The Duke of Argyll.—Sir John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of Scotland and second in that of the United Kingdom, hereditary chief of the Clan Campbell, K.G., K.T., G.C.M.G., died of double pneumonia, May 2, aged 69. To his own generation he was probably better known as the Marquess of Lorne. B. August 6, 1845, and educated at Edinburgh Academy, Eton, St. Andrews University, and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was Liberal M.P. for Argyllshire, 1868-78, and married Princess Louise, dau. of Queen Victoria, March 21, 1871. When his father was Secretary of State for India (1868-71) he was his private secretary; he was made a Privy Councillor in 1875, and was Governor-General of Canada 1878-83. In 1892 he contested Central Bradford as a Liberal Unionist, and from 1895 to 1900 represented South Manchester, but in 1900 succeeded his father in the Dukedom. King Edward VII. appointed him Chancellor of the Order of St. Michael and St. George; he was Hereditary Master of the King's Household in Scotland, and at the Coronations of King Edward and King George he bore the Sceptre and the Garter. He was hon. Colonel of the 3rd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the London Scottish, and other regiments, and a loyal Scottish patriot. A many-sided man, his tastes were rather literary than, like his father's, philosophic or scientific, and he wrote verse, books on travel, on Imperial politics, and on Scottish social history. Among them were "A Trip to the Tropics and Home through America" (1867); "Guido and Lita" (1875); "Imperial Federation" (1885); a Life of Palmerston (1892); "The Life and Times of Queen Victoria" (1901); "Passages from the Past" (1907); and "Yesterday and To-day in Canada" (1910). He left no issue, and was succeeded by his nephew.
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan, the eminent electrician and photographic chemist, died at his house at Warlingham, Surrey, on May 28, aged 85. B. October 31, 1828, at Sunderland, he served as assistant to a chemist and druggist in order to learn chemistry, and then was employed by a firm of chemical manufacturers. With a fellow-employee named Mawson he took up the manufacture of photographic chemicals, and the firm of Mawson & Swan became famous, introducing the gelatine dry plate (1877), bromide paper (1879), and the carbon or autotype process which Swan invented. He also introduced improvements in electro-metallurgy, and the Swan incandescent electric lamp, the forerunner of all those of which the use eventually became established. He was made F.R.S. in 1894, and ten years later was awarded the Hughes medal of the Society and was knighted. He had been President of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and Vice-President of the Senate of University College, London. He had numerous honorary distinctions and medals, and was a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He m. (1), 1862, Frances, dau. of W. White, she d. 1868; (2), Hannah, dau. of W. White; and he left a family.
Francis Kossuth, leader of the Independence party in Hungary and sometime Minister of Commerce, died after a painful illness at Budapest on May 25, aged 72. B. in Budapest in October, 1841, he was captured in 1849 by the Austrian troops and restored to his father the famous Hungarian revolutionist, at Kutchia in Turkey, after the failure of the revolution, and was educated at Harrow, the University of London (where he won a prize in 1859), and the Paris École Polytechnique. Becoming an engineer, he was employed in the construction of the Forest of Dean Railway, of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, and of the Ligurian railways, and as managing engineer of a British coal-mining enterprise in the Romagna. In 1877 he settled at Naples as Director of the Impresa Industriale Italiana. He was invited, after the restoration of the Hungarian Constitution, to take an active part in Hungarian politics, and was even elected by two constituencies. But it was only on attending his father's funeral in 1894, at Budapest, that he decided to accept the invitation to become the titular chief of the "Party of 1848," and took the oath of allegiance; in 1895 he was elected deputy for Tapolca, in 1896 for Czegled, which he represented till his death. He was, at any rate nominally, leader of the ultra-Nationalist Opposition or "Independence party" against the successive Ministries of Bánffy, Szell, Khuen-Hedervary, Szapáry and Tisza, exercising influence both in Parliament and through articles in the Egyetertes. In 1905 his party won a great victory at the general election, and his name was submitted to the Emperor-King as Prime Minister; but an "extra-Parliamentary Ministry of Combat" was formed under Baron Fejervary, and to this he offered strenuous resistance. In 1906 the Emperor gave way and accepted a Nationalist Ministry, in which Kossuth took the portfolio of Commerce; but in 1909 the party, after falsifying most of its promises, split on the question of an independent Hungarian State Bank, and the extremists under Justh outnumbered his section. The Ministry then fell, and Count Khuen-Hedervary succeeded (A.R., 1910, p. 318). The Nationalists' split reduced them to impotence. Kossuth was not in fact a militant politician, and was forced into politics as his father's son. He was a man of many accomplishments, an artist and a musician. He m. (1), 1876, Emily Hoggins, an Englishwoman; (2), 1914, the widow of Count Beyrovski.
Don Eugenio Montero Rios, Prime Minister of Spain in 1905, and Liberal leader 1903-6, died at Madrid on May 12, aged 82. Born at Santiago di Compostella, he was destined for the priesthood, but became a barrister and a teacher of ecclesiastical law. In 1864 he became Professor of Canon Law at Madrid University, and in 1869 entered the Cortes as a follower of Ruiz Zorilla. One of his first speeches there was in defence of freedom of worship. As Minister of Justice in General Prim's Cabinet he introduced important judicial reforms, and he drew up King Amedeo's Act of Abdication. After this he retired from politics for a time, but accepted the Restored monarchy, and in 1881 became one of the founders of the Radical party and was Minister of Justice in 1889. In 1895 he was one of the negotiators of the peace with the United States at Paris. In 1903, after Sagasta's death, he was elected leader of the Liberal party, and in 1905 became Prime Minister, but resigned during the conflict caused by the conduct of certain officers in Barcelona in 1905, and was succeeded by Señor Moret. He resigned the Liberal leadership in 1906, but remained the Nestor of the party, occasionally exercising a decisive influence in its internal crises. Amongst the reforms he introduced were civil registration, civil marriage, important alterations in criminal law and procedure, and the appointment of Judges for life.
William Aldis Wright, one of the leading English scholars of his time, died at Cambridge on May 19, aged 82. The son of William Wright, a Nonconformist minister, he was educated at Beccles Grammar School, and Trinity College, Cambridge, becoming Scholar and eventually Librarian, and assumed the name of Aldis on taking his B.A. degree in 1858. He had been 18th Wrangler in 1856, and was one of the earliest Nonconformist graduates of his University. His earliest work consisted in a number of articles in Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible"; in the 'sixties of the last century he edited "Bacon's Essays" for the Golden Treasury Series, and collaborated in editing the "Globe Shakespeare" and the "Cambridge Shakespeare," and in starting the Journal of Philology in 1868. He was Secretary of the Old Testament Revision Committee throughout its existence (1870-85), Senior Bursar of his College, and Syndic of the University Press, 1872-1910. He edited mediæval English works for the Early English Text Society, and the literary remains and letters of his intimate friend Edward Fitzgerald, and produced editions of Milton and Ascham, as well as an edition of a Hebrew commentary on the Book of Job. An expert alike in palæography and bibliography, he was best known for his work in English literature.
Madame Nordica, the celebrated prima donna (in private life Mrs. George Washington Young, and before her marriage Lilian Norton), died on May 10, at Batavia, through a chill contracted aboard the steamer Tasman, stranded en route from Queensland. B. at Farmington, Maine, she studied music in Boston, and made her first appearance in England at the Crystal Palace in 1878. She then studied at Milan under Sangiovanni, and appeared in grand opera ("La Traviata" as Violetta) at Brescia in 1879. Her chief part was Marguerite in Gounod's "Faust"; but she sang repeatedly also in Wagner's operas, notably the part of Elsa in "Lohengrin" in 1894. She was a familiar and famous figure on the operatic stage in London, Paris, and St. Petersburg.
