On the 2nd, died of wounds in France, Lieut.-Colonel Ian Graham Hogg, D.S.O., 4th Hussars, distinguished in the South African War. On the 2nd, aged 64, Colonel Henry Harding Mathias, C.B., who led the Gordon Highlanders at the storming of Dargai in the Tirch Campaign of 1897. On the 6th, accidentally killed at Broadstairs, aged 42, Sir Stephen Furness, first Baronet (cr. 1913), Liberal M.P. for the Hartlepools since June, 1910, chairman of Furness, Withy & Co.; m., 1899, Eleanor, dau. of Matthew Forster; succeeded by his eldest s. On the 7th, aged 66, Walter Holbrook Gaskell, M.D., F.R.S., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, sometime University Lecturer in Physiology; had made important researches into the sympathetic nervous system and the origin of the vertebrata; held many scientific distinctions. On the 7th, aged 81, the Rev. Douglas Yeoman Blakiston, Vicar of East Grinstead 1871-1908. On the 8th, after a motor-car accident in Aberdeenshire, aged 71, Colonel Robert Townley Caldwell, sometime 3rd Battalion Gordon Highlanders, Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, since 1906; b. in Barbados and educated in Winnipeg, his father having been Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba; 10th Wrangler 1865, Fellow and Lecturer of his College, and its Bursar 1871-99; had commanded the University Volunteer Corps and been very active in University and College life. About the 8th, aged 89, Captain John H. Jellicoe, father of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, sometime Commodore of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's fleet and afterwards a director of the Company. On the 9th, aged 60, Colonel Albury Hawke Charlesworth, Conservative M.P. for Wakefield 1892-5. On the 10th, killed in action in France, aged 55, Brigadier General Neil Douglas Findlay, C.B., R.A.; distinguished in the South African War. On the 12th, suddenly, aged 75, Sir Neville Lubbock, K.C.M.G. (cr. 1899); brother of the first Lord Avebury; Director of the Colonial Bank; Governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation; President of the West India Committee. On the 12th, at Yonkers, N.Y. State, United States, Charles Welsh, sometime member of the publishing firm of Griffith, Farran, Okeden & Welsh, and author of many books for children. On the 12th, aged 83, Edward Riley, F.I.C., a distinguished analytical chemist and metallurgist; turned out the first piece of Bessemer Steel at the Dowlais Ironworks. About the 12th, aged 81, Wilhelm Ganz, Professor at the Guildhall School of Music, an eminent impresario and conductor. On the 13th, aged 102, Robert Crichton, said to be the oldest barrister in the country; had owned a cattle run in Australia 1839-59, and had been a keen sportsman. About the 14th, aged 73, Sir Henry Greenway Howse, sometime on the staff of Guy's Hospital, and ex-President of the Royal College of Surgeons. On the 14th, aged 79, Lieut.-Col. Michael Fenton, sometime Cheshire Regiment, and Army Pay Department; for a time the champion shot of India, and winner of the Viceroy's Cup in 1878-9. On the 16th, accidentally shot by a sentry near Johannesburg, Senator the Hon. General Jacobus Hendrik de la Rey, sometime member of the Transvaal Volksraad; served throughout the Boer War, capturing Lord Methuen at Tweebosch (A.R., 1902, p. [395]), and was prominent in the peace negotiations. On the 16th, aged 63, Edgar John Elgood, Barrister-at-Law, Chairman of the West Kent Quarter Sessions. On the 16th, aged 42, Lieut.-Col. Alexander Bertram Lindsey, sometime Indian General Staff; distinguished in the N. W. Frontier fighting 1897-8 and in the Abor Expedition 1911-12; had written on the Russo-Japanese War. On the 16th, aged 76, Major-General James Woodward Scott, C.B., sometime Royal Marine Light Infantry; distinguished in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882. About the 16th, killed in the war, aged 42, Captain Bertrand Stewart, West Kent Yeomanry; convicted wrongfully of espionage at Leipzig in 1912, and imprisoned till his release by the German Emperor in May, 1913; had served in the Imperial Yeomanry in the South African War. About the 16th, killed in the war, aged 45, Colonel Sir Evelyn Ridley Bradford, second Baronet, Seaforth Highlanders; distinguished in the South African War as a staff officer; succeeded his father 1911; m., 1909, Elsie, dau. of Colonel J. Clifton Brown; succeeded by his elder s. About the 16th, killed in action in France, aged 31, Lieut. Sir Archibald Charles Gibson-Craig, fourth Baronet, succeeded his father 1908; succeeded by his brother. About the 16th, killed in action in France, aged 31, Heneage Neville Finch, Lord Guernsey, s. and heir of the Earl of Aylesford, and Captain Irish Guards; left a son. On the 22nd, by his own hand while under restraint at a nursing home, Guido Fusinato, an Italian Deputy and ex-Minister, and member of the Hague Tribunal; one of the negotiators of the Italo-Turkish treaty of peace. On the 22nd, aged 78, the Rev. Septimus Buss, LL.B., F.R.A.S., Rector of St. Anne and St. Agnes in the City of London since 1899; previously Rector of Wapping 1873-81, Vicar of Shoreditch 1881-99; prominent while in East London in charitable work; had written on the Prayer Book, and on Roman law and history in connexion with the New Testament. On the 22nd, aged 66, Peter O'Kinealy, sometime Advocate-General of Bengal, previously Standing Counsel to the Indian Government; an able lawyer. On the 23rd, aged 57, General James Henry Bor, C.B., C.M.G., Royal Marine Artillery; A.D.C. to King George V. 1904-11; accompanied him as A.D.C. in his Colonial tour when Duke of York, 1911; commanded Cretan Gendarmerie during insurrection of 1907. On the 25th, aged 71, the Hon. Sir James Pliny Whitney, K.C.M.G., Premier of Ontario since 1905; a member of the Legislature of the Province since 1888; knighted 1908; refused office in the Borden Cabinet 1911; a strong Imperialist. On the 26th, aged 71, the Rev. Mitford Mitchell, D.D., Trinity College, Cambridge, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 1907; for twenty-five years Minister of the West Church, Aberdeen, and Chaplain to Queen Victoria, and also to King Edward and King George; had travelled widely in the interest of missionary work; noted as a preacher. On the 26th, aged 60, Sir Herbert Ashman, first Baronet (cr. 1907); Mayor of Bristol 1899-1900 and first Lord Mayor of the city; m., 1874, Eliza, dau. of Frederick Lorenzen; succeeded by his s. On the 27th, aged 66, Sir Frederick Carne Rasch, first Baronet; Trinity College, Cambridge; sometime 6th Dragoon Guards; Unionist M.P. for Essex (Chelmsford) 1900-8, for S.E. Essex 1885-1900; best known in the House for his advocacy of shortened speeches; m., 1879, Katharine, dau. of H. Griffinhoofe; succeeded by his s. On the 27th, Katharine Harris Bradley, who in collaboration with her niece published several volumes of poems under the pen-name "Michael Field," among them "Attila, My Attila!" and "Mystic Trees." On the 30th, aged 88, Sir Henry Duncan Littlejohn, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Edinburgh University, 1897-1905; had done much to cleanse and clear the Edinburgh slums; knighted 1895. On the 30th, aged 88, Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer, G.C.M.G.; Governor of Natal, 1882-85, High Commissioner of Cyprus, 1885-92; a Royal Commissioner for the Paris Exhibition, 1900.
