564;
his regency, 622;
abandons the Whigs, 638;
accession of, 641;
his quarrels with Queen Caroline, 641;
dies, 647
—, Prince of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, deserts James II., 443;
his character, 461
Gerberoi, battle of, 77
Ghuznee, stormed by the English, 740
Gibraltar, won by the English, 468;
great siege of, 532
Ginckel, General, commander in Ireland, 452
Gladstone, William E., a Peelite, 667;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 698;
prime minister, 705;
his ministry, 706-709;
speeches on Bulgarian atrocities, 710;
second ministry of, 712-716;
introduces Home Rule, 717;
its rejection, 717;
his last ministry, 721;
fails to pass his second Home Rule Bill, 722;
dies, 726
Glencoe, massacre of, 453
Glenshiel, battle of, 490
Gloucester, taken by the Saxons, 18;
besieged by Charles I., 387
—, Gilbert (1) de Clare, Earl of, overthrows De Montfort, 145, 149
—, Gilbert (2) de Clare, Earl of, slain at Bannockburn, 175
—, Thomas, Duke of, rises against Richard II., 207;
dismissed from power, 209;
murdered, 210
—, Humphrey, Duke of, Protector of Henry VI., 231;
his expedition to Hainault, 232;
his war-policy, 238, 239;
dies, 240
—, Richard, Duke of. See Richard III.
—, William, Duke of, son of Queen Anne, dies, 459
Glyndower, Owen, his rebellion against Henry IV., 214-216
Goderich, Lord, prime minister, 644
Godolphin, Lord, prime minister, 462;
his alliance with Marlborough, 472;
prosecutes Sacheverell, 474;
dismissed, 475
Godwine, Earl of Wessex, 55, 56, 57;
exiled, 58;
restored, 59
Gondomar, Spanish ambassador, 358
Gordon, Lord George, stirs up riots in London, 551
—, Charles George, General, his defence of Khartoum and
death, 714, 715
Goring, George, Lord, Cavalier general, 390;
defeated by Fairfax, 396
Gough, Hugh, Lord, commands against the Sikhs, 742, 743
Grafton, Augustus Fitzroy, Duke of, his ministry, 539-541;
American policy of, 542
Grand Remonstrance, the, 377
Great Council, the, under William I., 75
Greek war of independence, 642, 643
Gregory I., Pope, sends Augustine to England, 23
— VII., Pope, quarrel of, with William I., 76
Grenville, George, prime minister, 538;
prosecutes Wilkes, 539;
his American policy, 539
—, William, Lord, prime minister, 608;
defeated on Catholic question, 609;
abolishes slave-trade, 609
Grey, Lady Jane, marries Guildford Dudley, 312;
proclaimed queen, 313;
imprisoned, 315;
executed, 317
Grey, Charles, Lord, leader of Whigs, 638;
prime minister, 648;
carries Reform Bill, 650;
his Poor Law, 654;
resigns, 656
—, John de, favourite of John, 125
—, Lord Leonard, his conquests in Ireland, 302
Griqualand, diamond-fields of, 753
Guesclin, Bertram du, prisoner at Navarette, 196;
his successes, 198
Gunpowder Plot, the, 354
Guthrum, Danish chief, 37, 39;
his treaty with Alfred, 40
Guzerat, battle of, 743
Gwalior, stormed by British, 568;
battle of, 748
Gwynedd, Welsh kingdom of, 18, 26, 59, 83;
conquered by Edward I., 156
Habeas Corpus Act, passed, 433;
suspended by Pitt, 580
Hadrian, Emperor, visits Britain, his wall, 7
Haider Ali, his wars with the British, 568, 569
Hale's Case, 439
Halidon Hill, battle of, 182
Hamilton, William, Duke of, invades England, 399;
defeated at Preston, 400
Hampden, John, opposes Charles I., 365;
refuses to pay ship-money, 369;
killed at Chalgrove, 386
Hampton Court Conference, the, 352, 353
Hanover, House of, become kings of England, 482
—, electorate of, overrun by French, 525;
separated from England, 659
Harald Hardrada, slain at Stamford Bridge, 63
Hardinge, Henry, Lord, Governor-General of India, 742
Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., 223
Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford. See Oxford
Harold, son of Cnut, King of England, 56
—, son of Godwine, minister of Edward the Confessor, 58;
his oath to William of Normandy, 59;
King of England, 61;
defeats Hardrada, 63;
slain at Hastings, 65
Harthacnut, King of England, 56
Hastenbeck, battle of, 525
Hastings, battle of, 65
—, Francis, Marquis of, Governor-General of India, his Pindaree
and Mahratta wars, 738, 739
—, William, Lord, executed by Richard III., 266
—, Warren, Governor-General of India, 567;
his Mahratta and Mysore wars, 569;
his impeachment and acquittal, 570, 571
Havelock, General, at Cawnpore and Lucknow, 747, 748
Hawke, Admiral, wins battle of Quiberon, 527
Hawkins, Sir John, American explorer, 333
Heathfield, battle of, 26
Heavenfield, battle of the, 26
Hedgely Moor, battle of, 255
Heligoland, seized by British, 612;
secured by treaty of Vienna, 631
Hengist the Jute, conquers Kent, 14, 15
Hengistesdun, battle of, 34
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., 363;
raises supplies for the royal army, 378
Henry I., King of England, 84;
his wars with Robert of Normandy, 87;
quarrels with Anselm, 89;
dies, 92
— II., declared heir of Stephen, 96;
his accession, 97;
his strong rule, 99;
quarrels with Becket, 100-105;
subdues Ireland, 108;
quells insurrection of his sons, 110, 111;
death, 113
— III., King of England, 134;
his misgovernment, 137;
wars with France, 137;
his servility to the Pope, 138;
signs Provisions of Oxford, 140;
defeated and captured by de Montfort, 142;
restored to the throne, 146;
dies, 147
— IV., plots against Richard II., 208;
exiled, 210;
seizes the crown, 211;
quells rebellion of Glyndower and Percy, 214-216;
dies, 219
— V., at battle of Shrewsbury, 216;
his father's minister, 218;
accession of, 220;
persecutes Lollards, 221;
invades France, 222;
wins Agincourt, 224;
conquers Normandy, 227, 228;
master of Northern France, 229;
dies, 230
— VI., King of England, 231;
his minority, 231-240;
weak rule of, 241-244;
his madness, 248;
in Wars of the Roses, 249-253;
imprisoned by Edward IV., 256;
restored to throne, 258;
murdered, 259
— VII., Earl of Richmond, and heir of Lancaster, 260;
overthrows Richard III., 270, 271;
marries Elizabeth of York, 273;
suppresses Simnel and Warbeck, 274, 275;
his foreign policy, 277, 279;
dies, 281
— VIII., wedded to Catherine of Aragon, 280;
character and policy of, 282;
his Scottish wars, 285;
his foreign policy, 288;
his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, 291-294;
quarrel with the Papacy, 292-295;
his religious changes, 297;
suppresses Pilgrimage of Grace, 301;
dissolves monasteries, 299-302;
his tyranny, 303-305;
later wars of, 305;
dies, 307
Henry, son of Henry II., crowned king, 104;
rebels against his father, 109;
dies, 111
—, Prince of Wales, son of James I., dies, 357
—, Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts, 509
Henry II., King of France, his wars with England, 310, 321
— IV., King of France, aided by Elizabeth, 340
— of Trastamara, King of Spain, his war with the Black Prince, 196
Hereford, Roger Bohun, Earl of, quarrels with Edward I., 166
—, Henry, Duke of. See Henry IV.