On the 1st, aged 65, Sir James Henderson, managing proprietor of the Belfast Newsletter and Belfast Weekly News; first Lord Mayor of the extended city of Belfast, 1898. About the 3rd, Robert Kaye Grey, M. Inst. C.E., President of the Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1903; sometime engineer-in-chief to the Silvertown Telegraph Works, and an electrician of some eminence. On the 3rd, suddenly, on a steamer on Lake Ontario, aged 50, the Rev. Charles Silvester Horne, Liberal M.P. for Ipswich and a prominent Congregationalist Minister; had been pastor of Whitefield's Church, Tottenham-Court Road, 1903-14; an active promoter of religious and social work, especially the "Brotherhood Movement"; m. Miss Cozens-Hardy, dau. of the Master of the Rolls. On the 4th, in New York, aged 88, Major-General Daniel Edgar Sickles, U.S.A.; commanded the Third Army Corps at the battle of Gettysburg, and saw much service in the Civil War; in early life a lawyer, member of the New York State Senate 1856-7, and a member of Congress for New York 1857-61; had also been Secretary of Legation in London in 1853-5, and Minister to the Hague 1866, and to Madrid 1869-73; member of Congress 1892-4; awarded medal of honour for gallantry at Gettysburg. On the 5th, aged 48, Reginald Jaffray Lucas, Unionist M.P. for Portsmouth 1900-6. On the 8th, aged 76, the Rev. Henry Hahoney Davey, Chancellor of Chichester Cathedral, of some note as an archæologist, and a prominent Freemason. On the 9th, aged 52, Paul Heroult, a distinguished French metallurgist and engineer. About the 9th, aged 76, Admiral Edgar Humann of the French Navy, who forced his way up the River Menam to obtain satisfaction from Siam for French claims in 1893; had been Commander-in-Chief of the French Fleet in the Mediterranean, 1897-8. On the 9th, Charles W. Post, as well-known American manufacturer of cereal foods and a strong opponent of trade unionism. On the 10th, aged 61, Sir William Alexander Smith, of Glasgow, founder and secretary of the Boys' Brigade. About the 10th, aged 70, Colonel W. Holden Webb, sometime of the British and Indian Army, subsequently Acting Commandant of the New Zealand Defence Forces, and a member and Secretary of the Council of Defence of the Dominion. On the 11th, aged 95, Frederick Pennington, Liberal M.P. for Stockport 1874-85; a member of the Council of the anti-Corn Law League, and a friend of Bright and Cobden. On the 11th, aged 64, James Reid Wilson, of Montreal, a prominent Canadian millionaire and collector of pictures. On the 13th, aged 70, Henry Richardson, from 1870 to 1905 a master at Marlborough College, and one of the most devoted friends of the school. On the 13th, aged 72, Charles Trice Martin, F.S.A., of the Record Office; hon. secretary of the Pipe Rolls Society; had edited and written important works on the Public Records, and assisted in calendaring various State Papers. On the 14th, aged 76, Major-General Thomas Scovell Bigge, C.B., a Crimean and Mutiny veteran; had served in the expedition for the relief of Lucknow. On the 14th, aged 58, Frederick de Bartzch Monk, one of the leaders of the Canadian Conservative parties and member for Jacques Cartier in the Dominion Parliament since 1896; was Minister of Public Works in the Borden Ministry, 1911, but retired owing to his connexion with Quebec Nationalism; a learned constitutional lawyer and son of an eminent Judge. About the 14th, aged 74, William Wainwright, Vice-President of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and in its service since 1862; a Manchester man. On the 18th, drowned in Ceylon, Edward Russell Ayrton, Archæological Commissioner for that Colony, and previously connected with the Egypt Exploration Fund, where he did much valuable work. On the 18th, aged 67, Admiral Sir Charles Carter Drury, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., Second Sea Lord of the Admiralty 1902-5; Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean 1907-8, and at the Nore 1908-11; a native of New Brunswick. On the 19th, aged 56, Mrs. Margaret Mary Russell Cooke, dau. of Eustace Smith, M.P. for Tynemouth; m. (1) Ashton Dilke, brother of Sir Charles Dilke; (2) W. Russell Cooke, barrister; was on the London School Board 1889-92. On the 19th, aged 78, John Wesley Hales, Professor of English Literature at King's College, London, 1882-1903, and twice Clark Lecturer in English Literature at Trinity College, Cambridge; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge; Fourth Classic and 15th Junior Optime 1859, and a Fellow of his College; had written essays on English literature and on Shakespeare, and edited Elizabethan poems; a contributor to the "Dictionary of National Biography." On the 20th, aged 51, Alderman William Thompson, a well-known housing expert and manager of a "garden city" enterprise; sometime Mayor of Richmond, Surrey. About the 20th, aged 54, Stephen Townesend, F.R.C.S., husband of the authoress Frances Hodgson Burnett, with whom he collaborated in many plays; had also written novels, chiefly concerned with hospital life. On the 21st, Sir Pieter Faure, Colonial Secretary and Minister of Agriculture in the Sprigg and Jameson Ministries in Cape Colony. On the 21st, Sir Francis Laking, first Baronet, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., long one of the physicians of the Royal Household. On the 22nd, suddenly, in court, Sir Thomas Crossley Rayner, Chief Justice of British Guiana since 1912, previously Attorney-General; Chief Justice of Lagos 1895-1902; a native of Manchester. On the 22nd, aged 82, the Rev. Arthur Mursell, long a prominent Baptist Minister; pastor of the Stockwell (South Lambeth) Baptist Chapel 1866-78 and 1887-1909; also an able popular lecturer, and one of the small body of Nonconformist Unionists. On the 23rd, aged 64, Charles Davis, M.V.O., a prominent London art dealer and expert. On the 23rd, aged 75, Philip Henry Pye-Smith, M.D., F.R.S., for many years on the medical staff of Guy's Hospital and a prominent London consultant; had edited and written important medical works. On the 23rd, aged 72, Sir Alexander Campbell of Aberuchill and Kilbryde, sixth Baronet; succeeded his father 1903; Colonel R.H.A. (ret.); m. (1) Edith, dau. of Alexander Jauncy; she d. 1884; (2) Annie, dau. of R. H. Mitford and widow of Walter James; succeeded by his (second) s. On the 24th, aged 69, David, eleventh Viscount Arbuthnott; succeeded his brother 1895; succeeded by his brother. On the 25th, aged 98, the Rev. John Birch-Reynardson, for sixty-nine years Rector of Careby with Holywell, Lincolnshire; had restored Careby Church at his own cost, and was well known for his benevolence. On the 25th, aged 76, Sir Francis Flint Belsey, Chairman of the Council of the Sunday School Union; and President of the World's First Sunday School Convention 1889; Liberal candidate for Kent (Faversham) 1885, Rochester 1886; twice Mayor of Rochester, his native place, and for twenty-seven years on its School Board. On the 25th, aged 53, Heinrich Vogelsang, agent of Herr Lüderitz of Hamburg in founding in 1883 the first German settlement at Angra Pequeña, which next year became the German colony of South-West Africa. On the 26th, aged 85, Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, first Baronet (cr. 1874); Liberal M.P. for Tiverton 1868-85; a well-known master of foxhounds; assumed his grandfather's name and arms of Heathcoat 1874; m. 1863, Henrietta, dau. of William Unwin; succeeded by his s. On the 29th, aged 75, Paul von Mauser, inventor of the Mauser rifle; son of a gunsmith, he worked at Liège with his brother, supported by an American capitalist named Norris, at improving the Prussian needle-gun from 1867 onwards, and secured the adoption of his weapon by the German army in 1871; improved types followed until 1898; also invented self-loading pistols, and claimed to have supplied 8,000,000 weapons; held many distinctions and orders, and was a member of the Reichstag 1898-1903. On the 29th, aged 67, Prince Peter Dimitrievitch Sviatopolk-Mirski, Russian Minister of the Interior 1904-5; previously Governor of various Russian provinces; regarded when Minister as inclined to Liberalism. On the 29th, drowned in the Empress of Ireland, aged 61, Sir Henry Seton-Karr, Unionist member for Lancs. S.W. (St. Helens) 1885-1906, a well-known sportsman and big game shot and writer on sport; and also Mr. Laurence Irving, younger son of Sir Henry Irving, an actor and playwright of distinction, and his wife (known on the stage as Miss Mabel Hackney), at one time leading lady in Sir Henry Irving's company. On the 30th, aged 62, General Von Deines, head of a department in the Great General Staff of the German Army, 1901-6; reformed the Garrison Artillery so as to enable it to be used in the field, thus preparing effectively for the war of 1914. On the 30th, aged 78, the Rev. Leonard Edmund Shelford, Prebendary of St. Paul's and Rector since 1903 of St. Martin's in the Fields; previously Rector of Stoke Newington 1886-1903, and Vicar of St. Matthew's, Upper Clapton, 1866-86; an earnest worker and a Liberal Churchman. On the 30th, aged 81, Colonel Oliver Ormerod Walker, Conservative M.P. for Salford 1877-80, and High Sheriff of Lancashire 1876. On the 30th, aged 50, Professor George Dean of Aberdeen University, an eminent bacteriologist. On the 30th, aged 56, John Sutherland Sinclair, seventeenth Earl of Caithness; had spent most of his life in the United States; succeeded his father in 1891; unmarried; succeeded by his brother. On the 30th, aged 55, Dr. Philipp Schwartzkopff, long virtual Minister of Education in Prussia, and since 1912 Ober-Prësident of the Prussian province of Posen. On the 30th, aged 80, Surgeon Major-General Robert Lewer; had served in the Russian War of 1856 and distinguished himself in the Afghan War of 1878.
The Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Este (Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Joseph) was murdered at Sarajevo on June 28. The eldest s. of the Emperor Francis Joseph's brother, the Archduke Charles Louis, and of his wife Maria Annunziata, dau. of Ferdinand II., King of Naples, he was brought up under the direction, from the age of eight, of his stepmother, Maria Theresa, dau. of Don Miguel of Portugal. His training made him a devout and convinced supporter of Clericalism in Austria, a good rider and shot, and a painstaking cavalry officer, and his natural tastes were those of a country gentleman; but he had devoted no special attention to public affairs till the suicide or murder of the Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889. Then he became heir to the thrones of the Dual Monarchy and was slowly, and with some resentment on his part at the scant confidence shown him by the Emperor, initiated into its politics. In 1889 he was sent round the world on a warship, and on his return published an account of his travels. This shows him to have been a pleasant, energetic youth, of wide interests and considerable intellectual activity, gifted, as he says, with a mania for museums, and quite ready to join in the deck sports of a liner or the time-honoured ceremony of receiving, and paying toll to, Father Neptune on crossing the Line. In the course of his tour he stayed with the Marquess of Lansdowne, then Viceroy of India, on whom he made a very favourable impression. In 1900 he m. the Countess von Chotek (post) and resigned her right and that of his future children to the Crowns of Austria and Hungary. She was believed to exercise a controlling influence over him; and popular rumour credited him with strong proclivities for the Clerical and Christian Socialist parties, with hostility to the Magyars, and with a desire to counterbalance their power by the strengthening of the Slav elements in the Austrian dominions, whom he hoped to see converted to Roman Catholicism. He proposed to bring representatives of Bohemia and Poland, as well as of Austria and Hungary, when he attended the coronation of King Edward VII.; and he resented the telegram of thanks sent by the German Emperor to the Austrian Emperor after the Congress of Algeciras. He was believed, also, to have favoured a forward policy for Austria-Hungary in South-Eastern Europe, and to have promoted the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1913 he visited King George V. and was personally much liked by those who had met him, and he was expected to prove a thoroughly earnest and conscientious, though somewhat reactionary, ruler.
The Duchess of Hohenberg, before her marriage Countess Sophie Maria Josephine Albine Chotek of Chotkowa and Wognin, belonged to an ancient and in earlier days an illustrious Bohemian family; she was b. at Stuttgart, March 1, 1868, m. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand morganatically July 1, 1899. When he met her she was lady-in-waiting to the Archduchess Isabella, wife of the Archduke Frederick of Austria. It was purely a love match, and entailed the resignation by the bridegroom of all rights attaching to his offspring, though it was doubtful whether the renunciation was valid in Hungary. She was a devoted wife, a fervent Catholic, and was believed to keep her husband's bellicose tendencies in check. Her position at the Court of Vienna was an extremely difficult one; but it was gradually regularised, by the conferment upon her of the title of Princess of Hohenberg in 1900, of that of Serene Highness, for herself and her descendants, in 1905, and of Duchess of Hohenberg in 1909. In private life she was an enthusiastic poultry fancier. She left three children.
The Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz (Adolf Friedrich) died June 11, aged 65. The s. of Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm and of Princess Augusta, daughter of the Duke of Cambridge, he was b. July 22, 1848, and succeeded his father May 30, 1904. He m. in 1877 Princess Elizabeth of Anhalt, and was succeeded by his only s. Adolph Friedrich. One of his two daughters m. Prince Danilo of Montenegro. He was a first cousin of Queen Mary, her mother and his having been sisters. He was a Knight of the Garter. Alone among German princely houses, his family boasts a Slavonic origin.
The Earl of Wemyss.—Francis Wemyss Charteris Douglas, tenth Earl of Wemyss, Earl of March in the Peerage of Scotland, and Baron Wemyss in that of the United Kingdom, died after a short illness in London on June 30, aged 95. B. August 4, 1818, s. of the ninth Earl of Wemyss and of Lady Louisa Bingham, dau. of the second Earl of Lucan, he was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and represented East Gloucestershire as a Conservative 1841-6, and East Lothian as an independent Liberal-Conservative 1847-83, when he succeeded his father in the peerage. He was a Lord of the Treasury in the Aberdeen Ministry of 1853-5, but never again held office, and probably never sought it, for he became practically independent of party. He spoke and voted against the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of 1851; he supported the Palmerston Ministry after Lord Aberdeen's resignation in 1865; and in later years he became one of the most decided individualists in public life, opposing the reform of the game laws (1865), the reform of the Scottish law of hypothec so as to do away with the preferential right of the landlord over other creditors of the tenant, the legalisation of "peaceful picketing" in trade disputes, and the Irish land legislation interfering with freedom of contract from 1870 onwards. He was one of the chief promoters of the Liberty and Property Defence League, and was strongly adverse to legislative interference between employers and employed. His greatest service to his country doubtless lay in his active promotion of the Volunteer movement. He commanded the London Scottish 1859-79; and was one of the founders of the National Rifle Association and Chairman of its Council 1860-7 and 1869-70; and he presented it with the Echo Challenge Shield for competition. He also took much interest in the fine arts, and exercised great influence throughout his career on the treatment of the national collections by the Government. He took an important part also in promoting the Medical Act of 1858, which established the General Medical Council and the Medical Register, thus giving a definite status to the medical profession; and he was a member of the Trade Union Commission of 1867. He frequently spoke on foreign politics, and with knowledge. He had been described as a type of "the cross-bench mind," and also as a Palmerstonian Liberal with a turn for individualism. He was personally very handsome, and physically and mentally active and energetic. He m. (1), 1843, Lady Anne Anson, dau. of the first Earl of Lichfield; she died 1896; (2) 1900, Grace, dau. of Major Blackburn. He was succeeded by his fourth s., Lord Elcho.
The Right Hon. Sir William Reynell Anson, D.C.L., third Baronet, Warden of All Souls' College, Oxford, and M.P. for Oxford University, died at Oxford on June 4, aged 70. Educated at first privately, then at Eton and Balliol, he obtained a First Class in Moderations (1863) and in the Final Classical School (1865), and was elected Fellow of All Souls in 1867. He practised at the Bar till 1873, when he succeeded his father in the baronetcy, and in 1874 was appointed Vinerian Reader in English Law at Oxford, where he took an active part in promoting the foundation of a School of Law. In 1880 he unsuccessfully contested West Staffordshire as a Liberal, and in 1881 was elected Warden of his College on the death of Dr. Leighton. In 1884 he became a member of the Hebdomadal Council and in 1898 was Vice-Chancellor; he was also Chairman of Oxfordshire Quarter Sessions and an Alderman of the City of Oxford. In 1899 he was elected (Unionist) M.P. for Oxford University on the death of Sir John Mowbray. In 1902 he was made Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education, and, as the representative of the Education Department in the House of Commons, he had much to do with defending and bringing into operation the Education Act of 1903. He wrote "The Principles of the Law of Contract" (1879), and "The Law and Custom of the Constitution" (1881), both of which became standard works and passed through several editions. He was a Fellow of Eton College and a Trustee of the British Museum, and was very active in University work. He instructed the Prince of Wales in Constitutional history. He never married, and was succeeded by his nephew, who was drowned not long afterwards (p. 101).
