of Edward III., 119n., 211;
of Gilbert de Clare, 116;
to alien towns and merchants, 152, 192, 194, 199, 208, 211;
to boroughs, 116, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127;
to craft-gilds and companies, 144, 303, 308, 399, 427, 454, 461.

Chartists, 618;
manifestoes of, 618, 641, 642.

Chevage, 72, 73, 74, 75

Child-labour, 436;
half-timers, 613;
Oastler's campaign against, 544, 592-594;
in coalmines, 516-9, 598, 599;
in factories, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573, 591-595,
600, 609, 610, 612-614;
in woollen industry, 483

Children's Employment Commission, 600, 603.

Churches, free fees of, exempted from taxation, 33

Churchwardens, administrative duties of, touching labour and poor relief, 324, 648

Civil War, the, 310, 399, 475

Cloth, assize of, 152, 154, 155, 319;
suspension of, 319, 320;
aulnage of, 163, 164;
customs on (see Customs);
industry (see Woollen Cloth);
retailing of, 131
(see also Woollen Cloth)

Coal Industry, commission on employment in, 480, 516-519;
condition of, in 18th century, 479, 491-492;
act regulating, 598;
dispute between employers and workmen in, 625;
hours of labour in, 517-519;
inspectors of, 598;
production, transport and distribution in, 491, 492;
regulation of prices and limitation of output in, 497-499;
woman and child labour in, 516-519, 598, 599

Coin, clipping of, 678

Colonial preference, 708

Colonies, advantages of, 434-438;
effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674;
wages in, 315, 360

Combinations, of masters, 590, 634;
of journeymen, 138-141, 196, 549, 560, 583, 590, 617-643;
of agricultural labourers, 105-110, 552, 553, 618, 638-641;
of bricklayers, 624;
of carpenters, 624;
of coach-makers, curriers, farriers, smiths and sailmakers, 623;
of coalminers, 625;
of feltmakers, 617, 619-622;
of joiners, 624;
of tailors, 617, 618, 622-624;
of woolcombers, 617, 626

Combination Acts, 575, 618, 626, 627-631, 633, 636-638;
repeal of, 633

Commissions, Royal, on depopulation, 276, 277n;
on enclosure, 229, 262, 262n.;
on child labour, 600, 603;
on health in towns, 614-616;
on industrial conditions, in textile industry, 316;
in coal mines, 480, 516-519;
on Poor Law, 661;
petitions for, 260

Common fields, 54;
disadvantages of, 527;
distribution of strips in, 22, 55, 73, 76;
enclosure of, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541;
regulation of, 76-79;
system, 54

Common Law, and copyholders, 86, 87, 88, 228, 241, 255;
and enclosure, 88, 89, 271;
and villeinage, 89-97;
and restraint of trade, 305-307, 315, 361, 362;
and engrossing of corn, 393;
and monopolies, 466;
and combinations, 618, 634-636

Common pasture, 57, 58, 77, 88, 89, 259, 531;
enclosure of, 88, 89, 257;
in boroughs, 119;
rights of, stinted by agreement, 256

Commons or Wastes, 54, 249;
enclosure of, 54, 55, 63, 64, 87, 88, 244, 256, 257, 526-529, 532, 534, 540, 541;
encroachments on, 54, 63, 64, 542;
objection to lords commoning on, 248;
rights on, 54, 529, 531, 534, 535, 538, 541

Companies, Industrial, 280 (see also Craft-gilds, Mining);
Stuart patents of incorporation of, revoked, 474

Companies, Mercantile, monopoly of, discussed, 443-453;
Staplers, 153, 178-186, 484, 485;
Merchant Adventurers, 302, 398, 399, 402-404, 446, 447, 449, 450, 452, 453, 454;
new company of, incorporation of, 454-460;
East India Company, interlopers and, 675;
Eastland Company, 399;
Muscovy Company, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453;
Turkey Company, 431, 450

Co-operative Societies, 618, 643

Copyhold, 228, 234-240, 248-250, 254-259, 326, 527, 528, 538;
conversion of, to leasehold, 538;
eviction from, 85-87
(see also Customary holdings, Villeinage)

Copyholders, 228, 244;
of inheritance, 258
(see also Customary tenants, Villeins)

Corn-badgers, 365, 375-377, 385, 386;
carriers, 326, 375, 376, 385, 487, 488;
factors, 487-491;
engrossing and engrossers of, 376, 386, 389, 391-396;
export and import of, 398, 407-411, 424, 428-430, 487;
do., discussed, 274, 407-412;
Laws, of 1815, 697;
do., debates on, 692, 705;
do., repeal of, 523;
price of, fluctuations in, 368;
do., means of enhancing, 407-412;
production of, fluctuations in, 273-275;
regulation of price and distribution of, 367, 368, 374-378, 385, 386, 389, 391-396;
trade, condition of, in 18th century, 479, 487-491
(see also Customs)