King Carol of Roumania died of heart failure at the Castle of Pelesh, Sinaia, on October 10, aged 75. The son of Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, he was born at Sigmaringen, April 20, 1839, and accepted the Crown of Roumania after the deposition of Prince Couza, on the advice of Bismarck and in face of strong Austrian opposition. Elected Prince (still, however, under Turkish suzerainty) by plebiscite on his 27th birthday, he devoted himself to promoting the economic development of his country. His throne was severely shaken by the failure in 1870 of the notorious financier, Dr. Strousberg, who had undertaken a vast railway scheme in the Principality, and by the strong French sympathies of his subjects during the Franco-German War, which caused revolutionary disturbances and turned popular sympathy against him; but he was induced to withdraw an offer of abdication, and the general election of May, 1871, strengthened his rule. During the next six years, the Army was reorganised, under his influence, on the Prussian model, and there was frequent trouble with the Porte as suzerain, which led to the participation of Roumania in the Russo-Turkish War of 1876-78, in which her troops bore the brunt of the defence of Plevna. The war secured Roumanian independence, but at the expense of the retrocession to Russia of a portion of Bessarabia, taken from her in the Crimean War, and for which the assignation of the Dobrudscha to Roumania was an inadequate compensation. There was an outburst of popular indignation, and a breach with Russia; but the Prince assumed a firm attitude, and his German affinities doubtless helped in the virtual affiliation of his realm for many years to the Triple Alliance. He was crowned King in 1881, His reign was marked by the development of the petroleum industry, by the rise of a native manufacturing system, encouraged by a tariff, and by frequent recurrences of the Jewish question, active party warfare, and two grave agrarian risings (1888 and 1907)—together with a growth of Roumanian nationalism which repeatedly threatened to embroil his country with Austria-Hungary, but his long personal friendship with the Emperor of Austria was probably a powerful factor in the preservation of peace. This nationalism, however, led his country to discover and patronise the Kutzovlachs of Macedonia as Roumans, and helped to make it assume unexpectedly the position of guardian of the balance of power in the Balkans after the fratricidal war of 1913. Moreover, aided by sentiment for France as a kindred "Latin" country, and by the growth of French financial interests in Roumania, it tended towards his death to divert his country from the Triple Alliance and bring it into the great war of 1914 as the ally of Russia. This was averted mainly by his personal influence. He m., 1869, Princess Elizabeth of Wied ("Carmen Sylva"), and was succeeded by his nephew, who had been made his heir by the Constitution of 1887.
Prince Maurice Victor Donald of Battenberg, youngest son of Princess Henry of Battenberg, grandson of Queen Victoria, and Lieutenant King's Royal Rifle Corps, died October 28 of wounds received in action in France, aged 23. Born at Balmoral, October 8, 1891, he was educated at Wellington College and at Sandhurst, and was appointed to his regiment in March, 1911, and promoted in February, 1914. He had distinguished himself in the war, and had been mentioned in despatches by Sir John French. He was a keen sportsman and motorist, and was much interested in aviation.
Sir Charles Douglas.—General Sir Charles Whittingham Horsley Douglas, G.C.B., Chief of the Imperial General Staff since April, 1914, died at his London residence, October 25, aged 64, having worked at the War Office, though seriously ill, until a week before his death. In 1869 he joined the 92nd Highlanders, eventually becoming its adjutant, and served with distinction throughout the Afghan Wars of 1879-80. He served also in the Boer War of 1881, being taken prisoner at Majuba, and, when the regiment became linked with the Gordon Highlanders, he remained Adjutant, and distinguished himself in the Suakin Campaign of 1884. After serving as Adjutant of the London Scottish, he received a staff appointment in 1893 at Aldershot, and eventually, in 1898, became Assistant Adjutant-General and aide-de-camp to the Queen. He served on Sir Redvers Buller's staff in the South African War, was Chief of Staff to the 1st Division under Lord Methuen, distinguished himself at Magersfontein, subsequently commanded the Ninth Brigade, and later a field column, and was specially mentioned and promoted Major-General. After the war he commanded the First Brigade at Aldershot, and subsequently the 2nd Division; he was the first Adjutant-General on the Army Council, and in 1909, giving up the post to Sir Ian Hamilton, went to Salisbury Plain to train troops. He then became Inspector-General of the Home Forces, but succeeded Sir John French on his resignation after the Army crisis of April, 1914. He was an exceptionally able organiser and administrator.