On the 1st, Mrs. G. D. Day, known professionally as Miss Lily Hall Caine, sister of the eminent novelist, and distinguished as an actress; had published reminiscences of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his sister Christina. On the 1st, aged 61, Henri Roujon, Permanent Secretary since 1903 of the Paris Academy of Fine Arts, and previously secretary to many leading French statesmen. On the 1st, aged 54, Charles Alston Smith-Ryland, J.P., originally Smith, High Sheriff of Warwickshire, 1895; for a time Unionist candidate for the Stratford-on-Avon division, he retired through ill-health; took his second surname on inheriting a large part of the estate of Miss Ryland, whose engagement to him was discountenanced by her parents. About the 1st, aged 65, Jacob A. Riis, by birth a Dane, a well-known social worker in New York, had done much to clear its slums, and written important books on its social problems. On the 2nd, aged 78, Major-General the Hon. Sir Savage Lloyd Mostyn, K.C.B., son of the second Lord Mostyn; sometime 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, had served in the Crimea and Indian Mutiny and distinguished himself in the Ashanti War of 1873. On the 2nd, aged 89, the Rev. John Wirken, sometime Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, eighth Wrangler 1848; mathematical master at the Perse School, Cambridge, 1865-91. On the 3rd, aged 62, County Court Judge James Valentine Austin, of the Inner Temple, Judge of the Bristol circuit since 1892, had also frequently served as an arbitrator in trade disputes. About the 3rd, aged 84, Sir George Bingham, K.P., Bart., fourth Earl of Lucan, Vice-Admiral of Connaught, and a representative Peer for Ireland; had served in the Crimea as his father's aide-de-camp, and been Conservative M.P. for Mayo 1865-74; succeeded his father 1888; m., 1859, Lady Cecilia Gordon-Lennox, dau. of the fifth Duke of Richmond; succeeded by his s. About the 3rd, aged 66, Sir Stanley Ismay, K.C.S.I., late Judicial Commissioner for the Central Provinces of India. On the 3rd, Joseph Reynolds Green, D.Sc., F.R.S., Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge; sometime Professor of Botany to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. On the 4th, aged 69, Sir Douglas Straight, Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad 1879-92; editor of the Pall Mall Gazette 1896-1909; had had a large practice at the Bar in the seventies of the last century, chiefly at the Central Criminal Court, and had been Conservative M.P. for Stafford 1870-4; contested the borough again unsuccessfully in 1892; had written boys' books in early life and done much journalism; very active in philanthropic work. On the 5th, aged 77, Henry James Stuart-Richardson, fifth Earl Castlestewart; m., 1866, Augusta, widow of Major Hugh Massey; succeeded by his cousin. On the 6th, aged 81, Walter Theodore Watts-Dunton, poet, novelist, and critic; till middle life a solicitor, he joined the London Examiner, a literary weekly paper, in 1874, and the Athenæum in 1875, writing reviews, mainly of poetry and romances, almost weekly in the latter till about 1908; wrote much verse, and edited the works of George Borrow, whom he had known; published "Aylwin", 1898; took his mother's surname of Dunton 1897; a close friend of the poet Swinburne, who lived with him for some years and died in his house. On the 7th, aged 77, the Rev. John Stephenson, Vicar of Boston, 1892-1905; Prebendary of Lincoln; sometime a Missionary under the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and Chaplain to the Viceroy of India. On the 9th, aged 66, Maxime Lecomte, a member of the French Senate and sometime its Vice-President. On the 10th, the Rev. Frederick Maule Millard, sometime Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Headmaster of St. Michael's College, Tenbury; Rector of Otham 1869-1909. On the 11th, aged 78, John Davies Davenport, Barrister-at-law; sometime Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford; Senior University Mathematical Scholar 1863. On the 11th, aged 83, Charlotte, Lady Dorchester, widow of the fourth Lord Dorchester, and only dau. of John Cam Hobhouse, first Lord Broughton, and the intimate friend of Lord Byron, much of whose correspondence she inherited; had published "Recollections of a Long Life." On the 12th, aged 70, Barclay Vincent Head, D.Litt., D.C.L., Ph.D., sometime keeper of the Coins and Medals at the British Museum; an eminent numismatist, whose speciality was Greek coins; author of a standard work, the "Historia Numorum" (1887). On the 13th, aged 79, Adlai E. Stevenson, of Kentucky, Vice-President of the United States in President Cleveland's second term, 1893-7, and Assistant Postmaster-General in his first term, 1884; entered Congress 1874; Democratic candidate for the Vice-Presidency at the election of 1900. On the 13th, aged 65, Admiral Sir John Durnford, G.C.B., D.S.O.; distinguished in the Burmese War, 1885-6; Junior Naval Lord of the Admiralty 1901-4; Commander-in-Chief at the Cape of Good Hope 1904-7; President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1908-11. On the 13th, aged 55, his Honour Judge Amyas Philip Longstaffe, Judge of County Courts (Huddersfield circuit) since 1911. On the 14th, aged 70, the Rev. Frederick William Spurling, Canon Residentiary of Chester Cathedral since 1899; had been tutor and sub-warden of Keble College, Oxford, lecturer at Wadham and Brasenose College, and assistant master at Westminster and Rugby. On the 14th, aged 80, the Rev. Thomas Osmotherley Reay, since 1880 Vicar of St. Mary, Prittlewell, Essex, where he had done much for Church extension; previously Vicar of Dovercourt; and for many years Chaplain of the Essex Volunteers. On the 14th, aged 67, Sir Edward White, J.P., L.C.C., Chairman of the London County Council 1911-12, Vice-Chairman 1909-10; Municipal Reform member for West Marylebone 1897-1907 and from 1910 to his death; in the interval an Alderman; was instrumental in abolishing the Works Department; was popular as Chairman, and was presented by subscription of both parties in the Council with his portrait; knighted on the laying of the foundation of the new County Hall, 1912. On the 14th, Mrs. Carlotta La Trobe, professionally known as Miss Carlotta Addison, for nearly fifty years a leading actress in comedy. On the 15th, aged 55, Allan Gibson Steel, K.C., Recorder of Oldham since 1904; had a large legal practice in Admiralty cases; "one of the greatest of English cricketers"; captain of the Marlborough College Eleven in 1876-7, played four years for Cambridge against Oxford, and frequently against Australia; an all-round cricketer; joint author of the volume on cricket in the Badminton Series. On the 15th, suddenly, aged 75, the Rt. Rev. Alfred Robert Tucker, Bishop of Uganda, 1899-1911, previously first Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa; since 1911 Canon of Durham; wrote an important account of his work in Africa, where he had done much to promote the spread of Christianity. On the 16th, aged 44, Major Joseph Andrew Benyon, Assistant Agent-General for Quebec in London; distinguished in the Boer War. On the 17th, aged about 75, Bennet Burleigh, a famous war correspondent; served the Central News in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, and thereafter the Daily Telegraph in the Soudan, Madagascar, the Ashanti War, South Africa, the Russo-Japanese War, and the Italian War in Tripoli; had republished several volumes of his letters; a picturesque and vigorous writer. On the 18th, aged 61, Major-General Villiers Hatton, C.B., sometime Grenadier Guards; had served with the Nile Expedition, 1898, and commanded the British forces in South China, 1903-6. On the 19th, aged 65, Brandon Thomas, a noted actor and dramatist; best known as the adapter of an extraordinarily successful play, "Charley's Aunt." On the 19th, aged 74, Sir John Gray Hill, nephew of Rowland Hill, the postal reformer, and a prominent Liverpool solicitor; President of the Law Society 1903-4; knighted 1904; a frequent traveller; had written a book describing his capture by Bedouin Arabs. On the 20th, aged 73, Sir David Hunter, K.C.M.G., manager of the Natal Government Railways, 1879-1906; did good service in this post in the Boer War. On the 21st, aged 71, Baroness Bertha von Suttner, dau. of Count Franz Kinsky of the Austrian Army, and widow of Baron von Suttner; an able Austrian novelist; her best known novel is "Die Waffen Nieder" (1889), translated under the title "Down with your Arms" (1892); founded the Austrian Peace Society, and worked hard in the cause of international peace; awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905. On the 21st, aged 89, Morgan Bransby Williams, M.Inst.C.E., had been concerned in the construction in the 'forties of the last century of several main lines in England and France, and later in Italy and Russia; High Sheriff of Glamorganshire 1894. On the 22nd, aged 62, Sir George Howland William Beaumont, tenth Baronet; succeeded his father 1882; m. Lillie, dau. of Major-General Craster, R.E.; succeeded by his s. On the 23rd, Sir John Stokell Dodds, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice of Tasmania. On the 24th, aged 85, Horace Courtenay Gammell Forbes, 20th Baron Forbes, succeeded 1868; a Representative Peer for Scotland from 1874 to 1906; unmarried; succeeded by his brother; a benefactor of the Scottish Episcopal Church. On the 24th, aged 90, the Rev. Richard Samuel Oldham, long incumbent of St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Glasgow; was instrumental in rebuilding the church, subsequently the Episcopal Cathedral of the diocese; Dean of Glasgow 1877-8; subsequently incumbent of Grosvenor Chapel, London, and Vicar of Little Chart, Kent, 1881-1905; Exhibitioner of Wadham College, Oxford, and Kennicott Hebrew Scholar. On the 26th, aged 50, Joseph Hugh Brain, a cricketer of some note; captain in 1887 of the Oxford University Cricket Club, and played four years in the Inter-University Match. On the 27th, aged 88, George Ogilvie, LL.D., headmaster of Watson's College, Edinburgh, 1870-98; a successful educationist. On the 28th, aged 78, Patrick J. Foley, Nationalist M.P. for Galway (West) 1885-98; President of the Pearl Assurance Company, and one of the earliest promoters of industrial insurance in Great Britain. On the 30th, aged 82, Georges Perrot, Permanent Secretary of the French Academy of Inscription, a brilliant scholar and man of letters. On the 31st, aged 81, Sir Francis Campbell, F.R.G.S., sometime Principal of the Royal Normal College and Academy for the Blind; son of a Tennessee farmer, and himself blind from the age of three, he overcame his difficulties, learnt music by dint of strenuous perseverance, and established in 1872 the institution over which he presided till 1912; ascended Mont Blanc in 1885. On the 31st, aged 38, Stanley Portal Hyatt, a colonist, explorer, and novelist; fought in the U.S. Army during the subjugation of the Philippines, and wrote many novels of adventure, among them "The Little Brown Brother," a striking picture of American rule in the islands. In June, aged 74, Raja Sir Sourindro Mohun Tagore, C.I.E., Mus. Doc. Oxon, founder in 1871 of the Bengal Music School, and in 1881 of the Bengal Academy of Music; revived the cultivation of Hindu melody and systematised its notation; wrote many musical works, and also books on gems; made notable collection of Indian musical instruments and of birds.