Heretico Comburendo, statute de, 215;
revived by Mary Tudor, 319
Hereward the Wake, rebellion and submission of, 71
High Commission, court of, arbitrary acts of, 369, 370;
abolished, 374;
revived by James II., 440
Hexham, battle of, 255
Hoche, General, his attempts on Ireland, 588
Hogue, La, battle of, 454
Hohenlinden, battle of, 593
Holkar state, the, made vassal to the British, 739
Holland, Henry, Earl of, executed, 401
—, John and Thomas, 202;
rebel against Henry IV., 214
—, rebels against Philip of Spain, 330;
aided by Elizabeth, 332, 335;
aids England against the Armada, 339;
shelters Royalists, 408;
wars with Cromwell, 409, 410;
wars of, with Charles II., 426, 430;
invaded by Lewis XIV., 430;
in war of the Spanish Succession, 463-476;
makes war on George III., 548;
conquered by French republicans, 584;
at war with England, 586, 587;
annexed by Napoleon, 622;
restored to House of Orange, 632;
coerced by England in 1830, 656
Holy Alliance, the, 643
Home Rule, party in Ireland headed by Parnell, 709, 712;
bill for, proposed by Mr. Gladstone, 717;
second bill for, rejected, 722
Homildon Hill, battle of, 215
Honorius, Emperor, evacuates Britain, 12
Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester, martyred, 319
Horsa, Jutish leader, 14, 15
Hotham, Sir John, repels Charles I. from Hull, 379
Howard, Catherine, wife of Henry VIII., executed, 304
—, Lady Frances, her crime and trial, 356
— of Effingham, Charles, Lord, defeats Armada, 338, 339
Howe, General, wins battle of Brooklyn, 547;
takes Philadelphia, 548
Howe, Richard, Lord, defeats the French fleet, 582
Hubba, Danish chief, 36, 38
Humble Petition and Advice, the, 415
Hundred Days, the, 628
—, Ordinance of the, 50
— years' war, the, 183
Huskisson, William, president of the Board of Trade, 641;
his commercial policy, 642;
dismissed by Wellington, 645;
death of, 653
Hyde, Anne, marries James, Duke of York, 425
Imperial Federation, 756
Impey, Sir Elijah, condemns Nuncomar, 567
Income tax, origin of the, 663
Independence, American, declaration of the, 547
Independents, the, their disputes with the Presbyterians, 397;
offer terms to Charles I., 399;
in power, 401
India, first English trade to, 341;
Mogul empire in, 511;
first struggle of French and English in, 512;
Clive and Dupleix in, 518, 519;
English disasters in, 523;
conquests of English in, 529, 530;
governed by Clive and Warren Hastings, 566-570;
governed by Cornwallis, 571-573;
by Lord Wellesley, 594;
conquests of Lake and Wellesley in, 603, 604;
later history of, 735-749;
Indian Mutiny, the, 745
Indulgence, the Declaration of, 430
Ingwar, Danish chief, 36
Inkerman, battle of, 688
Innocent III., Pope, his quarrel with King John, 125;
John does homage to him, 132
Instrument of Government, the, 412
Investitures, contest about, 90
Ionian Islands, the, ceded to Britain, 631
Ireland, conquered by the Gaels, 2;
attacked by Norsemen, 34;
expedition of Strongbow to, 107;
does homage to Henry II., 108;
rebels against Edward II., 177;
expedition of Richard II. against, 211;
ruled by Earl of Kildare, 280;
conquests of Henry VIII. in, 302;
conquests of Elizabeth in, 345;
rebellions of Desmond and Tyrone, 346, 347;
Ulster colonized by James I., 361;
rule of Stafford in, 368;
the great rebellion, 376;
intrigues of Charles I. in, 389;
subdued by Cromwell, 403, 404;
James II.'s dealings with, 449;
conquered by William of Orange, 451, 452;
the Volunteers secure Home Rule for, 551, 552;
discontent in, 587;
the rebellion of '98, 590, 591;
the Union with England, 591;
Emmet's rebellion, 603;
O'Connell's agitation for Catholic Emancipation, 646;
the Repeal movement, 648;
the tithe war, 656;
the Young Ireland party, 664;
the potato famine, 668;
Smith O'Brien's rising, 669;
Fenianism, 704;
Gladstone's Irish Church Bill, 706;
his Land Act, 706;
the Home Rule agitation, 709;
the Irish parliamentary party, 715;
dealings of the second Gladstone cabinet with Ireland, 716;
Home Rule promised to, by Gladstone, 717;
rejected, 718;
second Home Rule Bill rejected, 722
Ireton, Henry, Parliamentary general, 404
Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., 179;
deposes him, 180;
imprisoned by her son, 181
Jacobins, in France, 581;
their atrocities, 582, 583
Jacobites, the, their strength, 448, 449;
conspire against William of Orange, 456;
intrigues of, at death of Queen Anne, 479;
raise the rebellion of 1715, 486, 487;
raise the rebellion of 1745, 504, 505;
gradual decay of, 509, 534
Jacquerie, the, 193
Jamaica taken by Cromwell, 415
James I., becomes King of Scotland, 328;
accession to English throne, 350;
his character, 351;
religious policy, 352;
disputes with the Commons, 355;
subservience to Spain, 357;
ruled by his favourites, 356-358;
dies, 361
— II., attacked, in Exclusion Bill, 431;
his accession, 436;
character and policy, 437-439, 440;
his tyranny, 441-443;
his panic at invasion of William, 443;
flies to France, 444;
his campaign in Ireland, 450, 451;
dies, 460
—, Prince of Wales, the Old Pretender, his birth, 441;
proclaimed king by Lewis XIV., 460;
strict Romanism of, 478;
his campaign in Scotland, 489
James I. of Scotland, captured by Henry IV., 218;
returns to Scotland, 232
— IV. of Scotland, aids Perkin Warbeck, 276;
slain at Flodden, 285
— V. of Scotland, his wars with Henry VIII., 305
— VI. of Scotland. See James I. of England
Jameson, Dr., his piratical raid, 725
Jane Grey, Lady, her reign, 313;
her execution, 317
Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII., 300;
dies, 302
Jeanne d'Arc, raises siege of Orleans, 235;
crowns Charles VII., 236;
captured and burnt, 237
Jeffreys, Judge, his Bloody Assize, 438;
Lord Chancellor, 439
Jelalabad, siege of, 741
Jena, battle of, 610
Jenkins, Captain, his ear, 496
Jervis, Admiral, wins battle of Cape St. Vincent, 587
Jesuit intrigues against Elizabeth, 334
Jews, persecution of, 115;
expelled from England by Edward I., 152
John, made lord of Ireland, 111;
conspires against his father, 113;
intrigues against his brother Richard, 119;
King of England, 122;
loses his continental dominions, 124;
his quarrel with the Pope, 125;
with the baronage, 128;
signs Magna Carta, 130;
war with the barons, 132;
dies, 133
— of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III., 195;
commands in France, 198;
favours the Lollards, 200;
rules for Richard II., 202;
invades Spain, 207;
dies, 210
—, King of France, his war with England, 190;
captured at Poictiers, 192;
released, 194
Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. See Bonaparte
Josephine, Empress, divorced by Napoleon, 619
Jumièges, Robert of, Archbishop of Canterbury, expelled by Godwine, 85
Junius, letters of, 544, 567
Junot, General, invades Portugal, 611;
defeated at Vimiero, 617
Jutes, the, conquer Kent, 14, 15
Kaffir wars, 753
Kenilworth, dictum of, 147
Kenneth McAlpine, first King of Scotland, 47
Kent, kingdom of, founded by Hengist, 15;
converted to Christianity, 24;
annexed to Wessex, 31
—, Edmund, Earl of, executed, 181
—, Edward, Duke of, father of Queen Victoria, 639
—, Thomas Holland, Earl of, 202;
rising and death of, 214
Ker, Robert. See Somerset
Ket, Robert, rebellion of, 310
Kildare, Gerald, Earl of, 280
Killiecrankie, battle of, 449
Kilsyth, battle of, 395
Kilwarden, Ld., murdered by Emmet, 603
King's Friends, the, 534
Kinsale, battle of, 347
Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, 438
Kitchener, Herbert, Lord, destroys the Mahdists of the Soudan, 725;
commands in South Africa, 732
Kruger, Paul, President of Transvaal, his policy, 724, 725;
declares war on England, 727, 728;
flies to Europe, 731
La Fayette, defeated by Cornwallis, 552
Labourers, statute of, 190
Ladysmith, siege and relief of, 728-730
Lagos, battle of, 526
Lake, Gerald, Lord, his victories in India, 604
Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposes Gaveston, 173;
government of, 176;
overthrown by Edward II., 178
—, John of Gaunt, Duke of. See John
—, House of. See Henry IV., V., VI.