The Marchese di San Giuliano, Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs since 1910, died at Rome, October 16, aged 61. Born at Catania, he became Mayor of the city in 1879, and Deputy in 1882; in 1892 he was Under-Secretary for Agriculture in the Giolitti Ministry, in 1899 Minister of Posts and Telegraphs in that of General Pelloux; in 1905-6 he was Foreign Minister in the Fortis Ministry, and from 1905 to 1910 Italian Ambassador in London. He was a convinced supporter of the Triple Alliance, and was nominally, at any rate, responsible for the policy of Italy at the Algeciras Conference and during the Turkish and Balkan Wars. He was a man of great talent and wide knowledge of foreign affairs.
Count Albert de Mun.—Adrien Albert Marie Count de Mun, the great lay champion of French Catholicism, died at Bordeaux on October 6, aged 73. He was the great-grandson of Helvetius, the eighteenth century philosopher, and served as a lieutenant in the 3rd Chasseurs at Metz in 1870. He was interned in Germany after the capitulation, and on his return was promoted captain and attached as ordnance officer to the Governor of Paris. He engaged in social work and founded Catholic clubs for workmen, and the War Minister, suspecting him of Monarchism, prepared to remove him to the provinces. He resigned from the Army, stood for Pontivy in 1876, had his election quashed, but was re-elected, and joined the Extreme Right, voting for the resolution of confidence in the Duc de Broglie's Government which succeeded that of M. Jules Simon on May 10, 1877. At the general election in October he was again returned for Pontivy, but his election was quashed in 1878, and he was defeated on standing again. While out of the Chamber he energetically opposed the Republican measures, especially in education, and in 1881 was again returned for Pontivy. His great aim was to form Catholic workmen's associations, and, when again returned in 1885, he founded the "Catholic Alliance" group in the Chambers, and in 1892 a Catholic League of the Sacred Heart, but when the Vatican ordered Catholics to rally to the Republic later in the year, he devoted himself exclusively to Church defence and social problems. He represented Morlaix from 1893 till his death, though an affection of the throat latterly had interfered with his speaking in public; but he served Catholicism by his pen. He was among the most eloquent of modern French orators, and became a member of the Academy in 1898. He was a fervent patriot, an earnest champion of the working classes, and above all a devout and militant Roman Catholic, and in spite of his militancy was profoundly respected by his opponents.
On the 2nd, aged 68, Edward Hyde Villiers, fifth Earl of Clarendon, Liberal M.P. for Brecon 1869-70; succeeded his father 1870; m. (1), 1876, Lady Caroline, dau. of the third Earl of Normanton; she d. 1894; (2) 1908, Emma, dau. of Lieut.-General George Hutch, C.S.I., and widow of the Hon. Edward Bourke; was A.D.C. to Queen Victoria and King George V.; succeeded by his s. On the 3rd, aged 93, George Douglas Turnbull, the oldest member at his death of the Indian Civil Service; passed out of Haileybury 1838; held Bulandshahr near Meerut, with Brand Sapte, during the Mutiny, thus saving refugees from Delhi; retired, 1874, as Judge of Meerut. On the 4th, aged 60, Haviland Burke, great-grand-nephew of the famous Edmund Burke, Nationalist M.P. for King's County (Tullamore) since 1900; one of the Nationalist Whips; special correspondent of the Manchester Guardian in Epirus during the Græco-Turkish War of 1897. About the 6th, aged 40, the Hon. Albert Edgar Solomon, Liberal Premier of Tasmania 1912-14, also Attorney-General and Minister of Education; had held various Ministerial offices since 1909. On the 5th, aged 59, Sir George Francis Hardy, K.C.B., F.R.A.S., sometime President of the Institute of Actuaries; actuarial adviser of the Indian Government, and also of the British Government in respect of the cost of the Insurance Act of 1911; had done important work also in astronomy and Egyptology. On the 7th, aged 70, the Rt. Hon. Sir William Henry Peregrine Carington, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Liberal M.P. for Wycombe 1868-83; Keeper of the King's Privy Purse since 1910; had served in various capacities in the Royal Household since 1880. On the 8th, aged 80, the Hon. Sir Charles Fremantle, K.C.B., third s. of the first Lord Cottesloe; Deputy Master and Comptroller of the Mint 1868-88; British representative on the Suez Canal Board 1896-1903; a member of the Council of Foreign Bondholders. On the 9th, suddenly, in London, aged 53, Colonel Jeffrey Hall Burland, of Montreal, Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Commissioner of the Canadian Red Cross Society in connexion with the war; prominent in Canadian business and in philanthropic work. On the 10th, Cardinal Ferrata (Dominic Ferrata), Cardinal Priest, and Secretary of State for the Holy See since the election of Pope Benedict XV. On the 11th, aged 77, Lieut.