Coroners, 27, 38, 39

Cost of living, in 19th century, 521

Costermongers, excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356

Cotters, cotmen, 5, 9, 61, 63, 65, 242

Cotton industry, in the 18th and 19th centuries, 545, 546, 571, 572, 576, 577;
arbitration on disputes in, 544, 568-571;
depression of wages in, 500, 501;
fluctuations in, 480;
introduction of power loom weaving in, 505-510;
petition of journeymen in, to House of Commons, 480, 500
(see also Factories)

Council, the King's, 48;
Privy, 328, 455, 473, 474;
intervention of, 229;
for the protection of tenants, 266;
for the regulation of wages, 316;
for the regulation of prices, 365, 368;
for the relief of the poor, 363, 364, 379, 382-384, 390, 649;
of the North, 429, 430;
of Wales, 429, 430

Council, Orders in, effect of, on industry and commerce, 480, 691

County courts, 34, 94

Courts, Royal (see Chancery, Requests, Star Chamber, Wards and Liveries)

Craft-gilds, 111, 131, 133, 279, 315;
adulterine, 114-116;
censured, 296;
charters to, protected in the Statute of Monopolies, 467;
common box of, 136, 137;
control of trade and industry by, 136-147, 284, 297-299, 300, 303, 307-311, 345;
dependence of industrial on mercantile, 302-305;
election of officers of, 137, 138, 142, 145, 309, 310, 311;
exclusiveness of, 142, 143, 145, 280, 282, 299, 307, 361;
incorporation of, 113, 144, 305, 308, 474;
litigation of, 311;
the livery of, 310;
monopoly of, 280, 306, 311;
municipal control of, 137-144, 147;
ordinances of, 136-144, 195-197, 297;
state supervision of, 113, 279, 284, 285, 286, 306, 307;
religious aspect of, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 280, 289, 290;
restraint of trading by, 469;
(see also Apprentices, Journeymen, Yeomanry)

Craft-gilds and Companies of London, Clothworkers, 300-302;
Feltmakers, 302;
incorporation of, 303;
Haberdashers, 302-304;
incorporation of, 144-146;
Weavers, alien, ordinances of, 195-197;
Whitetawyers, ordinances of, 136-138

Craftsmen, alien, ordinances of, 195;
classification of, in Tudor period, 414;
desire of, for cheap corn, 409;
for protection, 426;
excessive prices charged by, 165, 166, 168, 169;
excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356;
licensed to exercise more than one craft, 70;
limited to one craft, 70, 294, 295, 306, 321
(see also Apprentices, Industry, Journeymen, Labour, Labourers, Prices, Wages)

Credit, trading on, 305, 416-418, 420-424, 493-495

Crown, indebtedness of the, 153, 416-418

Currency, condition of, in fourteenth century, 217-223;
in seventeenth century, 668, 677, 678;
debasement of, 398, 405, 406, 416-418;
discussions on, 220, 405;
provisions for, 180, 181;
recoinage of Queen Elizabeth, 419, 677;
recoinage of 1696, 668, 677, 678
(see also Bullion, Mint)

Customary holdings, 228;
alienation of, 243, 258;
bequest of, 233, 234;
cotlands, 63;
custom touching inheritance of, 233, 234;
dayworks, 64;
division of, among heirs, 232;
eviction from, 254, 255, 263;
fines for entry on, 66, 67, 68, 69, 86, 229, 233, 235, 238, 239, 240, 249, 251, 259;
do., enhancement of, 229, 249, 251, 253, 255, 265;
forelands, 62;
forfeited, 242, 243;
lease of, 55, 76, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 235, 238, 241, 242, 254, 255, 258, 259;
oxgangs, 258;
sale and purchase of, 233, 234;
yardlands, 242
(see also Copyhold, Landmeasures, Leasehold, Manor)

Customary tenants, 5-9, 23, 24, 54, 80-86, 228, 232-246, 251-255;
eviction of, 364;
grant of manor to, 81;
lease of manor to, 81
(see also Bordiers, Copyholders, Cotters, Manor, Serfs, Villeins)

Customary tenure, 54, 55

Customs, the, in Middle Ages, 203, 207-216;
in London and the outports, contrasted, 445;
in American colonies, suggested, 673;
on imports, 211-216, 401;
exemption of the Cabots from, 401;
on cloth, 403, 412, 417, 440, 459, 469, 471;
on coal, 472;
on exported corn, 398, 407, 430;
on wine, 208, 214;
on wool, 207, 215, 407, 413


Debt, the National, 676, 677;
measures for reduction of, 679-681

Debts, recovery of, in Middle Ages, 161-163,