192

Defoe, Daniel, his accounts of eighteenth century industrial and trade
conditions, 482-492;
his criticism of Poor Laws, 649

Demesne, ancient, 36, 89;
tenants of, 36, 55, 90, 91

Demesne lands, in boroughs, 132;
in manors, 6, 9, 16, 17, 32, 33, 54, 56, 57, 64, 228, 237, 238, 240, 245, 246, 254, 258, 259;
farmers of, 228;
lease of, 259;
lying in scattered strips, 76

Demesnes, the king's, 21, 36, 161;
tallage assessed on, 35, 65

Depopulation, caused by the Black Death, 65-68, 102, 164;
in rural districts, 267, 269, 395, 531, 536;
acts against, 229, 260, 270n., 315

Dialogus de Scaccario, 4n.

Diminishing Returns, Law of, 272

Discovery, voyages of, 400-402

Disraeli, Benjamin, protest of, against capitalist domination, 710, 711

Domesday Book, 3, 4, 20, 40n, 54;
extracts from, 9-17

Domestic System, 355, 483, 508

Dorchester Agricultural Labourers Union, 618, 638-641;
rules of, 640, 641

Dyeing, English and foreign, 155, 432, 433

Dyers of Bristol, ordinances of, 141-144


Eastland Merchants, 399

Economic theory and opinion, in eighteenth century, 488, 559, 590, 668;
of state regulation, 365
(see also Mercantile Theory)

Education, of working classes, 611, 711
(see also Schools,industrial)

Edward I, charters of, 158, 164;
enquiry of, touching royal rights and feudal liberties, 36-40

Enclosures of land, in Middle Ages, 54, 229;
in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 229, 247, 248n., 389;
in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 482, 483, 523-542;
advocated, 526, 527;
effect of, on cottagers, 532;
expense of fencing, 535, 539;
petition against, 531;
speeches in House of Commons on, 270-275;
statutes against, 247;
by Act of Parliament, 523, 528, 532-542;
do., expense of, 532, 535n.;
by agreement ratified in Chancery, 523, 525, 526, 530;
of arable, 260-277, 408;
of common fields, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541;
of common pasture, 88, 89, 257;
of waste, 54, 55, 87, 88, 244, 526-529, 532, 534, 540, 541;
Consolidating Act, 537;
General Act, 541

Encroachments (see Purprestures)

Escheat (see Feudal Incidents)

Escheators, 20, 23-26, 30, 31, 40, 107-110, 249, 250;
offences of, 40;
office of, 20, 21

Exchange, letters of, 421-424

Exchanges, foreign, fluctuations and manipulation of, 398, 416-424;
tax on, 398, 420-424;
certifications into, 35, 47;
fines paid in, 34

Excise, 399, 475-6, 667;
imposition of, in lieu of feudal dues, 670;
Walpole's proposal for, on salt, 678-9


Factories, growth of, checked in Tudor Period, 320, 321, 344;
cotton, 495, 496, 591 (see also Cotton Industry);
child labour in, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573,
591-595, 600, 609, 610, 612-614;
effect of, on health of operatives 495, 496, 503-505, 511, 514-516, 609, 610;
hours of labour in, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614;
inspection of, by magistrates and parsons, 572, 573;
do., by state inspectors, 595, 609, 610, 612;
wages in, 512, 513;
woman labour in, 614

Factory Acts, 480, 503, 504, 544, 545, 571-573, 591, 594-596, 612-614;
alleged failure of, 608;
debate on, in House of Commons, 599-612

Factory system, 320n.

Fairs, 121, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 188, 193, 209, 210, 213, 340, 421, 484;
courts of, proceedings in, 159, 162, 163, 188, 193;
granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158;
tolls at, 119

Fealty, 70

Felony, concealment of, 38

Feltmakers, journeymen, strike of, 617, 619-622

Feodary, 21, 249

Feudal, army, 4;
commendation, 11, 16;
commutation of services for rent, 21;
courts or sokes, 12, 15, 16;
customs and services, 5, 37;
do., castleguard, 29;
do., foreign, 29;
do., commutations of, 27;
franchises and liberties, 4, 39, 152 (see also Gallows, Frankpledge, Infangenethef, Sac and soc);
do., enquiry touching, 36-40;
incidents, escheat, 33, 36, 81, 82, 83;
do., relief, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242;
do., wardship and marriage, 26, 27, 29-31, 34, 40, 65, 68, 69, 237,
250, 670;
knight's fees, 21, 33, 34, 36, 38;
do., the king's, alienation of, 36;
subinfeudation, 21, 28, 29;
tenants, thegns, 14, 15;
tenures, frankalmoin, 12, 22, 32, 90;
do., knight service, 13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 32, 34, 69, 123, 670;
do., payment of fines in lieu of, 34;
do., serjeanty, 21, 27, 33, 34;
do., grand, 24;
do., petty, 25;
socage, free, 26, 670