The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain died at his house at Highbury, Birmingham, on July 2, aged nearly 78. The son of Joseph Chamberlain, a leading London bootmaker who became Master of the Cordwainers' Company, and of Caroline Harben, he was b. in Camberwell, July 8, 1836, and educated at a small private school and at University College School. Apprenticed at sixteen to his father's trade, he two years later joined a cousin, Joseph Nettlefold, as a screw manufacturer in Birmingham. The firm eventually took the first place in the trade; but Mr. Chamberlain found time for self-improvement, for an extensive study of French, for teaching classes in his own works and in Sunday school, and for practising public speaking in a debating society. In 1869 he was invited to stand for the Birmingham Town Council; in 1874-6 he was Mayor; and he was instrumental in great local improvements, including the municipal purchase of the gas and waterworks, and the establishment of the free library and art gallery. Meanwhile, in 1870, he had actively co-operated in the formation of the National Education League, which aimed at limiting the new Board Schools to secular instruction, and had become a member, and then Chairman, of the Birmingham School Board. He had also openly professed Republican views, but he completely dispelled the fears entertained as to his conduct on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Birmingham in 1874 by his tact and courtesy towards his distinguished guests. Looking for a wider sphere of activity, he contested Sheffield at a Parliamentary bye-election in that year, but was defeated by Mr. Roebuck; but in June, 1876, he was returned unopposed for Birmingham. His maiden speech was on the Education Bill, 1876, and his manner and delivery—described by an observer as "that of a ladies' doctor"—astounded members who had expected to see a conventional demagogue. He introduced a Bill for "municipalising" the liquor traffic on the Gothenburg system, and speedily rose to prominence. In 1880 he became President of the Board of Trade in Mr. Gladstone's Ministry, and in the next few years was the Minister responsible for a Bankruptcy Act and a Merchant Shipping Bill, which, however, failed to pass, as well as a Workmen's Compensation Act, but he endorsed the Ministerial measures of coercion in Ireland. Nevertheless, he kept in close relation with the Nationalist leaders, and was largely responsible for the policy that led to the so-called "Kilmainham Treaty" and the release of Mr. Parnell. At the same time, he continued to dominate Birmingham, and the Aston Park riots, set up by Lord Randolph Churchill's candidature (Oct. 13, 1884), led to a bitter debate in the House of Commons. At the general election of 1885 he inspired, and largely shaped, the Radical "unauthorised programme"; but in 1886 his nascent Imperialism helped to estrange him from the Liberals on the Home Rule Bill, and he powerfully contributed to its defeat. After the change of Ministry he became President of the Local Government Board; and he was a member of the "Round Table Conference" which early in 1887 endeavoured to reunite the Liberal party; but during an adjournment he attacked the Nationalists in a letter (on Welsh Disestablishment) to the Baptist, and the Conference was wrecked. He supported Mr. Balfour's Irish policy in 1887 and the appointment of the Special Commission; but at the end of the year he became a member of the Commission which arranged the Fisheries Treaty between the United States and Canada, and, though the United States Senate rejected it, the dispute was settled by a modus vivendi. On his return he supported the Unionist policy, and earned the bitter hatred of the Nationalists. In the general election of 1892 his personal influence kept the Birmingham area faithful to Liberal Unionism; and he strongly opposed the Home Rule Bill—partly from a nascent desire for the closer union of the Empire. It was during the final scene in the Commons on this measure that he was denounced by a Nationalist as "Judas." He joined the Unionist Ministry which followed the Liberal defeat on "the cordite question" in 1895. After the dissolution of that year he obtained a considerable representation for his followers in the new Ministry, and himself became Colonial Secretary, investing the post with a new importance. His main aims were, to bring the Colonies and the Mother Country into closer relations, and to develop the resources of the Crown Colonies; and in this latter respect he paid special attention to the hitherto neglected British possessions in the West Indies and West Africa. The Colonial Procession at the Queen's Jubilee of 1897 was believed to be his idea; and in home affairs he promoted the Workmen's Compensation Act, old-age pensions—a reform for which, however, there was as yet no money,—and other social legislation, including a measure, which proved ineffective, enabling local authorities to lend money to tenants of small houses to enable them to become owners. As Colonial Secretary, however, his name is indivisibly linked with the Boer War. His difficulties with President Kruger began with the closing of the Drifts by the latter in 1895, and, when this was settled, they were renewed by the unfortunate Jameson raid, which was at once repudiated both by the High Commissioner, Sir Hercules Robinson, and by Mr. Chamberlain himself. Nevertheless the Colonial Secretary was afterwards frequently charged, quite falsely, with having known that the raid was pending, and the Select Committee, before which he gave evidence, failed to clear up its inner history. Almost immediately after it, however, he invited President Kruger to England to consult with the Imperial Government on the political situation in the Transvaal; and the history of the next few years is largely concerned with the struggle between the Colonial Secretary and the Boer President over the Uitlanders' grievance and the British suzerainty over the Transvaal. Incidentally, however, Mr. Chamberlain alarmed the Continent in 1898 by a speech in which, referring to Russia, he quoted the adage "Who sups with the Devil must have a long spoon." In the following year he advocated a new Triple Alliance between Germany, Great Britain and the United States. During the Boer War he was violently denounced by its opponents, but public opinion in Great Britain and the Dominions was overwhelmingly in his favour, and he vigorously defended throughout it the justice of the British cause. During the war, he was engaged in another and somewhat delicate negotiation, preparatory to the passing of the Commonwealth of Australia Act in 1900, when the outstanding subject of dispute, the question whether an appeal should lie from the Commonwealth Courts to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, was ultimately settled by a compromise. The "Khaki election" in 1900 was almost a personal triumph for him; and in that year occurred the controversy between himself and the German Chancellor, set up by his statement that the most drastic measures taken in South Africa had been less severe than those taken by the German Army in France. After the conclusion of peace he visited South Africa (Nov., 1902-March, 1903), going out in state in the cruiser Good Hope and visiting all the South African colonies to discuss economic and other questions arising out of the war. He made a profound impression personally and helped very largely towards the reconciliation of Boer and Briton; and on his return he entered into the third and most remarkable phase of his political life—his campaign for fiscal reform. When at the Board of Trade he had had much to do with Sir Thomas (afterwards Lord) Farrer, the Permanent Secretary and a strong Free Trader; but he came to entertain doubts of the traditional Customs policy of Great Britain, and these were increased by his experience as Colonial Secretary. Even in 1896 and 1897 he had publicly urged commercial union of the Empire, and before leaving for South Africa he had vainly asked the Cabinet to retain the 1s. duty on imported corn (which it was proposed to remove) and to give a drawback to Canada. And on May 15, 1903, a few hours after Mr. Balfour, then Prime Minister, had defended the abolition of this duty, Mr. Chamberlain announced at Birmingham that the well-being of the Empire depended on preferential trade and tariff reform. The growing feeling for the unification of the Empire, and the latent desire—exhibited a few years earlier in the "Fair Trade" movement—for "protection to native industry" ensured him a fervid response, the more so as he held out hopes of obtaining a revenue sufficient to establish old-age pensions. For four months there was a "fiscal truce" in the House of Commons, owing to the divisions in the Cabinet on the question and pending an official inquiry into the existing fiscal system; but Mr. · Chamberlain's arguments were severely handled in the House of Lords, on Liberal platforms, and in print by leading economists and others. On September 14 the Cabinet met after the recess; Mr. Balfour submitted his own views in two papers—one subsequently published, under the title of "Insular Free Trade"; Mr. Ritchie, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord George Hamilton, Secretary for India, and two Under-Secretaries, resigned office as Free Traders, and four days later it was announced that Mr. Chamberlain himself had resigned in order to work more freely for the Union of the Empire through preferential tariffs. The announcement was contained in correspondence between himself and the Prime Minister, and some complaint was made that the other retiring Ministers had had no intimation of Mr. Chamberlain's intention. Mr. Chamberlain himself pursued a vigorous platform campaign throughout the autumn and established the "Tariff Commission," which produced a mass of Reports; but the Free Food Unionists, headed by the Duke of Devonshire, broke with him shortly afterwards, the Liberal Unionist organisation was reconstituted in July, 1903, as a Protectionist body, and Mr. Chamberlain, supported by the great majority of the Unionists, continued to press his views on the nation. Unquestionably he made many mistakes both of fact and of economic interpretation, but his campaign was definitively checked by the necessity, which he fully admitted, of imposing a tax on imported food in order to give the Colonies the preference proposed. The general election, though not for this reason alone, resulted in an overwhelming Unionist defeat; but Mr. Chamberlain kept the flag flying, led the Opposition in the new Parliament till Mr. Balfour, who had lost his seat, re-entered it, and vigorously attacked the new Ministry and Mr. Birrell's Education Bill. His seventieth birthday and his thirty years in Parliament were celebrated in Birmingham in July with the utmost enthusiasm, by opponents as well as by supporters, part of the ceremony, indeed, being devoted to the recognition of his great civic services to Birmingham. But ten days later he was disabled by gout, and the disablement proved permanent. Paralysis also attacked him, and for the last eight years of his life he was seen only on his journeys to the Riviera, at the opening of Parliament when he came, with assistance, to sign the roll as member for West Birmingham, and occasionally in a wheel chair at political garden parties at his residence at Highbury, Birmingham. Though Chancellor of the University of Birmingham, and sometime Lord Rector of Glasgow University, Mr. Chamberlain had not the scholarly or literary tastes which have marked many British Ministers, nor had he the slightest interest in any kind of sport. His recreation might be said to be growing orchids; he was a heavy smoker, and took practically no exercise. He was thrice married; (1) in 1861, to Harriet, dau. of Archibald Kenrick; she d. 1863; (2) 1868, to Florence, dau. of Timothy Kenrick; she d. 1875; (3) 1888, to Mary, dau. of W. C. Endicott, Secretary for War in President Cleveland's first Administration, 1884-8, and a Judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. He first met her on his visit to the United States in 1886. His character and career can hardly be summed up in a sentence. A man of boundless ambition and a self-confidence which sometimes led him into strange indiscretions of speech, or, as in the fiscal controversy, into notable errors of appreciation and statement, he broke up two parties successively, but failed to dominate either, or to achieve a solution of the Irish or the African problem or to establish tariff reform. But his enduring work lay in the stimulus he gave to civic patriotism, and to appreciation among the British public of the significance and value of the Empire.