-Colonel Sir William Algernon Kay, fifth Baronet; succeeded his half-brother 1907; had served in the New Zealand War of 1864-66 as an officer in the 68th Regiment; m., 1869, Emily, dau. of Thomas Ireland; succeeded by his s. On the 14th, killed in action in France, aged 53, Major-General Hubert Ion Wetherall Hamilton, D.S.O.; distinguished in the Egyptian Campaigns 1897-9, and in the Boer War; Military Secretary to Lord Kitchener in India; mentioned in despatches by Sir John French. About the 14th, aged 86, Thomas Patrickson, the last survivor of the famous cruise of the Beagle, described by Charles Darwin, whom he assisted in his taxidermy. On the 15th, aged 85, Sir William Markby, Judge of the High Court of Bengal 1866-78; Reader of Indian Law in Oxford University 1878-1900. Fellow and Bursar first of All Souls, subsequently of Balliol; very active in University affairs; sometime Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University; author of a well-known elementary work, "The Elements of Law." On the 15th, aged nearly 76, Anthony Traill, M.D., Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, since 1904; believed to have effected the compromise which left Trinity untouched by the creation of a National University in Dublin in 1906; a Commissioner of National Education since 1901, and on the Irish Educational Endowments Commission 1885-92; directed the finance of the Church of Ireland. About the 15th, killed in action, Major William Charles Christie, Royal Warwickshire Regiment; distinguished in the Nile Expedition of 1898; served in the South African War, and mentioned in despatches by Sir John French just before his death. On the 17th, aged 78, Admiral Sir Henry Frederick Nicholson, K.C.B.; commanded H.M.S. Téméraire at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882; Commander-in-Chief on the Cape of Good Hope Station 1890-92, at the Nore 1896-97; previously Naval Attaché at various European Courts; A.D.C. to Queen Victoria. About the 17th, killed in action, aged 38, Sir Robin Duff, second Baronet, 2nd Life Guards, son of Sir Charles Assheton-Smith, Baronet, who assumed the name of Assheton-Smith in lieu of Duff, 1905, and was created a baronet in 1911; succeeded his father in September; m. 1903, Lady Juliet Lowther, dau. of the Earl of Lonsdale; succeeded by his s. About the 18th, aged 71, Lieut.-General Julio A. Roca, President of Argentina 1880-86 and 1898-1904; commanded the Rio Negro Expedition against the Pampas Indians in 1873, clearing large tracts for settlement; had been distinguished in the war with Paraguay; suppressed a revolution when President-elect in 1880; had been head of the National Autonomist party, and was nicknamed "El Zorro" (the fox); visited England in 1906. On the 19th, aged 42, Mgr. Robert Hugh Benson, son of a former Archbishop of Canterbury; sometime an Anglican clergyman, he became a Roman Catholic in 1903; well known as a preacher and novelist. On the 19th, aged 51, Lieut.-Colonel Keith David Erskine, Indian Staff Corps, Resident in Cashmere 1910-11, subsequently Consul-General at Baghdad. On the 21st, aged 81, Sir Charles William Morrison-Bell, first Baronet, cr. 1905, when he assumed the name and arms of Morrison; sometime 15th Hussars; m., 1863, Louisa, dau. of W. H. Dawes; succeeded by his s. On the 21st, aged 40, James William Cleland, Liberal M.P. for Glasgow (Bridgeton) 1906-10, and a Progressive member of the L.C.C. for Lewisham. On the 22nd, aged 66, William Tattersall, an authority on the cotton industry. On the 23rd, at Khartum, aged 77, the Rt. Rev. Thomas Edward Wilkinson, Bishop of Zululand 1870-80, Bishop Coadjutor of London for North and Central Europe 1886-1911; wrote an account of his experiences in this latter office. On the 26th, killed in action in France, Captain Sir Frank Rose, second Baronet, 10th Royal Hussars; succeeded his father 1913. On the 23rd, aged 80, Colonel Sir Lonsdale Hale, late R.E., knighted 1911; well known as an able writer on military subjects. On the 26th, aged 56, Elizabeth, wife of Alfred Toulmin Smith, better known by her pen-name of L. T. Meade, dau. of an Irish rector; authoress of many works of fiction, chiefly for young girls. On the 27th, aged 58, Lieut.-General Sir William Edmund Franklyn, K.C.B., Princess of Wales' Own Yorkshire Regiment, commanding the 3rd (Central) Division of the new Army; distinguished in the Tirah Expedition, 1897-98; Military Secretary to the Secretary of State for War, 1911. On the 27th, aged 81, Sir Francis Powell, President of the Royal Scottish Water-colour Society, which he was instrumental in founding; of high repute as a painter of seascapes; knighted 1893. On the 27th, William Booth Bryan, M.I.C.E., Hon. Colonel 17th Battalion County of London Regiment, Chief Engineer of the London Water Board. On the 29th, aged 68, the Rev. Douglas Lee Scott, LL.D., St. Peter's College, Cambridge, Headmaster of the Mercers' School, London, since 1879. On the 29th, Mrs. Archibald Mackirdy, better known as Olive Christian Malvery; widow of a former United States Consul in Muscat; she had done much rescue work among women, and had written a striking book, "The Soul Market," giving her experiences. On the 29th, killed in action in France, aged 22, Sir Gilchrist Neville Ogilvy, eleventh Baronet, 2nd Lieut. Scots Guards; succeeded his grandfather in 1910. On the 31st, aged 80, the Rev. William Wolfe Capes, Canon of Hereford, sometime Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College, Oxford, and subsequently of Hertford College; and Reader of Ancient History in the University 1870-77; had written important works on Ancient History. On the 31st, aged 77, Sir Arthur Birch, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant-Governor of Ceylon 1876-78; had held many Colonial appointments, and had been Agent to the West-End branch of the Bank of England.
The Duke of Buccleuch.—William Henry Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, sixth Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, died at Montagu House, Whitehall, on November 5, aged 83. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, he was Conservative M.P. for Midlothian 1853-1868 and 1874-1880, and was beaten in the last-named year by Mr. Gladstone. He succeeded his father in 1884, and devoted himself to the management of his great estates. He m., 1859, Lady Louisa Hamilton, third dau. of the first Duke of Abercorn; she d. 1912. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son.