Feudal System, the, 19-22;
documents illustrating, 22-41

Firebote, 242

Fiscal policy, documents illustrating, 207-216, 416, 424, 440-476, 667, 670, 671, 672-674, 689-702, 705-711

Fishing, fishmongers and fishermen, 133, 166, 326, 435

Forelanders, 62

Forestallers, 168, 388

Frankpledge, view of, 65, 80, 82, 84, 156

Free trade, 468n.;
arguments for, 696, 698-701;
Sir Edwin Sandys' Bill for, 399, 443-453

Freehold, 48, 88, 89, 90, 93, 97 250, 324, 326, 332

Freeholders, 23, 65, 87, 91, 228, 248, 255, 256, 257, 526

Freemen, 7, 9, 16, 17, 32, 96, 101;
marriage of, to bondwomen, 72

French Revolution, 590

French wars, in 18th and 19th centuries, effect of, on industry and commerce, 480, 501, 544, 689, 690

Friendly Societies, 561, 566, 640


Gallows, feudal liberty of, 37, 156

Gatebote, 242

Gebur, 6

Geneat, 5

Gerefa, 3

Gigmills, 442

Gild, at Dover, 4, 10

Gilds, craft (see Craft-gilds)

Gilds, lands of, confiscation of, 280, 286-294;
do., exceptions to, 291-294;
do., distribution of, by agreement, 267

Gilds, merchant, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131;
characteristic features of, defined, 130;
disputes of, with lords, 123, 128;
privileges of, 123;
restraint of trade by, 123

Gilds, social, 148-150


Half-time Child Labour, 613

Health, Public, effect of factory conditions on, 496, 503-505, 511, 514-516, 609, 610;
in towns, 519, 520;
recommendations of commission on, 614-616;
provision for, in factories (see Factory Acts)

Hedgebote, 242

Henry II., charters of, 45, 124, 308

Henry III., charters of, 119, 124, 126, 127

Heriots, 65, 84, 116, 242

Highways, enlarged for safety of merchants and travellers, 160, 161

Homage, 59, 70, 123

House of Commons, Bills in, on labourers and wages (1388), 176;
on minimum rates in textile industry (1593), 336;
on free trade (1604), 443;
on minimum wages (1795), 554;
on factories (1844), 599;
debates in, on enclosures (1597, 1601), 270-275;
on the confiscation of gild lands (1548), 292;
on salt duties (1732), 678;
on Whitbread's minimum wage bill (1795), 554;
on the income tax (1798), 683;
on apprenticeship (1813-14), 577;
on the Corn Laws (1815, 1846), 692, 705;
on factory legislation (1844), 599;
petitions of journeymen to, 307-312, 573, 624

Housebote, 242

Houses of Correction, 364, 378, 381, 389, 627
(see also Bridewells, Workhouses)

Hundred aid, 80

Hundred, the, as a geographical unit, 12, 17;
as an administrative unit, 9, 32, 36-38, 47, 111, 172, 174, 324, 327, 374, 379, 384;
as a feudal liberty, 15, 37, 117;
bailiffs of, 32;
farms of, 36-37;
do., enhancement of, 38

Hurdle, punishment of the, 157


Income Tax, 667;
objections to, 688;
Pitt's speech on, 683

Industrial Revolution, 480, 509, 617, 618, 668

Industrial riots, 495

Industries (see Calico printers, Coal, Cotton, Craft-gilds, Feltmakers, Iron, Linen, Woollen Cloth)

Industry, changes in organisation of, in 18th century, 479, 480, 617;
encouragement of, by patents, 467;
migration of, to suburbs and country districts, 304, 314, 321;
municipal regulation of, 195-197, 280, 282-284, 294-299 (see also Craft-gilds, Markets, Prices, Wages);
protection of small masters by Stuarts, 280;
state encouragement of, 399;
state regulation of, 313-362;
do., delegated to private speculators, 336n.;
in country districts, 14;
in manors, 70, 111
(see also Combinations, Craft-gilds, Craftsmen, Labour, Prices, Wages)

Infangenethef, 125, 156, 156n.

Inquisitions, royal, 38

Interlopers, and the East India Company, 675

Irish Potato Famine, 705, 706

Iron industry, in 18th century, 545

Iron-works, 55;
accounts of, 103-105;
Elizabethan patent as to, 442


Jews, the, charter of liberties to, 44;
conversion of, 46;
chirographs and chests of, 46, 49, 50;
debts to, 44-51;
exemption of, from tolls, 45;
expulsion of, 51;
function of, 43;
grant of, 47;
justices of, 46, 47, 48, 50;
litigation between Christians and, 44, 47, 48;
ordinances touching, 45, 48, 51;
pledging of land to, 48, 49;
prohibited from acquiring freehold, 48, 49;
restrictions on worship of, 45;
royal protection of, 43, 44;
tallage assessed on, 46;
transferred from town to town, 43, 50

John, King, charters of, 44,