Jean Leon Jaurès, the famous French Socialist Deputy and one of the most eminent of contemporary French politicians and orators, was murdered in Paris on the evening of July 31, aged 55. B. on September 3, 1859, at Albi (Var) and a relative of Vice-Admiral Jaurès, sometime French Ambassador at St. Petersburg, he was educated at the École Normale Supérieure, and, after a brilliant academic career, became Professor of Philosophy successively at Albi and Toulouse (1880-5) and held this Chair at Toulouse again 1889-92. From 1885 to 1889 he was in the Chamber as an Independent Republican, in 1893 he returned to it as a Socialist. He and M. Millerand, as independent Socialists, stood somewhat apart from the older groups, and represented the more moderate and Fabian creed of Benoit-Malou's "Société d'Economie Sociale." He actively championed the cause of Major Dreyfus, and lost his seat in consequence in 1898, but he returned to the Chamber in 1902 and, though not in office, co-operated actively in the policy of the Combes Ministry in the separation of Church and State. In 1905 his group coalesced with others into the Unified Socialists; but this party broke with the Radicals, his more eminent followers, Briand, Millerand, Viviani, left him, and his later activity was anything but constructive. He was, moreover, confronted by a more advanced Labour section and an anti-patriotic section in the party. He was the first of French orators of his generation, and an ardent supporter of peace and international arbitration, and he actively opposed the revival of the three years' term of military service—a course to which he owed his death. Among his works wore "Idéalisme et Matérialisme dans la Conception de l'Histoire" (written in collaboration with Paul Lafargue), and "Histoire Socialiste, 1789-1900"; he founded the newspaper L'Humanité in 1904.
On the 1st, aged 49, Edmund Payne, a popular comedian, associated for some twenty years with musical comedy at the Gaiety Theatre. On the 2nd, aged 76, Sir Benjamin Stone, Unionist member for East Birmingham 1895-1910, and a prominent manufacturer of the city; noted as an amateur photographer; had taken numbers of photographs of the Houses of Parliament and their inmates, and views in all parts of the world. On the 3rd, drowned after diving overboard from a launch conveying a supper party on the Thames, Sir Denis Anson, fourth Baronet; had only recently succeeded his uncle, Sir William Anson, in the baronetcy. On the 3rd, aged 73, Sir Charles Forster, second Baronet; succeeded his father 1892; High Sheriff of Staffordshire 1909; m., 1899, Mary, dau. of A. Villiers Palmer; succeeded by his brother. On the 3rd, aged 59, Henry Willard Denison, legal adviser to the Japanese Government since 1880. On the 3rd, aged about 60, the Rev. Henry Danvers Macnamara, Dean of Sion College; and sometime Minor Canon of St. Paul's; Rector of St. James, Garlick Ryde, and St. Michael, Queenhithe. About the 3rd, aged 52, suddenly, Frederick Walter Ferrier Noel Paton, Director-General since 1905 of Commercial Intelligence under the Indian Government. On the 4th, aged 66, Sydney Grundy, in the 'nineties a prominent and able dramatist, a native of Manchester; among his most successful plays were "The Greatest of These" and "A Pair of Spectacles." On the 4th, aged 90, George Elgar Hicks, an artist long known to the public; had exhibited for over sixty years at the Royal Academy, chiefly portraits and domestic subjects. On the 5th, aged 67, Colonel Edmund Henry Dalgety, C.B., sometime Cape Mounted Riflemen; had served in several South African wars, including the Bechuanaland Rebellion and the Boer War. On the 6th, aged 68, General Sir Laurence James Oliphant, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., sometime Grenadier Guards; son of the famous Laurence Oliphant, M.P. and mystic; served in the Sudan in 1885, distinguished in the South African War; commanded the London District 1903-6, and was commander-in-chief of the Northern Command 1907-11; long prominent on the Turf. On the 9th, aged 61, the Hon. Henry Robert Emmerson, sometime Premier of New Brunswick, and Minister of Railways in the Canadian Cabinet of Sir W. Laurier 1904-7. On the 11th, in London, aged 46, Winifred, Lady Hardinge of Penshurst, dau. of the first Lord Alington and wife of the Viceroy of India; had done much for the medical training of Indian women; had escaped unhurt from the bomb explosion which wounded her husband on their State entry into Delhi on December 23, 1912, and had then shown great courage and self-possession. On the 13th, aged 103, William Augustus Gordon Hake, the oldest barrister in England; had been associated with Lord Brougham at the Bar; had written reminiscences and two or three volumes of verse. About the 13th, aged 72, the Rev. Edward Canney, Rector of St. Peter's, Great Saffron Hill; a devoted worker among the London poor. On the 13th, aged 67, Francis Charles Granville Ellesmere, third Earl of Ellesmere; succeeded his father 1862; m., 1868, Lady Katharine Louisa Phipps, eldest dau. of the Marquess of Normanby; inherited the Duke of Bridgewater's estates in 1903, on the expiry of the Bridgewater Trust; a keen sportsman, a noted breeder of shire horses and pigs, and prominent, though not conspicuously successful, as a racehorse owner; was never known to bet; owned a famous illuminated MS. of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." On the 15th, aged 83, Sir John Swinburne, seventh Baronet; succeeded his grandfather 1860; was a Captain, R.N., and had served in the Burma, Russian, and Chinese Wars; Liberal M.P. for Staffordshire (Lichfield) 1885-92; a cousin of the poet Swinburne; m. (1) 1863, Emily, dau. of Rear-Admiral Broadhead; she d. 1881; (2) 1883, Mary, dau. of John Corbett; she d. 1900; (3) 1905, Florence, dau. of James Moffatt; succeeded by his eldest s. On the 16th, aged 75, Max Rooses, Keeper since its establishment of the Plantin Museum at Antwerp, and the leading authority on the life and works of Rubens. On the 18th, aged 75, Admiral Henry John Carr, R.N.; distinguished himself at the burning of H.M.S. Bombay in 1864; Admiral Superintendent of Devonport dockyard 1896-9. About the 19th, the Rt. Hon. Sir Christopher Nixon, M.D., LL.D., first Baronet, created 1906; Vice-Chancellor of the National University of Ireland; sometime President of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland; first President of the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland; he had written a "Handbook of Hospital Practice and Physical Diagnosis," and various medical papers; knighted 1895; m., 1871, Mary, dau. of Dominick Blake; succeeded by his s. On the 20th, aged 66, Major-General Inigo Richmond Jones, C.V.O., C.B., sometime 2nd Scots Guards; served in the Sudan Expedition, 1885, distinguished himself in the South African War, when he commanded the Guards' Brigade. On the 21st, aged 49, the Hon. Fitz Roy Somerset Keith Stewart, son of the ninth Earl of Galloway; secretary of the Central Conservative Office 1878-1903; prominent in London society; though a Conservative, he was an opponent of tariff reform and the Boer War, and an advocate of women's suffrage. On the 21st, aged 59, Samuel Herbert Benson, a prominent advertising agent; originally in the Navy; distinguished himself in the Ashanti War 1873-4, and in other warlike operations in West Africa; retired through ill-health and adopted a business career. On the 21st, aged 88, Henry Coleman Folkard, K.C., Recorder of Bath since 1887, author of several legal works. On the 22nd, aged 68, Edward Peter O'Kelly, Nationalist M.P. for Wicklow (E.) since 1910, Chairman of the Wicklow County Council. On the 22nd, aged 82, Alexander Conze, sometime Professor at Halle and Vienna, and long Director of the German Archæological Institute; excavated the Pergamon Antiquities 1886-99 (with Schuckardt), and also carried out researches in Samothrace; wrote many works on Greek Art. On the 22nd, aged 66, Colonel Sir Chandos Hoskyns, R.E., tenth Baronet; distinguished in the Afghan War; m., 1886, Jean, dau. of David Latham; succeeded by his brother. On the 22nd, aged 71, Sir Robert Walton, sometime President of the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris. On the 23rd, aged 41, Harry Evans, conductor of the Liverpool Welsh Choral Union and a composer of some note in Wales. About the 24th, aged 70, Lieut.