Earl Roberts.—Field-Marshal the Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts, K.G., K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., V.C., first Earl Roberts of Kandahar, died at St. Omer, France, of pneumonia caught while visiting the British troops, on November 14, aged 82. B. at Cawnpore, September 30, 1832, the son of Colonel (afterwards General Sir Abraham) Roberts of the Munster Fusiliers, he was educated privately and at Eton, Sandhurst, and the East India Military College at Addiscombe, and obtained a commission in the Bengal Artillery in 1851. He served under his father as A.D.C. at Peshawar in 1852-53, joined the Bengal Horse Artillery 1854, was a Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General at Peshawar when the Mutiny broke out, and was then attached as Staff Officer to General Sir Neville Chamberlain, commanding the Movable Column sent to secure the Punjaub. He served as Staff Officer under Chamberlain's successor, the famous General John Nicholson; in the artillery at the siege of Delhi and also on the staff, guided the force relieving Lucknow from the Alumbagh to the Dilkusha, and at night was sent back to the Alumbagh to fetch ammunition. He was attached after the relief to Sir Hope Grant's cavalry division, and gained his V.C. at Khudaganj in January, 1858. In April he was invalided home, returning in 1859. In 1863 he was sent on the Umbeyla Expedition against the Bunerwals, and in 1867 to Zulu in Abyssinia, where he was left to organise the transport for Lord Napier of Magdala's expedition against King Theodore. He was sent home with despatches and given the brevet of Lieut.-Colonel. For his services in the Lushai Expedition of 1871-72 he received a C.B., and he was made Brevet-Colonel and Quartermaster-General in 1875. Holding that Russia's advance in Central Asia should be met by extending the Indian N.W. frontier, he was brought (through Lord Napier of Magdala and Disraeli) into relations with Lord Lytton when Viceroy, and in 1878 was given the command of the Punjaub Frontier Force. When General Sir Neville Chamberlain's Mission to the Amir of Afghanistan was stopped at Ali Masjid in 1878, Roberts commanded the troops which advanced up the Kuram Valley and forced the Peiwar Kotal Pass. He was made Major-General and K.C.B. and thanked by Parliament. After the Treaty of Gundamuk he was recalled for special work to Simla, but on Major Cavagnari's murder he returned to his force at Kuram and advanced on Kabul, occupying it after defeating the Afghans at Charasia, and two months later holding Sherpur cantonments against a large Afghan force. After the British defeat at Maiwand he led a force of 10,000 men under great difficulties to Kandahar and defeated Ayab Khan's Army (August, 1880) when he again received the thanks of Parliament and was made a baronet and a G.C.B. He was sent out to South Africa after Majuba, but arrived when peace had been made and returned at once. He commanded the Madras Army 1881-85, and was Commander-in-Chief in India 1885-93. He was made a Peer in 1892, Field-Marshal 1895, and was Commander-in-Chief in Ireland 1895-99. In December of that year he was sent to take command in South Africa, and in February began his great march to Bloemfontein and Pretoria. He enveloped Cronje's army, which surrendered February 27, 1900 at Paardeberg, and on April 13 he entered Bloemfontein and on June 5 Pretoria. He completed his work by defeating the Boers at Machadorp at the end of August, and returned to England to become Commander-in-Chief just before Queen Victoria's death. He was made an Earl and a K.G., and was formally thanked for his services by King Edward VII. He served in his new post till its abolition in 1904, doing much to raise, improve and modernise the army, and to raise the standard of musketry, and till the beginning of 1906 he continued to serve on the Imperial Defence Committee. From then till his death he strongly advocated compulsory military service, and was President of the National Service League. He was keenly interested in the war of 1914, and the last work which he initiated was the collection of field glasses for the troops. He retained his vigour to the last. He was one of the kindliest of men, and one of the most profoundly religious; and the private soldier, who adored him as "Bobs," had no better friend. He m., 1859, Nora, dau. of Captain John Bows; one son died in infancy, the other was killed at Colenso, after having been recommended for the V.C., and the earldom passed, by special remainder, to his dau. Lady Aileen Roberts. Another dau. married Major Lewin. He received a public funeral (p. 234) in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Admiral Cradock.—Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock, K.C.V.O., who was lost with his flagship, H.M.S. Good Hope, in the action off the Chilean coast on November 1, was born in 1862, entered the Navy in 1875 at the age of thirteen, and took part in the Egyptian War of 1882 and was present at the battle of Tokar in the Sudan Expedition of 1891. In 1892 he helped, as First Lieutenant of H.M.S. Dolphin, to rescue the officers and crew of the Brazilian corvette Almirante Barroza, and in 1894 jumped overboard and rescued a midshipman from drowning off the coast of Sardinia. In 1900 he commanded the British Naval Brigade at the capture of the Taku forts, and afterwards directed the allied forces in the operations for the relief of Tientsin and of Sir Edward Seymour's column. He wrote two interesting books, "Wrinkles in Seamanship, or a Help to Salt Horse" (1894), and "Whispers from the Navy" (1907). In 1909 he was appointed A.D.C. to the King. In 1911, when the P.O. liner Delhi stranded with the Duke and Duchess of Fife off the Morocco coast, he rendered valuable assistance. A born leader and thoroughly trusted by his officers and men, he faced overwhelming odds in his last contest, joining battle in accordance with the traditions of the British Navy and fighting till the last.