Landen, battle of, 454
Land League, the, in Ireland, 715
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 75;
dies, 84
Langton, Stephen, made Archbishop by Innocent III., 126;
his patriotism, 128;
draws up Magna Carta, 130
Lansdowne, battle of, 386
Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, martyred, 319
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, his policy, 367;
his Court of High Commission, 369;
attempts to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 370;
impeached, 373;
executed, 393
Laudabiliter, the Bull, 99
Lawrence, Sir John, defends the Punjab, 746
Leicester, stormed by Charles I., 394
—, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favourite of Elizabeth, 324;
his expedition to Holland, 335;
dies, 348
—, Simon de Montfort, Earl of, rules Guienne, 139;
heads baronage against Henry III., 140;
victorious at Lewes, 142;
his rule, 143-145;
slain at Evesham, 146
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 55
Leofwine, brother of Harold, slain at Hastings, 65
Leopold of Austria, his quarrel with Richard I., 117;
imprisons him, 118
— of Saxe-Coburg, marries Princess Charlotte, 639;
King of Belgium, 656
Levellers, rising of the, 403
Lewes, battle of, 142
—, Mise of, 143
Lewis VII. of France, wars of, with Henry II., 100, 109
— VIII. of France, elected King of England, 132;
expelled from England, 135
— IX. of France, defeats Henry III. at Taillebourg, 137;
arbitrator between Henry and the barons, 141
— XI. of France, aids Margaret of Anjou, 254, 255;
his treaty with Edward IV., 262
— XII. of France, his wars with Henry VIII., 284;
marries Mary of England, 284
— XIII. of France, war of Charles I. with, 364, 365
— XIV. of France, his aggressive policy, 429, 447;
signs treaty of Ryswick, 455;
renews war with England, 463;
disastrous struggle of, with Marlborough, 466-476;
signs treaty of Utrecht, 476; dies, 486
Lewis XV. of France, joins Family Compact, 496;
makes war on Maria Theresa, 501, 503;
engages in Seven Years' War, 522
— XVI. of France, aids American rebels, 548;
summons States-General, 574;
his flight to Varennes, 578;
execution, 581
— XVIII. of France, restored to throne, 622;
expelled by Bonaparte, 628;
second restoration of, 631
Limerick, siege of, 452
Lincoln, taken by Edward the Elder, 45;
battle of, 134
—, Abraham, President of the United States, 696
—, John de la Pole, Earl of, declared heir of Richard III., 269;
rebels against Henry VII., 273;
slain at Stoke, 274
Lindsey, Lord, Royalist general, 382
Lisle, Alice, Lady, executed, 438
Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Earl of, prime minister, 622;
reactionary policy of, 637;
dealings with Reform agitation, 640;
takes Canning into partnership, 641;
retires, 644
Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, 143;
defeated by Edward I., 155;
last rebellion and death of, 156
Locke, John, persecuted by Charles II., 440
Lollards, followers of Wicliffe, 199;
communistic doctrines of, 203;
power of, 209;
persecuted by Henry IV., 219;
by Henry V., 220
London, sacked by Boadicea, 6;
taken by East Saxons, 16;
taken by Danes, 38;
besieged by Swegen, 54;
taken by William the Conqueror, 67;
receives a charter from Henry I., 88;
expels Queen Matilda, 95;
Longbeard's riots in, 121;
sides with the barons, 142;
opposes Charles I., 381;
Great Plague of, 427;
Great Fire of, 427;
Gordon riots in, 551;
Parliamentary reform in, 650;
riots in, 639;
Chartists in, 670
Londonderry. See Derry
Long Parliament, the. See Parliament
Longchamp, William, justiciar of Richard I., 115;
expelled from England, 119
Lovel, Francis, Lord, favourite of Richard III., 270;
rebellion and death of, 273, 274
Lucknow, relieved by Havelock, 747;
taken by Lord Clyde, 748
Ludford, rout of, 249
Luther, Martin, preaches against papal abuses, 290
Luxembourg, Marshal, wins battles of Steenkerke and Landen, 454
Macbeth, crimes and death of, 59
Madoc, of Wales, rebellion of, 157, 163
Madras, English factory at, taken by Dupleix, 512;
presidency of, 594
Magersfontein, battle of, 729
Magna Carta, its provisions, 130, 131
Mahdi, the war with, 714, 715;
his followers crushed, 726
Mahrattas, the rise of, 511;
war of Hastings with, 568;
war of Wellesley with, 604;
conquered by Lord Hastings, 738, 739
Major-Generals, Cromwell governs England by, 413
Malcolm Canmore, wars of, with William I., 70;
with William II., 82, 83
Malplaquet, battle of, 471
Malta, captured by British, 594;
quarrels with Bonaparte about, 600
Mal-tolt levied by Edward I., 166;
by Edward III., 185
Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of, Parliamentary general, 387;
at Marston Moor, 390;
at Newbury, 392;
removed from command, 393
Manchester massacre, the, 639, 640
Maori wars, the, 752
Mar, John, Earl of, raises Jacobite rising, 487;
at Sheriffmuir, 489
Marat, Jacobin leader, 581
March, Edmund, Earl of, heir to Richard II., 212;
proclaimed king, 216;
released by Henry V., 220
—, Roger, Earl of, slain in Ireland, 211
Marengo, battle of, 503
Margaret, St., wife of Malcolm Canmore, 70, 83
—, the "Maid of Norway," 158
— of Anjou, marries Henry VI., 240;
heads the Lancastrians, 240, 241;
her alliance with Warwick, 257;
defeated at Tewkesbury, 258
— of York, marries Charles the Rash, 256;
suborns Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, 273-275
Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon I., 619
Maria Theresa, war of succession of, 500-510;
her attack on Frederic II., 521, 522
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, deserts James II., 443;
Jacobite intrigues of, 453;
his power under Queen Anne, 462;
his military and diplomatic genius, 464;
victorious campaigns of, 464-471;
superseded and disgraced, 475;
dies, 484
—, Sarah, Duchess of, her ascendency over Queen Anne, 462;
disgraced, 475
Marmont, Marshal, defeated at Salamanca, 624
Marston Moor, battle of, 390
Martin Mar-prelate, tracts of, 344
Mary I., Queen of England, 315;
crushes rebellion of Northumberland, 317;
marries Philip of Spain, 318;
her persecutions, 319;
war with France, 321;
death of, 321
Mary of Modena, wife of James II., 441, 444
Mary II., Queen, marries William of Orange, 431;
accession of, 445;
death of, 456
Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., her marriages, 284
Mary, Queen of Scots, 305;
marries Francis of France, 310;
heiress to English crown, 326;
marries Darnley, 327;
marries Bothwell, 327;
imprisoned at Lochleven, 328;
escapes to England, 329;
her conspiracies against Elizabeth, 332-336;
executed, 336
Maserfield, battle of, 27
Masham, Mrs., favourite of Queen Anne, 475
Massachusetts Government Act, 545
Masséna, Marshal, defeated by Wellington, 619, 620
Matilda of Scotland, queen of Henry I., 87
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., her marriages, 91;
claims English throne, 93, 94;
defeated by Stephen, 95, 96
Maurice of Saxony, wins the battle of Fontenoy, 503
Mauritius annexed by England, 631
Meanee, battle of, 741
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Armada, 337
Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, invades the Peloponnesus, 644;
his war with England, 661
Mehidpore, battle of, 739
Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord, joins Lord Grey's ministry, 648;
prime minister, 657-662
Mellitus, Bishop of Rochester, 24
Mercia, kingdom of, 17;
wars of, with Northumbria, 27;
supremacy of, 30, 31;
overrun by Danes, 37;
partitioned by treaty of Wedmore, 40
Methodist movement, the, 516
Militia, the (See Fyrd), reorganized by Edward I., 152;
control of, disputed between Charles I. and Parliament, 378
Milner, Alfred, Lord, his policy in South Africa, 727
Milton, John, secretary to Cromwell, 414, 415
Minden, battle of, 527
Minorca, ceded to Britain, 476;
taken by Duc de Richelieu, 523;
finally taken from Britain, 551
Mir Jaffar, his treaty with Clive, 530
Mir Kassim, his war with England, 560
Mise of Amiens, 141
Mise of Lewes, 143
Mohammed Ali, Nawab of the Carnatic, 518;
restored by the British, 519;
dies, 566
Monasteries, suppression of the lesser, 298, 299;
of the greater, 302, 303
Monk, George, Governor of Scotland, 414;
restores Charles II., 418, 419;
commands fleet against Dutch, 426
Monmouth, James, Duke of, wins battle of Bothwell Brig, 433;
his rebellion and execution, 437, 438
Monopolies, abolished by Queen Elizabeth, 348;
favoured by Charles I., 368
Montcalm, Marquis of, his successes in Canada, 523, 526;
defeated at Quebec, 528
Montfort, Simon de. See Leicester
Montrose, James, Marquis of, defeats Covenanters in Scotland, 395;
defeated at Philiphaugh, 396;
executed, 404
Moore, Sir John, General, in Spain, 615;
slain at Corunna, 616
Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, 60, 63, 64;
rebels against William I., 71
More, Sir Thomas, executed by Henry VIII., 295
Moreau, General, defeats the Austrians at Hohenlinden, 593
Mortimer, Roger, defeats Edward Bruce, 177;
exiled, 178;
his conspiracy with Queen Isabella, 178;
rules England, 180;
executed, 181
Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 252
Mortmain, statute of, 150
Morton, Bishop of Ely, 270, 273
Moscow, burning of, 624
Murray, James, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 328
Mysore, wars of Warren Hastings with, 569;
of Cornwallis with, 571, 572;
of Wellesley with, 594
Najara, battle of, 196
Namur, taken by William III., 455
Nana Sahib, commits massacre of Cawnpore, 747
Napier, General Sir Charles, conquers Scinde, 741
—, Admiral Sir Charles, 655
—, Robert, Lord, of Magdala, invades Abyssinia, 705
Napoleon I. (See Bonaparte), assumes title of Emperor, 604;
conquers Austria, 608;
conquers Prussia, 610;
his continental system, 611, 612;
campaign in Spain, 613-615;
campaign of Wagram, 619;
Russian campaign, 623;
defeated at Leipsic, 625;
first abdication, 626;
returns from Elba, 628;
the Hundred Days, 628-630;
second abdication, and exile to St. Helena, 631
— III., Louis, President of French Republic, and Emperor, 671;
recognized by Palmerston, 672;
joins England in Crimean war, 683;
expels Austrians from Italy, 695;
his disastrous war against Germany, 707
Naseby, battle of, 394
Navarino, battle of, 643
Navigation Acts, the, 409
Nelson, Horatio, Lord, at battle of St. Vincent, 587;
wins battle of the Nile, 592;
wins battle of Copenhagen, 595;
pursues Villeneuve, 606;
dies victorious at Trafalgar, 609
Nepaul War, the, 738
Neville's Cross, battle of, 189
New England settled by Puritans, 361
New Model Army, the, formed by Fairfax and Cromwell, 393;
at Naseby, 395;
refuses to disband, 398;
seizes person of Charles I., 399
New Orleans, battle of, 627
New South Wales, colonized by British, 750;
later history of, 751
New Zealand, colonized by British, 752
Newburn, rout of, 372
Newbury, first battle of, 387;
second battle of, 392
Newcastle, William Cavendish, marquis of, his campaign in
Yorkshire, 386-389;
defeated at Marston Moor, 390
—, Thomas Hollis, Duke of, minister of George II., 499-503;
his fall, 524;
takes office with Pitt, 524;
dismissed by George III., 536
Newtown Butler, battle of, 451
Nile, battle of the, 592
Nithsdale, Earl of, Jacobite leader, 487;
escape of, from prison, 489
Nizam, the, dealings of Clive and Dupleix with, 518;
becomes a vassal of the East India Company, 603, 604
Nonconformists, rise of the, under Elizabeth, 344;
under James I., 352;
persecuted by Laud, 367;
legislation of Charles II. against, 423, 424;
intrigues of James II. with, 440;
legislation of Bolingbroke against, 479
Non-jurors, the, 448
Norfolk, settled by East Angles, 16
—, Roger Bigod, Earl of, opposes Edward I., 166
—, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, a Lord Appellant, 208;
exiled by Richard II., 210
—, John Howard, Duke of, favoured by Richard III., 265;
slain at Bosworth, 271
—, Thomas Howard, Duke of, imprisoned by Henry VIII., 307;
released by Mary, 316
—, Thomas Howard, Duke of, conspires against Elizabeth, 329;
executed, 332
Norman Conquest, the, 67
Normandy, Ethelred II. takes refuge in, 54;
relations of, with Edward the Confessor, 57, 58;
united to England, 67;
conquered by William II., 84;
conquered by Henry I., 90;
lost by John, 124;
conquered by Henry V., 227;
reconquered by the French, 242
North, Frederick, Lord, minister of George III., 544;
his scheme for taxing America, 545;
brings on American war, 547;
resigns, 552;
takes office with Fox, 557;
dismissed by George III., 559
Northampton, council of, 103;
battle of, 250
Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, rebels against Henry IV., 216;
slain at Bramham Moor, 217
—, Thomas Percy, Earl of, heads rising in the North, 329, 330
—, John Dudley, Duke of, minister of Edward VI., 308;
Protector, 310;
proclaims Lady Jane Grey queen, 313;
executed, 315
Northumbria, kingdom of, 17;
conversion of, 25;
supremacy of, in Britain, 27;
overrun by Danes, 36;
reconquered by Athelstan, 46
Nova Scotia, ceded to England, 476;
joins Dominion of Canada, 755
Nuncomar (Nandukumar) executed by Impey, 567
Oates, Titus, invents Popish Plot, 432
O'Brien, Smith, his rebellion, 669, 670
O'Connell, Daniel, leader of Irish party, 646;
enters Parliament, 647;
his tithe war, 657, 658;
agitates for repeal, 658, 664;
his power declines, 664
O'Connor, Feargus, Chartist leader, 660;
his abortive demonstration, 670
Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, 48
Odo of Bayeux, regent for William I., 69;
imprisoned by William I., 77;
rebels against William II., 82
Offa, King of Mercia, 30
Oldcastle, Sir John, martyred, 221
Olive Branch Petition, the, 547
Omdurman, battle of, 726
Omichund deceived by Clive, 530
Orange, William I. of, leader of Dutch insurgents, 332;
assassinated, 335
—, William II. of, marries Mary, daughter of Charles I., 409
—, William III. See William III., King of England
Orange Free State, origin of the, 752;
declares war on England, 728;
annexed, 731
Orangemen in Ireland, 589;
suppress the rebellion of '98, 590
Ordainers, the Lords, 173
Orders in Council, the, 611
Orleans, siege of, 234
—, Philip of, regent of France, 486