-Col. Patrick Francis Robertson, sometime 92nd Gordon Highlanders; distinguished in the Afghan War; served also in the Boer War of 1881. About the 25th, aged 66, Richard John Anderson, M.D., Professor of Natural History in University College, Galway; for many years joint conductor of the "International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology." On the 26th, aged 74, the Rt. Hon. Henry Strutt, second Lord Belper; Liberal M.P. for East Derbyshire 1868-74, for Berwick-on-Tweed 1880; A.D.C. to the King; Chairman of Notts Quarter Sessions, and prominent in county affairs; Chairman of the County Councils' Association; a director of Parr's Bank and of the Midland Railway; succeeded his father 1880; m., 1874, Lady Margaret Coke, dau. of the second Earl of Leicester; succeeded by his s. On the 27th, Major Eustace Loder, sometime 12th Lancers; a noted breeder and owner of racehorses; owner of Pretty Polly, which won the Oaks and the St. Leger in 1904, and Spearmint, winner of the Derby and the Grand Prix in 1906; High Sheriff of Kildare 1910. On the 28th, aged 69, Benjamin Francis Williams, K.C., Recorder of Cardiff since 1890; Conservative candidate for Monmouth (West) 1885, and for Merthyr 1892. On the 29th, aged 69, Sir Joseph Francis Leese, K.C., Recorder of Manchester 1893-1914; a strong Liberal and an able and humane judge. On the 29th, aged 83, the Most Rev. Monsignor Pietro Pace, K.C.V.O., Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta since 1889. On the 29th, aged 71, Sir John Henry Seale, third Baronet; m. (1) 1879, Mary, dau. of Arthur Dendy; she d. 1882; (2) 1885, Adela, dau. of Capt. Edward Jodrell, 16th Regiment; succeeded by his s. On the 29th, aged 90, Major-General George Frederick De Berry, sometime 24th Foot; served in the Sikh War, 1848-9; distinguished in the Mutiny. On the 31st, aged 62, Robert Nathaniel Cecil George Curzon, fifteenth Lord Zouche of Haryngworth; succeeded his father 1873; m., 1875, the Hon. Annie Fraser, dau. of Lord Saltoun, whom he divorced 1876; succeeded by his sister. In July, aged 96, the Rev. Osmund Fisher, F.G.S., a distinguished geologist, known for his researches on the physics of the earth's crust.
Pope Pius X. (Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto) died unexpectedly of bronchitis and pneumonia in the early hours of August 19, aged 79. His end was believed to have been hastened by his grief at the war. Born at Riese, near Treviso, on June 2, 1835, the son of a minor local official (or tradesman) of the peasant class, and the eldest of ten children, he was sent, by the good offices of a priest, to a school at Castelfranco, and then to a seminary at Padua. Ordained priest in 1858, he was appointed assistant priest of Tombole, a rural parish, and in 1867 became parish priest of Salzano. Displaying much organising ability, he was made by his Bishop successively Dean of Treviso Cathedral and Chancellor (1875) of the diocese, and eventually coadjutor Bishop. In 1884 he was made Bishop of Mantua, and restored order in the diocesan affairs. In 1893 he was made a Cardinal, and also, after two other nominees had been rejected on political grounds by the Italian Government, appointed Patriarch of Venice. Here he did much to restore St. Mark's and more particularly the fallen Campanile, besides fostering various Christian social institutions and peasants and workmen's banks, and acquiring an influence which enabled him to stop a strike in the Government tobacco factory. He visited King Victor Emmanuel II. in 1903, when the latter passed through Venice. In August, 1903, after the death of Leo XIII., he started for the Conclave with a return ticket (the unused half of which he afterwards preserved as a memento), and, when the Austro-Hungarian Government vetoed the election of Cardinal Rampolla, he was chosen Pope. His first Bull condemned and suppressed the right of veto; in 1905 he modified the prohibition to the faithful in Italy to vote or stand for Parliament, and though he remained "the prisoner of the Vatican," and obstructed, so far as he could, the formation of a Catholic Parliamentary party, his Papacy was marked by a distinct relaxation in the tension with the Italian Government. On the other hand, he prevented the acceptance by the Church in France of the Law of Associations under which it was offered fairly favourable terms of reorganisation after disestablishment, and broke off diplomatic relations successively with Portugal and Spain on the ground of the attitudes of their Republican and Liberal Governments towards the Church; and the Bull Ne temere (1907) discountenancing mixed marriages, set up serious difficulties in Ireland and elsewhere. In internal Church matters he forbade the use of Church music of a later date than Palestrina (died 1594) and appointed Commissions to consider the codification of Canon Law and to restore the original text of the Vulgate. But his most far-reaching action was probably that directed against "Modernist" or liberalising theology—marked by such incidents as the condemnation of Father Tyrrell and of Fogazzaro's novel "Il Santo." Many stories were told of his impulsive generosity, and he retained to the last his simple peasant habits and ways of life. His absolute sincerity and profound piety marked him as personally one of the best of the Popes, but his intellectual outlook and political knowledge were limited by his purely ecclesiastical standpoint, and, whether it was that he chose his advisers ill or refused their guidance, he was held by non-Catholics to have missed a great opportunity for the Church.
Father Francis Xavier Wernz, General of the Society of Jesus, died at Rome at midnight on August 19, aged 71, having received the last blessing given by Pope Pius X. Born at Rothweil, Würtemberg, in December, 1842, he entered the Society in 1857, studied canon law—on which he published an important work—and became Rector of the Gregorian University in 1904, and was also adviser to the Congregations of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, of the Index, and of the Council. He was elected General of the Jesuits in September, 1906, and his selection was regarded as due to German influence. He was the third German to become General of his Order, and was an ecclesiastic of great learning and experience.
General Sir James Moncrieff Grierson, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., Royal Artillery, died suddenly of heart failure in a train in France, where he held high command in the Expeditionary Force, on August 17, aged 55. A native of Glasgow, from his boyhood a keen student of warfare, he had served in the Egyptian Expedition (1882), in the Soudan (1885), in the Hazara Expedition (1886), the South African War and the Expedition to China during the Boxer rising, and in the late 'nineties of the last century had been military attaché at Berlin. He was appointed to the Eastern command in 1912. He was A.D.C. to the King. His remains were brought home for interment.
President Roque Saenz Pena, Chief Magistrate of the Argentine Republic since 1910, died on August 9, aged 63. The son of Dr. Luis Saenz Pena, President in 1892, he was engaged in suppressing the Mitre rising in 1874, and distinguished himself in the Peruvian Army in the war with Chile 1879-81; was Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs in 1881, under President Roca in 1881, and had been Minister to Spain, and a delegate to the second Hague Conference.