The Marchese Visconti-Venosta, five times Foreign Minister of Italy, died on November 28, aged 85. Born at Milan, January 22, 1829, and belonging to a family who came from the Vallettino, he took part in the anti-Austrian movement in 1848-49, and corresponded with Mazzini, but broke with him after the Milan rising of 1853, and supported Cavour. He was Royal Commissioner of the Kingdom of Sardinia to receive Garibaldi in 1859, and was sent on special missions to the Courts of England and France. He was elected to the sub-Alpine Parliament in 1860 as member for Tirano, and in 1860 was sent to Naples to prepare the way for Garibaldi. In 1864 he became Foreign Minister in the Minghetti Cabinet and negotiated with Napoleon III. the Convention for the withdrawal of the French troops from Rome. On the resignation of the Cabinet he went as Minister to Constantinople, but returned in 1866 to resume his former part in the Ricasoli Ministry and negotiated the cession to Italy of Venetia; and he was also in the same office from 1869 to 1876, during which period Rome became the Italian capital. He fell in 1876 with the Right, and only returned in 1896 as Foreign Minister in the Rudini Ministry, but resigned after the Milan riots of 1898. He again returned to his former office in the Pelloux and Saracco Ministries 1899-1901, and in 1905 he represented Italy at the Algeciras Conference, in which he was very conspicuous. He was a friend of Great Britain and, latterly, at any rate, adverse to the Triple Alliance.
On the 1st, aged 85, Thomas Halhed Fischer, K.C., senior Bencher of Lincoln's Inn; since 1896 a Master in Lunacy; had introduced salutary reforms in the work of his office. On the 3rd, aged nearly 84, the Rt. Hon. Arthur Cohen, K.C., Honorary Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge; Liberal M.P. for Southwark 1880-88; a leading member of the Bar, and a member of many Royal Commissions; a scientific lawyer and a member of the British Academy. About the 3rd, aged 48, Tom Gallon, a well-known novelist and playwright; author of many novels, of which the best known was "Tatterley." On the 3rd, aged 78, Lieut.-Col. John Foster Forbes of Rothiemay, Banff; sometime Commander of the 36th Indian Cavalry (Jacob's Horse); served with distinction throughout the Indian Mutiny. On the 4th, aged 80, James Colquhoun Colvin, sometime Bengal Civil Service; one of the small garrison which held a small house at Arrah in the Mutiny against overwhelming numbers for eight days, and was rescued at the last extremity by a relieving force. On the 4th, killed in action, aged 39, Captain the Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce O'Neill, eldest son of Lord O'Neill, and Unionist M.P. for mid-Antrim since 1910. On the 5th, aged 60, Major-General Robert George Kekewich, C.B., sometime Loyal North Lancashire Regiment; distinguished in the South African War, when he held Kimberley for four months till relieved by General French's force. On the 6th, aged 80, August Weismann, Professor of Zoology at Freiburg University; best known for his refutation of the view that acquired qualities are hereditary. On the 6th, killed in action in Belgium while flying, aged 30, Francis, sixth Earl Annesley, sub-Lieut. Royal Volunteer Reserve; m., 1909, Evelyn, dau. of Alfred Miller Mundy; succeeded by his cousin. On the 7th, aged 75, Thomas Watson Jackson, Fellow and sometime Vice-Provost and Tutor of Worcester College, Oxford, Keeper of the Hope Collection. On the 8th, aged 78, Sir Henry Thoby Prinsep, Bengal Civil Service; Judge of the Calcutta High Court 1878-1904; served with the troops in the Mutiny. On the 9th, aged 78, Samuel Wayland Kershaw, F.S.A., for many years Curator of Lambeth Palace Library. On the 10th, aged 71, Sir William Shaw Wright, Chairman of the Hull and Barnsley Railway and of the Humber Conservancy. On the 10th, Cecil Raleigh (Cecil Rowlands), for many years joint or sole author of the successive and very successful melodramas produced annually at Drury Lane Theatre. On the 11th, aged 48, Brigadier-General Norman Reginald McMahon, D.S.O., distinguished in the South African War. On the 12th, aged 83, Sir Walter Gilbey, first Baronet, a well-known breeder of Shire and other horses; President of the Royal Agricultural Society 1895; had founded a lectureship in Agriculture at Cambridge and done much for the subject in many ways; one of the founders of a well-known firm of wine merchants; m., 1858, Ellen, dau. of John Parish; succeeded by his s. On the 14th, aged 73, Colonel Thomas William Chester Master, Conservative M.P. for Cirencester 1878-85. On the 14th, on board the Allan liner Hesperian, aged 73, the Rt. Rev. Andrew Hunter Dunn, Bishop of Quebec since 1892, Vicar of South Acton, Middlesex, 1872-92. On the 15th, aged 72, Colonel Harrison Ross-Lewin Morgan, C.B., R.A.; had seen much active service in India and had been repeatedly mentioned in despatches. On the 16th, aged 49, killed in action, Brigadier-General Charles Fitz-Clarence, V.C., grandson of the first Earl of Munster; distinguished by his bravery in the South African War. On the 19th, aged 39, Joseph Pointer, Labour M.P. for Sheffield (Attercliffe) since 1909; by trade a pattern-maker and sometime a trade-union official. On the 20th, Isaac Burney Yeo, M.D., for many years on the staff of King's College and author of numerous medical works. On the 20th, Sir Edward Philip Solomon, K.C.M.G., sometime Minister of Public Works in the Botha Ministry in the Transvaal, and one of the Senators for that Province. About the 21st, aged 68, George William Thibaut, Ph.D., C.I.E., Registrar of Calcutta University, previously Principal successively of two Indian Colleges; assisted Max Muller in producing editions of the Rig-Veda; a noted Orientalist. On the 22nd, aged 89, General John March Earle, sometime Bengal Infantry; served in the Sikh War of 1845-46. On the 22nd, aged 67, Sir John Roche Dasent, C.B., for many years in the Education Department of the Privy Council; edited thirty-two volumes of the Acts of the Privy Council; a nephew of Delane, the famous Editor of The Times. On the 24th, Cardinal Priest Aristide Cavallari, Patriarch and Archbishop of Venice. On the 25th, aged 51, Sir John Macpherson Grant, fourth Baronet of Ballindalloch; succeeded his father 1907; owner of the famous Ballindalloch herd of black-polled cattle. On the 28th, aged 91, James George Henry Stopford, fifth Earl of Courtown; succeeded his father 1858; m., 1846, Hon. Elizabeth Milles, dau. of fourth Lord Sondes; she d. 1894; succeeded by his s. On the 28th, from wounds received in action, Captain Sir Edward Stewart-Richardson, fifteenth Baronet, Black Watch; had served in the South African War; m., 1904, Lady Constance Mackenzie, dau. of the second Earl of Cromartie; succeeded by his s. On the 30th, aged 60, Miss Fanny Brough, for some forty years an eminent and versatile actress, chiefly in light comedy. On the 30th, aged 68, Sir Alfred Mellor Watkin, second Baronet, Director of the South-Eastern Railway since 1878, and from 1873 to 1878 its Locomotive Superintendent.