Ormond, James Butler, Marquis of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, aids Charles I., 389;
resists Cromwell, 402
—, James Butler, Duke of, supersedes Marlborough, 477;
Jacobite intrigues of, 486
Orsini question, the, 693
Osbert, King of Northumbria, 36
Oswald, St., King of Northumbria, 26
Oswiu, King of Northumbria, slays Penda, 27;
at Synod of Whitby, 28
Oude, wars of English with, 566;
dealings of Warren Hastings with, 568;
annexed, 744;
the mutiny in, 746
Oudenarde, battle of, 470
Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned by Countess of Essex, 356
Oxford, Provisions of, 140;
Charles I. at, 383;
siege of, 396
—, Robert Harley, Earl of, prime minister, 474;
concludes treaty of Utrecht, 476;
ousted by Bolingbroke, 479
Paardeburg, battle of, 731
Paine, Tom, 580
Pale, the, 108, 177
Palmerston, Henry Temple, Lord, joins Lord Grey's cabinet 648;
his foreign policy, 654 661;
foreign secretary with Lord John Russell, 668;
dismissed, 672;
returns to office, 690;
his first premiership, 690-693;
his second premiership, 695-698;
dies, 699
Pandulf, papal legate to King John, 127
Papacy, first relations of England with, 24;
dealings of William I. with, 76;
quarrel of John with, 126, 127;
subservience of Henry III. to, 138;
Wicliffe and the, 199;
corruption of the, at Renaissance, 289;
quarrel of Henry VIII. with, 293;
Mary and the, 316;
quarrel of Elizabeth with the, 331
Paris, taken by Henry V., 228;
recovered by the French, 239;
Peace of, 536;
taken by the allies in 1814, 625;
by Wellington in 1815, 631;
treaty of, 691
Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 323
Parker, John, mutineer leader at the Nore, 586
Parliament, the Mad, 140; de Montfort's, 144;
assumes its permanent shape under Edward I., 153;
assumes control of royal revenue, 166;
withstands Edward III., 185;
the Good, 200;
the Merciless, 208;
its impotence under the Tudors, 288-292;
Elizabeth's dealings with, 348;
quarrels of, with James I., 355;
early strife of Charles I. with, 363-365;
the Short, 371;
the Long, 372;
its reforms, 374-377;
the Rump, 401;
Barebones', 410;
the Long restored, 418;
the first Convention, 421;
the Cavalier, 422;
the second Convention, 445;
Whig management of, 484, 485;
reform of, proposed by Pitt, 558.
See Reform Bill
Parnell, Charles Stuart, Irish leader, 712-715;
fall and death, 720, 721
Partition treaties, the Spanish, 458
Passaro, Cape, battle of, 490
Patay, battle of, 236
Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland, 13
Paul III., Pope, excommunicates Henry VIII., 295
—, Czar of Russia, his alliance with Bonaparte, 594;
murdered, 595
Paulinus, first Bishop of York, 25
Pedro the Cruel, of Castile, restored by the Black Prince, 196
Peel, Sir Robert, home secretary, 641;
leader of Tories, 656;
prime minister, 662;
imposes income tax, 663;
converted to Free Trade, 666;
resigns, 667;
dies, 680
Pelagius, heretic, 13
Pelham, Henry, minister of George II., 499-503;
overthrows Carteret, 503;
converts National Debt, 513
Pembroke, William Marshal, Earl of, regent for Henry III., 134
—, Aymer de Valence, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 170, 172;
conspires against Gaveston, 173
Penda, King of Mercia, defeats Eadwine, 26;
defeats Oswald, 27;
slain by Oswiu, 27
Peninsular War, the, 614-625
Perceval, Spencer, minister of George III., 609;
assassinated, 622
Percy, Henry (Hotspur), rebellion of, 215;
slain at Shrewsbury, 216
—, Thomas, conspires with Fawkes, 354
Persian war, the, 692
Petition of Right, the, 366
Petitioners and Abhorrers, 434
Philip I. of France, aids rebels against William I., 77;
his war with William I., 79
— II., Augustus, aids sons of Henry II., 112;
goes on third Crusade, 116;
his intrigues against Richard I., 119, 120;
supports Arthur of Brittany, 123;
conquers Normandy and Anjou, 124;
threatens to invade England, 127;
victorious at Bouvines, 128
— IV., the Fair, his wars with Edward I., 162, 163, 168
— VI. of France, his war with Edward III., 183;
defeated at Crécy, 187
— II. of Spain, married to Queen Mary, 318;
proposes to marry Elizabeth, 324;
his plots against Elizabeth, 332-335;
sends out Armada, 337;
dies, 348
— III. of Spain, his alliance with James I., 355, 358
— IV. of Spain, and the Spanish marriages, 359
— V. of Anjou, claims Spanish throne, 458;
acknowledged by England, 476
Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III., saves burghers of
Calais, 189;
wins battle of Neville's Cross, 189
Philiphaugh, battle of, 395
Picts, northern tribes of Britain, 3;
ravage Roman Britain, 11;
united to Scots, 47
Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 300
Pindarees, the, 738
Pinkie, battle of, 309
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, attacks Carteret, 503;
his first ministry, 524;
alliance with Newcastle, 525;
warlike successes of, 526-531;
dismissed by George III., 535;
takes office with Grafton, 542;
made Earl of Chatham, 542;
last speech and death, 549
—, William, the younger, takes office with Shelburne, 556;
his Reform Bill, 558;
prime minister, 559;
his wise rule, 501-505;
his India Bill, 571;
his attitude towards French Revolution, 579;
his war-policy, 581-584;
his Union of Ireland and England, 590;
forms coalitions against France, 593-603;
resigns, 595;
recalled to office, 603;
dies, 608
Pius V., Pope, issues bull against Elizabeth, 331
"Plan of Campaign," the, 718
Plassey, battle of, 530
Poictiers, battle of, 191
Pole, Henry, Lord Montagu, executed by Henry VIII., 301
—, Reginald, papal legate, 318;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 319;
dies, 321
—, Michael de la, minister of Richard II., 207;
exiled, 208
Pole de la. See under Suffolk and Lincoln, Earls of
Pondicherry, taken by the English, 531
Poor Laws, of Queen Elizabeth, 342;
evil working of, 635, 636;
reform of, in 1834, 654
Popish Plot, the, 432
Portland, William Bentinck, Duke of, prime minister, 609
Portobello, taken by Admiral Vernon, 499
Portugal, joins in war of Spanish Succession, 463;
invaded by Junot, 612;
freed by Wellesley, 615 (see under Peninsular War);
civil wars in, 655
Poynings' Act, 281;
repealed, 552
Praemunire, statute of, 200
Pragmatic Sanction, the, 500
Prayer-book, first English, 308;
second, 311;
re-issued by Elizabeth, 324
Presbyterians, rise of the, 369;
their strife with Independents, 397;
their negotiations with Charles I., 398;
crushed by the army, 399
Preston, first battle of, 400;
second, 488
Preston Pans, battle of, 505
Pride's Purge, 401
Protectionists, the, 660, 680
Protestantism, origin of, in England, 308-311
Provisors, statute of, 200
Prussia, joins in war of Spanish Succession, 464;
wars of, with Austria, 500-502;
war with Austria and France, 522;
attacks French Republic, 578;
makes peace with France, 584;
wars of, with Napoleon, 610, 611, 624, 625, 629, 630;
under Bismarck, 705, 707
Prynne, William, condemned by Star Chamber, 270
Punjab, power of the Sikhs in, 737;
conquered by the British, 743
Puritans, rise of the, 314;
persecutions of, 344;
secede from Church of England, 353;
colonize New England, 361.