On the 4th, aged 68, Henry Charles Howard, Chairman of the Cumberland County Council; Liberal M.P. for Cumberland (Penrith) 1885-92; stood for Eskdale as a Unionist in 1892 and 1895; High Sheriff of Cumberland 1879. On the 4th, at Washington, Ellen Louise Wilson, wife of the President of the United States and dau. of Samuel Axsen of Georgia; m. June 24, 1885; active in philanthropic work, and an amateur artist. On the 7th, in Rhodesia, aged 53, Mr. Justice Watermeyer (the Hon. John Philip Fairbairn Watermeyer), Judge of the High Court of Southern Rhodesia since 1896; a native of Cape Town. On the 7th, Rear-Admiral Charles Davis Lucas, R.N., V.C.; the first officer to win the Victoria Cross; he did so by throwing a live shell from the deck of H.M.S. Hecla at the siege of Bomarsund, Aug. 21, 1854, saving many lives. About the 7th, Surgeon-General Anthony Dickson Home, G.C.B.; won the V.C. during the Indian Mutiny. About the 8th, aged 48, Sir Edward Anwyl, Oriel College, Oxford; knighted 1911; sometime Professor of Welsh and Comparative Philology at Aberystwyth University College, and author of many books on Celtic subjects; Principal of the Monmouthshire Training College. On the 8th, aged 69, Alfred Chichele Plowden, a well-known London police magistrate since 1888; at Marylebone Police Court since 1893; previously Recorder of Much Wenlock; noted for his obiter dicta; had written his own autobiography, "Grain or Chaff." On the 8th, aged 59, Georges Cochery, Deputy for the Loiret 1882-1914; Finance Minister in the Méline Cabinet 1896-8 and in the Briand Cabinet 1909-10; an ex-Vice-President of the Chamber, and frequently member of the Budget Commission. On the 8th, Louis Couturat, a philosophic critic of some distinction; had written on the philosophy of mathematics, on Plato's myths, and on the logic of Leibnitz. On the 9th, in his own church, the Rev. John Still, Hon. Canon of Norwich and Rector of Hethersett, Norfolk, and Director of the American School of Assyriology at Jerusalem. About the 11th, aged 50, Robert Francis Harper, Ph.D., Professor of Assyriology at Chicago since 1892, an eminent Semitic scholar and archæologist. On the 12th, aged 74, the Very Rev. Walter John Lawrence, Dean of St. Albans since 1900; Chaplain to Queen Victoria 1898-1900; Rector of the parish since 1868, and subsequently Archdeacon; had done much to promote the restoration of the Abbey Church which became the Cathedral. On the 14th, in Rhodesia, aged 53, Sir Joseph Vintcent, B.A., LL.B. (Camb.), Senior Judge of the High Court of Rhodesia since 1898; educated at Charterhouse and Cambridge University, and in the University Association Football eleven 1882-3; had held various legal appointments in Bechuanaland and Matabeleland. On the 14th, Miss Edith Sichel, author of a number of works on French Court and social history, among them "The Story of Two Salons" (1895), "Women and Men of the French Renaissance" (1901), and two books on Catharine de Medici, as well as various biographies; an active philanthropic worker in London. On the 14th, aged 51, Charles Cordingley, a well-known cycling and motorist journalist; had organised the first London motor-car exhibition in 1896. About the 14th, aged 61, Alfred John Jukes-Browne, F.R.S., F.G.S., author of "The Cretaceous Rocks of the British Isles," and other geological works; awarded the Murchison medal in 1901. On the 17th, James Crofts Powell, member of a famous firm of stained glassworkers, responsible for windows in many churches, in particular in Liverpool Cathedral. On the 17th, aged 82, the Hon. Ralph Pelham Nevill, of Birling Manor, Maidstone; s. of the fourth Earl of Abergavenny and brother of the first Marquess; for forty years Master of the West Kent Foxhounds, and a successful breeder of sheep. About the 21st, aged 73, the Rev. Albert Smith, Vicar of Wendover 1867-1913; had restored the church and built schools, vicarage, and library for the village. About the 22nd, G. Akimoff, President of the Russian Council of Empire. On the 22nd, aged 74, David Cleghorn Hogg, Liberal M.P. for Londonderry since January 30, 1913; his return after a keenly contested election for this Orange stronghold was one of the sensations of that year. On the 23rd, killed at Namur, aged 52, Prince Frederick of Saxe-Meiningen, half-brother of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen; m., 1889, Adelaide, sister of the reigning Prince (Leopold) of Lippe. About the 23rd, aged 73, Lieut.-Col. Robert Hamilton Lloyd-Anstruther, sometime Rifle Brigade; had served in the Indian Mutiny and the Suakin Expedition, 1885; Conservative M.P. for Suffolk (Woodbridge) 1886-92. About the 24th, aged 55, Darius Miller of Chicago, President since 1910 of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad; had spent his life in the service of various American lines, chiefly as traffic manager. About the 26th, aged 15, Prince Luitpold, eldest s. of the Crown Prince of Bavaria. On the 26th, aged 81, Brigadier-General Powell Clayton, U.S.A., U.S. Ambassador to Mexico 1897-1905; U.S. Senator from Arkansas 1871-7; Governor of that State 1868-71. On the 27th, aged 77, Sir William Thomas Lewis, Baronet (cr. 1896), first Lord Merthyr (cr. 1911); an eminent mining engineer and active worker in the cause of industrial peace; originated the sliding scale of wages in the South Wales mining industry in 1875, and settled the Taff Vale Railway strike in 1900; had done much to develop the South Water coal trade, and the welfare of the mining population; President of the Iron and Steel Institute 1910; m., 1864, Anne, dau. of William Rees; succeeded by his eldest s. On the 27th, aged 89, Lord Adam (James Adam), Judge of the Court of Session 1876-1905, Sheriff of Perthshire 1874-6. On the 27th, aged 66, John Roche, Nationalist M.P. for Galway (East) since 1890; active in the land agitation of the 'eighties of the last century; several times imprisoned. On the 27th, aged 58, Alfred Henry Gill, Labour M.P. for Bolton since 1906; began his working life in a cotton mill; afterwards a trade-union official. On the 30th, aged 77, Edward Ingress Bell, F.R.I.B.A., architect of the War Office, the new Birmingham University, and several Roman Catholic churches, notably at Caterham and Carshalton. On the 30th, aged 74, James Lilburn, a prominent Glasgow shipowner, founder of a line of clipper ships to Australia, sometime Chairman of the Clyde Lighthouse Trust. On the 31st, died of wounds received in France, aged 24, Robert Cornwallis Maude, sixth Viscount Hawarden; succeeded his father 1908. About the 31st, killed in action, Colonel R. C Bond, D.S.O., King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, distinguished in the South African War.
Lord de Villiers, John Henry, Baron de Villiers, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice of the Union of South Africa since its formation in 1910, died on September 2 at Pretoria, aged 72. B. in June, 1842, at Paarl, Cape Colony, and of Huguenot descent, he was educated at the South African College, Cape Town, and at Utrecht and Berlin Universities, and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1865, but practised in South Africa, and was elected a member of the Cape House of Assembly in 1866. He was Attorney-General in the first Parliamentary Ministry of Cape Colony in 1872, and became Chief Justice of the Colony in 1874; was knighted 1880, created K.C.M.G. in 1881 as a recognition of his services on the Royal Commission which gave back the Transvaal to the Boers, and was created a Peer in 1910. He was the first South African Peer and the first created by King George V. His work as a Judge was (as his biographer in The Times pointed out) to develop the South African legal system and adapt it to modern conditions, and he did so with marked success. He was a valued member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. As President of the Upper House of the Legislature of Cape Colony, he exercised considerable political influence, always in the direction of moderation; he was a foe to racialism, and was President of the National Convention of South Africa which achieved the Union. He m., 1871, Aletta, dau. of J. P. Jourdan, and was succeeded by his s.
Sir John Henniker Heaton, first Baronet (cr. 1912), Unionist M.P. for Canterbury 1885-1910, and a noted postal reformer, died at Geneva, on his way home from Germany, on September 8, aged 66. B. in Rochester, Kent, the s. of an officer in the Army, he went to Australia in 1864 and eventually became a landowner and newspaper proprietor in New South Wales, and, after representing the Colony at several International Exhibitions, returned to England and entered Parliament in 1885. From the first he pressed postal grievances, and in 1886 moved a resolution in favour of universal penny postage, which he lived to see established in the British Empire (1898), and between Great Britain and the United States in 1908, and in 1910 he presented to the Postmaster-General a list of sixty-two desirable postal reforms. Many of his suggestions were adopted, and he promoted also the cheapening and development of oceanic telegraphy and telephony. He m., 1873, Rose, dau. of Samuel Bennett, and was succeeded by his s.
Lord O'Brien.—Peter O'Brien, first Lord O'Brien, and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland 1889-1913, died at Stillorgan, co. Dublin, on September 7, aged 72. A younger son of a Liberal M.P. for Limerick, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and went to the Bar, taking silk in 1880 and becoming a Crown Counsel. At first a Liberal, he became a Unionist in 1886, and in 1887 was made Solicitor-General, and in 1888 Attorney-General for Ireland. In this latter capacity he conducted many political prosecutions, and his efforts to get juries that would not refuse to convict Land Leaguers earned him the nickname of "Peter the Packer" from the Nationalists. In 1889, on his promotion to be Lord Chief Justice, he naturally dropped politics. He was made a Baronet in 1891, and a Peer in 1900. In 1867 he m. Annie, dau. of R. H. Clarke, but he left daughters only, and his titles became extinct.
Professor Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, LL.D., Senior Follow of Trinity College, Dublin, died on September 19, aged 70. Born in co. Tipperary, 1844, he was educated privately and at Trinity College, Dublin, taking the highest honours in 1864. He became Professor of Latin in 1871, was Regius Professor of Greek 1880-98, Senior Tutor and Public Orator 1898, Professor of Ancient History 1900-4, and than Senior Fellow and Registrar. In collaboration with Professor L. C. Purser he produced an important edition of Cicero's Letters, and he also wrote a valuable work on Latin poetry and a number of admirable essays on Greek literature. He was a brilliant translator and finished classical scholar of the English type, and made many notable and often humorous contributions to Kottabos, the Dublin University periodical. He was a Commissioner of National Education in Ireland and an original member of the British Academy. He m. the dau. of Dr. F. Shaw, and left issue.