Admiral Mahan.—Alfred Thayer Mahan, Admiral United States Navy, the famous naval historian, died December 1, at Washington, aged 74. Born at Westpoint, New York, September 27, 1840, the son of a Professor in the famous Military Academy, he was educated partly at Columbia College, New York, and entered the Navy in 1856. He served in the War of Secession, chiefly in blockade ships, then in the Far East and Pacific. In 1887 he lectured in the Naval War College on the subject which gave him his reputation, "The Influence of Sea-Power in History." The idea arose from his study of Hannibal's campaigns in Mommsen's "History of Rome" in the English Club at Lima, while his ship lay at Callao. His book on it was published in 1890, and in 1892 followed a sequel, dealing with the subject in connexion with the French wars of 1790-1815. From 1893 to 1896 he commanded the Chicago, the flagship of the United States European Squadron, which visited England in 1894. He retired in 1896, but served on the Advisory Board of Naval Strategy during the Spanish-American War, and was a delegate to the Hague Conference in 1899. In 1892 he published a Life of Admiral Farragut, in 1897 a Life of Nelson, in 1905 a volume on Sea Power in relation to the Anglo-American War of 1812, and in 1912 a work on naval strategy. Few men, if any, have done more to mould public opinion on the place of navies in national life.
Professor Bywater.—Ingram Bywater, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford 1893-1908, died in London, December 17, aged 74. The son of a clerk in the Customs, he was educated at University College School and King's College, and became Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford, and obtained First Classes in Classical Moderations in 1860 and in Literae Humaniores in 1862. He became a Fellow of Exeter College and was for many years one of its Tutors, but in 1883 became University Reader in Greek, and devoted himself to the study and editing of Greek Texts. In 1877 he had published an edition of the Fragments of Heraclitus, and in 1898 edited Priscianus Lydus for the Berlin Academy; in 1890 he published a new recension of the text of Aristotle's "Ethics," which became the standard text at Oxford, and in 1897 his great work, an edition of Aristotle's "Poetics," which represented probably thirty years of work. As a textual critic, despite the smallness of his output, he had few if any compeers in his generation; and he was a corresponding member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the British Academy. He was well known among German scholars, and had been among the most intimate friends of Mark Pattison. He was a great collector of books, particularly of early printed Greek books, and was active as a Curator of the Bodleian and a delegate of the University Press. He was a high authority on Aristotle, and was one of the founders of the Oxford Aristotelian Society, and a genial man of the world, with great gifts of humour and sarcasm. He m., 1885, the dau. of C. J. Cornish and widow of Hans Sotheby, and their wills made a substantial provision for the study of Byzantine Greek in the University of Oxford.
On the 2nd, aged 95, Alexander Campbell Fraser, LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Edinburgh University, and editor of the standard edition of Bishop Berkeley's works. On the 2nd, aged 66, John Hew North Gustave Henry Hamilton Dalrymple, eleventh Earl of Stair; Lord High Commissioner of the Church of Scotland, 1910; succeeded his father 1903; m., 1878, Susan, dau. of Sir James Grant Suttie, sixth Baronet (he divorced her 1905); succeeded by his s. On the 2nd, aged 75, the Rt. Hon. John Henry Crichton, fourth Earl of Erne, K.P., Conservative M.P. for Enniskillen 1868-80, for Fermanagh 1880-85; Conservative Whip 1876-85; succeeded his father 1885; m., 1870, Lady Florence Cole, dau. of the third Earl of Enniskillen; succeeded by his s. On the 5th, aged 74, Colonel William Frederick Prideaux, C.S.I., F.R.G.S.; sometime Indian Staff Corps; one of King Theodore's prisoners in Abyssinia in 1867. On the 6th, aged 89, the Rev. Sir John Francis Twisden, eleventh Baronet, sometime Professor at the Staff College; established his claim to the Baronetcy in 1909; m., 1855, Catherine, dau. of P. Ramskill; succeeded by his s. On the 7th, aged 71, the Rev. Thomas M. Lindsay, D.D., Principal of Glasgow United Free Church College; a learned ecclesiastical historian and promoter of foreign missions. On the 8th, aged 60, William Woodville Rockhill, sometime United States Minister in Peking and Ambassador in St. Petersburg and Constantinople; had just been appointed Adviser to the President of China; an able diplomatist. On the 8th, aged 56, Melchior Anderegg, one of the earliest Swiss guides; originally a chamois hunter, and also a skilful wood-carver; made over twenty first ascents, the first being that of the Lämmernjoch in 1856; his patrons included Sir Leslie Stephen, the Rev. Charles Hudson (killed in the first ascent of the Matterhorn), Mr. Tuckett, and other famous Alpinists; a notable personality, and one of the greatest of Alpine guides. On the 9th, aged 67, the Rt. Hon. Sir John Winfield Bonser, sometime Chief Justice of Ceylon; Senior Classic (bracketed) at Cambridge in 1870, and sometime Fellow of Christ's College, and subsequently Attorney-General, and then Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements; since 1902 a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. On the 9th, aged 70, Sir Standish O'Grady Roche, third Baronet; succeeded his father 1908; m. (1) 1874, Mary, dau. of C. Colmore; (2) 1910, Sybil, dau. of Colonel Julius Laurie; succeeded by his s. On the 13th, aged 81, General Bronsart von Schellendorf, Prussian War Minister 1896; took part in the wars of 1862, 1866, and 1870; had commanded various Army Corps between 1886 and 1896; a native of Dantzig. On the 14th, aged 73, Bertram Dobell, a well-known London dealer in second-hand books; a bibliophile and poet, and devoted to literature; edited James Thomson's poems, and rediscovered the works of the seventeenth century poets, Thomas Traherne and William Strode. On the 14th, aged 79, the Rt. Hon. Edmond Robert Wodehouse, M.P. for Bath 1880-86 as a Liberal, as a Liberal Unionist 1886-1906; had been offered the Colonial and then the Foreign Under-Secretaryships in the Gladstone Ministry of 1886; had been Chairman of the Common Committee on Public Accounts. On the 15th, aged 71, Giacomo Sgambati, a famous Italian composer and musical conductor; well known in England; his mother was English. On the 15th, aged 84, Lieut.-Colonel Henry George Lindsay, sometime Rifle Brigade; served in the Kaffir and Crimean Wars; distinguished in the Indian Mutiny. On the 16th, aged 74, Sir John Barker, first Baronet (cr. 1908), Liberal M.P. for Maidstone 1900, but unseated on petition, and for Penryn and Falmouth 1906-10; founder of a great drapery business, and previously associated with the rise of Whiteley's; a noted horse-breeder; only a daughter survived him. On the 17th, aged 82, the Hon. Robert Jaffray, a Canadian Senator, President of the Toronto Globe Newspaper Company, and prominent in Toronto. On the 17th, aged 53, Sir Henry Foley Grey, the son of Sir Henry Lambert, sixth Baronet, he assumed the name of Grey in 1905 under the will of the seventh Earl of Stamford; m., 1883, Catherine, dau. of Rev. Alfred Payne; succeeded by his s. On the 18th, aged 66, Archibald Ross Colquhoun, sometime Deputy-Commissioner of Burma, and first Administrator of Mashonaland; had travelled and explored extensively in Siam, Burma, the Shah country, and China, and had written notable books, especially "Across Chryse" (1883), "The Key of the Pacific" (1895), and "China in Transformation" (1898). On the 21st, aged about 41, Arthur Owen Jones, a famous all-round cricketer; captained the English team in Australia 1907-8. On the 22nd, aged 64, Sir Robert Simon, M.D., hon. physician to the Birmingham General Hospital 1891-1914; and Professor at Birmingham University, an authority on the diseases incident to certain industries. On the 22nd, aged 80, General Charles Boileau Pemberton, C.B., C.S.I., sometime R.E.; distinguished in the Mutiny; sometime Director-General of Indian Railways. On the 23rd, aged about 56, the Rev. William Yorke Fausset, Vicar of Cheddar and Prebendary of Wells; had a distinguished career as classical scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, and winner of many University prizes; sometime Headmaster of Ripon Grammar School, and later of Bath College. On the 23rd, aged 60, the Rev. Edward Melford Mee, sometime Fellow, Tutor, and Junior Bursar of Queen's College, Oxford; Rector of Crawley, Hants, 1885-96. About the 25th, aged 93, Lieut.-General Arthur Wombwell, sometime 46th Regiment, distinguished in the Crimean War. On the 25th, aged 75, Dr. John Muir, an explorer of Alaska, and an eminent naturalist and geologist; a native of Scotland. On the 26th, aged 74, General Sir Thomas Kelly-Kenny, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., sometime 2nd Foot; distinguished in the China War of 1860, the Abyssinian Expedition, and the South African War, where he commanded the Sixth Division; Inspector-General of Auxiliary Forces 1897-1900, Adjutant-General to the Forces 1901-4. On the 26th, aged 71, Colonel William Johnson, C.B., M.D., Army Medical Service; distinguished in the Zulu War of 1878-9 and the Boer War, and compiled a Roll of Graduates of Aberdeen University. On the 27th, aged 53, Lord Henry Grosvenor, third son of the first Duke of Westminster; stood for Cheshire (Northwich) 1887. On the 28th, aged 82, the Rev. Richard Hobson, hon. Canon of Liverpool, and Vicar of St. Nathaniel's, Liverpool, 1863-1901; had been very successful in a very poor parish; a strong Evangelical. On the 29th, aged 61, Colonel Henry Broadley Harrison-Broadley, Unionist M.P. for Yorks, E.R. (Howdenshire), since 1906, and sometime M.P. for the East Riding. On the 29th, aged 75, Colonel John Chadwick Doveton, Indian Army, a pioneer of forestry in British India. On the 30th, killed in action in France, aged 47, Lieut.-Colonel Reginald Alexander, Rifle Brigade, distinguished in the South African War. On the 30th, aged 86, Thomas Bryant, an eminent surgeon, long on the staff of Guy's Hospital, Hunterian Professor of Surgery 1888-9, Surgeon in Ordinary to King Edward VII., President of the Royal College of Surgeons 1896-99; wrote important works on surgery. On the 31st, aged 55, the Hon. Sir Edward Charles Macnaghten, K.C., fifth Baronet; succeeded his father, Lord Macnaghten, a life Peer, 1913; m. (1) 1888, the Hon. Gwen Abbot, dau. of the first Lord Tenterden; she d. 1891; (2) 1894, Edith, dau. of Thomas Powell; succeeded by his s.