See Presbyterians and Independents
Pym, John, Parliamentary leader, 365, 371, 372, 375
Pyrenees, battle of the, 625
Quatre Bras, battle of, 628
Quebec, battle of, 528
Queensland, colony of, 751
_Quia emptores_, statute of, 152
Quiberon, battle of, 527
_Quo warranto_, the writ of, 151
Raglan, Fitzroy, Lord, commands in the Crimea, 684-690
Rajputana, becomes vassal to East India Company, 739
Raleigh, Sir Walter, founds colony of Virginia, 341;
imprisoned for Cobham's plot, 344;
his voyage up the Orinoco and execution, 358
Ramillies, battle of, 468
Rangoon, captured by British, 743
Ratcliffe, Richard, favourite of Richard III., 270, 271
Reform, Parliamentary, agitation for, 638, 647
Reform Bill, the, of 1832, introduced by Lord John Russell, 648;
rejected by the Peers, 649;
passed, 650
—, the, of 1866, 703
—, the, of 1885, 716
Reformation, the, in Germany, 290, 296;
in England, 297, 302, 308, 311;
in Scotland, 326
Remonstrance, the Grand, 377
Renaissance, the, 290
Repeal, agitation in Ireland for, 657, 658, 664
Revolution, the, of 1688, 443-447
—, the French, 574
Rhodes, Cecil, his designs, 724, 725
Richard I., conspires against his father, 109-112;
his accession, 114;
at the Crusades, 115-118;
his imprisonment in Germany, 118;
return to England, 120;
his wars and death, 121, 122
— II., 200;
his dealings with Tyler's rebellion, 206;
assumes the government, 207;
overruled by Lords Appellant, 208;
resumes power, 209;
his tyranny, 210;
expedition to Ireland and abdication, 211, 212;
murdered, 214
— III., Duke of Gloucester, murders Henry VI., 259;
his campaign in Scotland, 263;
seizes regency, 265;
declared king, 267;
murders the princes, 268;
slain at Bosworth, 271
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., 141-143
Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, martyred, 319
Ridolfi's plot, 331
Rights, Bill of, 446
Rivers, Anthony, Earl, executed by Richard III., 264, 268
Rizzio, David, murder of, 327
Robert I., Bruce, rebels against Edward I., 168;
slays Comyn, 168;
crowned King of Scotland, 170;
his war against Edward I., 173;
victorious at Bannockburn, 176;
his invasions of England, 177, 180
— III., of Scotland, 214, 218
—, son of William I., rebellion of, 77;
Duke of Normandy, 81;
goes on crusade, 84;
his wars with Henry I., 86;
imprisoned, 90
Roberts, Frederick, Lord, in Afghan war, 749, 750;
his victories in South Africa, 731, 732
Robespierre, Jacobin leader, 581;
fall of, 584
Robin of Redesdale, rebellion of, 257
Rochelle, La, Buckingham's expedition to, 365
Roches, Peter des, minister of Henry III., 137
Rockingham, Marquis of, prime minister, 539-541;
second ministry of, 542;
death of, 555
Rodney, George, Lord, wins battle of St. Lucia, 552
Rogers, John, martyred, 319
Rohilla war, the, 567-568
Romans, in Britain, the, 4-10
Root and Branch Bill, the, 375
Rosebery, Lord, prime minister, 722, 723
Roses, wars of the, 245-259;
their character, 247
Rossbach, battle of, 525
Rotten boroughs, 485;
abolished, 650
Roundheads, use of the term, 382
Rousseau, J. J., influence of, on French Revolution, 575, 576
Rumbold, Colonel, plans Rye House Plot, 435
Rump, the, remnant of Long Parliament, 401;
expelled by Cromwell, 410;
revived, 417
Runjit Singh, his rule in the Punjab, 737;
death of, 742
Rupert, Prince, leader of Royalist horse, 382.
See Edgehill, Newbury, Marston Moor, Naseby
Russell, Lord John, introduces Reform Bill, 648;
his first ministry, 668-672;
his second ministry, 702
—, Lord William, executed, 435
—, Edward, Admiral, wins battle of La Hogue, 454
Russia, first trade of England with, 341;
joins in the Seven Years' War, 522;
joins armed neutrality, 596;
wars of, with Bonaparte, 608, 610, 623;
war of, with Turkey, 645;
engages in Crimean war, 683;
threatened by Lord Palmerston, 698;
Lord Beaconsfield and, 711;
stirs up Afghans, 733
Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, slain at Wakefield, 251
Ruyter, de, Dutch admiral, 426
Rye House Plot, the, 435
Ryswick, Peace of, 455
Sacheverell, Henry, his Tory sermons, 474
Saint Albans, first battle of, 249;
second battle of, 252
Saint Lucia, battle of, 552
Saint Vincent, battle of Cape, 587
Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, 117;
defeated by Richard I., 118
Salamanca, battle of, 624
Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, supports Yorkists, 246;
wins battle of Blore Heath, 247;
beheaded, 251
—, Robert Cecil, earl of, minister of James I., 353-356
—, Robert Cecil, marquis of, prime minister of Queen Victoria, 716;
his second ministry, 718-731;
his third ministry, 723-733
—, William Longsword, Earl of, defeated at Bouvines, 128
—, Great Moot of, 79
Sancroft, William, Archbishop, persecuted by James II., 441;
deposed as a Nonjuror, 448
Saratoga, battle of, 548
Saxons, the, ravage Britain, 11;
their conquests, 12-16
Schism Act, the, 479
Schleswig-Holstein question, the, 698
Schomburg, Frederick, Duke of, commands army in Ireland, 451
Scinde, conquered by Sir Charles Napier, 741
Scindiah, war of, with Warren Hastings, 568;
defeated by Wellesley, 604
Scotland. See under names of kings;
see also Covenanters, Jacobites
Scots, the, invade Britain, 11, 12;
unite with Picts, 47
Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, beheaded, 217
—, Henry, Lord, conspires against Henry V., 223
Scutage imposed by Henry II., 700
Sebastopol, siege of, 686-690
Sedgemoor, battle of, 438
Sepoys, first raised by Dupleix, 512;
great mutiny of the, 745
Septennial Act, the, 490
Seringapatam, treaty of, 572;
storming of, 594
Settlement, the Act of, 459
Seven Bishops, trial of the, 441
Seven Years' War, the, 517, 521, 537
Severus, Emperor, in Britain, 8
Seymour, Thomas, Lord, executed, 310
Shaftesbury, Anthony, Lord, minister of Charles II., 429;
leader of the country party, 431;
his agitation against Romanism, 433, 434;
his fall, 435
—, Anthony, earl of, philanthropic reforms of, 676
Shah Sujah, 740, 741
Shakespeare, William, 343
Shelburne, William, Lord, ministry of, 556;
resigns, 557
Shere Ali, his war with British, 749
Sheridan, Richard, Whig leader, 564, 638
Sheriffmuir, battle of, 489
Ship-money imposed by Charles I., 369
Shrewsbury, battle of, 216
—, Charles Talbot, earl of, at death-bed of Queen Anne, 480
Sidney, Algernon, executed, 435
—, Sir Philip, his "Arcadia," 335;
slain at Zutphen, 335
Sikhs, rise of the, 737;
first war of, with the British, 742;
second war of, 743;
their services in the Mutiny, 746
Simnel, Lambert, imposture of, 273
Siward, Earl of Northumbria, 58, 59
Six Acts, the, 640
Six Articles, the, 603
Slave trade, the, abolished, 609
Slavery, abolished in English possessions, 654
Sluys, naval victory at, 185
Smith, Adam, his "Wealth of Nations," 563
—, Sir Sidney, saves Acre from Bonaparte, 592
Sobraon, battle of, 726
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, minister of Henry VI., 241, 243;
slain at St. Albans, 246
—, Henry, Duke of, Lancastrian leader, 253-255
—, Edmund Seymour, Protector of England, 308;
his Protestantism, 309;
war with Scotland, 309;
deposed, 310;
executed, 313
—, Robert Ker, Earl of, favourite of James I., 356;
his trial and degradation, 357
Sophia, Electress of Hanover, 459
Soult, Marshal, defeated at Corunna, 616;
at Oporto, 618;
at Albuera, 620;
at Pyrenees, 625;
at Toulouse, 626
South African colonies, history of the, 752-754
South Sea Bubble, the, 491
Spa Fields riot, the, 639
Spain, the Black Prince in, 197;
dealings of Henry VII. with, 280;
dealings of Elizabeth with, 324, 330, 333, 337;
subservience of James I. to, 357;
Cromwell's war with, 415;
English invasion of, 468-470;
Walpole's war with, 490;
Pitt's war with, 535;
assists Americans, 548;
allied with French Republic, 585;
allied with Bonaparte, 604;
invaded by Bonaparte, 613 (see Peninsular War);
civil wars in, 655
Spanish marriages, the, of 1846, 665
Spanish Succession, the, 456;
war of, 463
Spencean philanthropists, 639, 640
Spenser, Edmund, 343
Spurs, battle of the, 284
Stafford, William, Lord, executed, 434
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 63
Stamp Act, the, 539;
repealed, 541
Standard, battle of the, 94
Stanhope, James, Earl of, minister of George I., 484;
involved in South Sea Bubble, 491;
dies, 492
Stanley, Thomas, Lord, betrays Richard III. at Bosworth, 270, 271
—, Sir William, executed, 275
Steenkerke, battle of, 454
Stephen of Blois, elected King of England, 93;
his troubled reign, 93-97
Stoke, battle of, 274
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, his policy of "Thorough," 368;
his rule in Ireland, 368;
impeached and executed, 373, 374
Strathclyde, 45, 47, 83
Strongbow, Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, his invasion of Ireland, 107
Stuart, house of. See under names of Kings
—, Arabella, imprisoned by James I., 354
Suetonius Paulinus, conquers Boadicea, 6
Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, head of peace-party, 239, 241;
impeached and murdered, 242
—, Charles Brandon, Duke of, marries Mary Tudor, 284
—, Thomas Grey, Duke of, rebels against Mary, 317;
executed, 318
Suraj-ud-Dowlah, Nawab of Oude, his wars with the British, 566
Sunderland, Robert Spencer, Earl of, minister of James II., 439
—, Charles Spencer, Earl of, minister of George I., 483;
involved in South Sea Bubble, 491;
resigns, 492
Supremacy, Act of, 295
Suraj-ud-Dowlah, takes Calcutta, 523;
defeated and slain, 530
Surrey, Henry, Earl of, executed by Henry VIII., 306
—, Thomas, Earl of, wins battle of Flodden, 285
Sussex, kingdom of South Saxons, 15
Swegen, King of Denmark, expels Ethelred the Redeless, 54
Swift, Dean, his Tory pamphlets, 474
Talavera, battle of, 618
Tallard, Marshal, captured at Blenheim, 467
Tantia Topee, Sepoy leader, 748
Tasmania, colonization of, 752
Tea riots at Boston, 545
Tenant right, conceded to Ireland, 706
Terror, Reign of, in Paris, 583
Test Act, the, 430;
repealed by James II., 439
Tewkesbury, battle of, 258
Thanes or gesiths, followers of Anglo-Saxon king, 42
Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, 28
Thirty Years' War, the, 358
Thistlewood, Arthur, conspiracy of, 640
Throckmorton, Francis, conspiracy of, 335
Thugs suppressed, 739
Tilsit, treaty of, 610
Tinchebrai, battle of, 90
Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, wars with, 569, 571, 572;
subdued by Wellesley, 594
Tithe Act, Irish, passed, 658
Tithe war, the, 656
Torres Vedras, lines of, 619
Tory party, origin of name, 434;
power of, under James II., 437;
intrigues of, under William III., 455;
overthrow Godolphin, 474;
Jacobite tendencies of, 478;
weakness of, under George I. and II., 485;
reorganized by George III., 534;
Pitt and the, 561;
reactionary policy of the, 637.
See Conservatives
Tostig, son of Godwine, 58, 59, 60;
slain at Stamford Bridge, 65
Toulon, siege of, 583
Toulouse, Henry II.'s war of, 99;
battle of, 626
Townshend, Ch., Lord, minister of Geo. I., 484;
colleague of Walpole, 493
Towton, battle of, 253
Trafalgar, battle of, 607
Transubstantiation, doctrine of, 297
Transvaal Republic, the, first annexation of, 753;
war with and second annexation of, 727-733
Trent, case of the, 696
"Triers," committee of, 412
Trinidad ceded to Britain, 597
Tromp, Van, Dutch Admiral, 409
Troyes, treaty of, 228
Tudor, house of. See under names of kings and queens
Tyler, Wat, rebellion of, 204-206
Tyndale, William, translates Bible, 302
Tyrconnel, Richard, Earl of, Jacobite leader in Ireland, 450
Tyrone, Hugh O'Neil, Earl of, his rebellion, 346
Tyrrell, Walter, slays William II., 85
Ulm, capitulation of, 608
Ulster, planted by James I., 361
Uniformity, Act of, 423
Union with Scotland, the, 472;
with Ireland, the, 591
United Irishmen, the, 598
United States, declare their independence, 547;
recognized by George III., 552;
war of England with, 627, 628;
civil war in the, 696;
dispute with, as to the _Alabama_, 707
Utrecht, peace of, 476
Valence, Aymer de. See Pembroke
Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, 373;
executed, 421
Vendôme, Marshal, defeated at Oudenarde, 470
Venezuela, quarrel with, 724
Vere, Robert de, favourite of Richard II., 207, 208
Verneuil, battle of, 233
Vernon, Admiral, takes Portobello, 499
Versailles, treaty of, 553
Victoria, Queen, accession of, 658;
married to Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 661;
her first and second Jubilees, 719, 725;
dies, 733
Vienna, congress of, 626-631
Vikings. See Danes
Villars, Marshal, defeated at Malplaquet, 471
Villeinage, in England, 72;
abuses of, 203;
decay of, 206
Villeneuve, Adm., defeated by Nelson, 607
Villeroi, Marshal, defeated at Ramillies, 468
Villiers. See Buckingham
Vimiero, battle of, 615
Vinegar Hill, battle of, 590
Vittoria, battle of, 625
Voltaire, influence of, in France, 575
Volunteers, the Irish, intrigues of, 551, 552;
the English, of 1803, 602, 603;
of 1860, 694
Vortigern calls in Saxons, 14
Wagram, battle of, 619
Wakefield, battle of, 251
Walcheren, expedition to, 618
Wales, unconquered by Saxons, 17;
wars of, with Northumbria, 26;
vassal to Edward the Elder, 44;
campaign of Harold in, 59;
Norman conquests in, 83, 92;
wars of Edward I. with, 153-157;
rebels against Edward I., 163;
rebels against Henry IV., 214;
supports Charles I., 381
Wallace, William, rising of, 167;
defeated at Falkirk, 168;
executed, 169
Waller, Sir William, Parliamentary general, 386, 391
Walpole, Sir Robert, minister of George I., 484;
prime minister, 491;
his character and policy, 493;
Excise Bill, 495;
fall of, 499
Walsingham, minister of Elizabeth, 326;
dies, 348
Walter, Hubert, archbishop and justiciar, 121;
dies, 125
Waltheof, Earl, rebellion of, 70;
executed, 77
Wandewash, battle of, 531
Warbeck, Perkin, imposture of, 275-277
Warenne, John, Earl of, opposes quo warranto, 151;
wins battle of Dunbar, 164;
regent of Scotland, 164;
defeated by Wallace, 167
Warwick, Guy, Earl of, opposes and slays Gaveston, 173, 174
—, Richard Neville, Earl of, "the King-maker," Yorkist partisan, 246;
wins battle of St. Albans, 249;
of Northampton, 250;
defeated in second battle of St. Albans, 252;
wins battle of Towton, 253;
subdues the North, 255;
his struggle with Edward IV., 256-258;
slain at Barnet, 258
—, John Dudley, Earl of. See Northumberland
Washington, George, early campaign of, 521;
commands American army, 546;
defeated at Brooklyn, 547;
forces Cornwallis to capitulate, 561
— city of, burnt by British, 627
Waterloo, battle of, 629, 630
Wellesley, Richard, Marquis of, Governor-General of India, subdues Tippoo, 594;
subdues Mahrattas, 604
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, at Seringapatam, 594;
wins battle of Assaye, 604;
commands in Portugal, 615;
victorious at Talavera, 618;
at Lines of Torres Vedras, 619;
takes Ciudad Rodrigo, and Badajos, 624;
victorious at Salamanca, 624;
at Vittoria, 625;
invades France, 626;
commands in Belgium, 628;
wins battle of Waterloo, 629;
prime minister, 644;
grants Catholic emancipation, 646;
retires, 648;
death of, 680
Welsh, or Kymry, 17. See Wales
Wesley, John, his life and work, 516
Wessex, kingdom of, founded by Cerdic, 16;
development of, 18;
western conquests of, 31;
supreme in England, 32
Westminster Abbey, founded by Edward the Confessor, 61;
rebuilt by Henry III., 136
—, Statute of, 152
Whig party, origin of name, 434;
discredited by Rye House Plot, 435;
war-policy, 472-474;
ascendency of, under George I., 482;
policy of, 484, 485;
changed character of, 555;
advocates Parly. reform, 628.
See Liberals
Whitby, council of, 28
White, Sir G., defends Ladysmith, 728-31
Wicliffe, John, his teaching, 199
Wido, Count, imprisons Harold, 59
Wilkes, John, prosecuted by Grenville, 539;
member for Middlesex, 543
William I., extorts oath from Harold, 60;
claims English crown, 62;
victorious at Hastings, 65;
king of England, 68;
quells insurrection, 69, 70;
policy of, 74-79;
death, 79
William II., king of England, 81;
wars with Scots and Welsh, 81, 82;
quarrels with Anselm, 84, 85;
dies, 86
— III., marries Mary of York, 431;
opposes Lewis XIV., 430-442;
lands in England, 443;
proclaimed king, 445;
his policy, 447;
campaign in Ireland, 451;
fights in Netherlands, 454;
dies, 460
— IV., accession of, 647;
dealings of, with Reform Bill, 649, 650;
dies, 658
— Clito, his wars with Henry I., 90
— the Lion, King of Scotland, wars of, with Henry II., 110
— the Silent, Dutch leader, 332;
assassinated, 335
Winchelsey, Archbishop, his quarrel with Edward I., 165, 166
Winchester, Statute of, 152
Winfrith (Boniface), missionary in Germany, 29
Witan, national council of the English, 20
Wolfe, General, captures Louisbourg, 526;
victory and death at Quebec, 528, 529
Wolsey, Thomas, minister of Henry VIII., 285-288;
his schemes for Church Reform, 289;
his dealings with Henry's divorce, 291;
his fall and death, 292
Woodville, Elizabeth. See Elizabeth
Worcester, battle of, 405
Wordsworth, William, his attitude toward French revolution, 581
Worms, congress of, 502
Wren, Christopher, rebuilds St. Paul's, 427
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, rebellion and death of, 317, 318
Wykeham, William of, opposes John of Gaunt, 198;
minister of Richard II., 202;
recalled to office, 209
York, Edmund, Duke of, regent for Richard II., 211
York, Richard, Duke of, campaigns of, in Normandy, 239;
rises against Henry VI., 243;
his policy, 245;
Protector, 248;
in Wars of the Roses, 249, 250;
slain at Wakefield, 251
York, Richard, Duke of, son of Edward IV., imprisoned and slain by Richard III., 266-268
York, Frederick, Duke of, disastrous campaigns of, in Flanders, 583, 593, 594;
dies, 647
Yorktown, capitulation of, 559
Young Ireland Party, the, 664;
rising of, 669, 670
Zemindars, Cornwallis's dealings with, 572
Zulu war, the, 753
Zutphen, battle of, 335