[289] Parl. Papers, Greece, No. 4, 1886.

[290] The London Gazette, March 19, 1897.

[291] U. S. For. Rel., 1897, p. 255.

[292] "De Jure Belli," I., II., "Bellum est publicorum armorum justa contentio;" Instr. U. S. Armies, § 20.

[293] Halleck, Ch. XIV.; Calvo, § 1866 ff.

[294] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1769, 1776.

[295] Takahashi, 42 et seq.

[296] Prize Cases, 2 Black, U. S. 635.

[297] Takahashi, 38 et seq.

[298] Calvo, § 1910.

[299] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 364.

[300] The French declaration of war against Prussia in 1870 is given in 2 Lorrimer, 443.

[301] Inst. U. S. Armies, § 29; Appendix p. 338.

[302] Appendix, p. 369.

[303] Hall, § 126, p. 405; Instr. U. S. Armies, §§ 20, 21, 22; Appendix, pp. 336, 337.

[304] See Appendix, p. 386.

[305] Appendix, pp. 353, 372, 388.

[306] "De Jure Belli," III., ix., 4.

[307] "De Jure et Officiis Bellicis," l., v., 25.

[308] 4 Ellis and Blackburn's Reports, 217.

[309] Appendix, pp. 340, 385.

[310] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 451.

[311] Appendix, pp. 339, 385.

[312] 8 Cr., 110.

[313] See Index U. S. Treaties, "Reciprocal Privileges of Citizens."

[314] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 447.

[315] Appendix, pp. 339, 377.

[316] Lawrence, § 198.

[317] 3 Whart., § 339.

[318] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 4. See Appendix, p. 401.

[319] Appendix, p. 401.

[320] Appendix, p. 404.

[321] Appendix, p. 404.

[322] Proclamation of April 26, 1898.

[323] Decree of April 23, 1898.

[324] Takahashi, p. 178.

[325] Appendix, p. 398.

[326] U. S. Proclamation, April 26, 1898; Spain, Decree of April 23, 1898.

[327] Treaties U. S., p. 1176 ff.

[328] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 5. Appendix, p. 402.

[329] Captain C. H. Stockton, "Submarine Telegraph Cables in Time of War," Proceed. U. S. Naval Inst., Vol. XXIV., p. 451.

[330] For the discussion of the laws and customs of war, at The Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 134 et seq.

[331] See Appendix, p. 375.

[332] Oxford Manual, 51; Appendix, p. 377.

[333] Appendix, pp. 341, 369, 391.

[334] Appendix, p. 370.

[335] Appendix, pp. 370, 387.

[336] Appendix, p. 402.

[337] Appendix, pp. 370, 387.

[338] Appendix, p. 387.

[339] Appendix, p. 364.

[340] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 4; Appendix, p. 401.

[341] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 et seq., 455.

[342] Appendix, pp. 348, 370, 386, 387, 401.

[343] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 et seq., 461.

[344] For form, see United States v. Baker, 5 Blatchford, 6; 2 Halleck, 110.

[345] See article of Dr. Stark on "Privateering," in Columbia University Publications (1897), Vol. VIII., No. 3.

[346] 1 Kent Com., 97.

[347] Appendix, p. 398.

[348] Proclamation and Decrees (April 25, 1898), p. 77.

[349] Hall, p. 547, § 181.

[350] R. D. I., IV., 695.

[351] See Act of May 10, 1892; 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, 27.

[352] Treaties of U. S., pp. 905, 906.

[353] 3 Whart., § 342.

[354] Appendix, 403.

[355] Ibid.

[356] The "Grotius," 9 Cr., 368, 370.

[357] See rules of the "Inst. of Int. Law," 1882; "Annuaire," 1883, p. 221.

[358] Justinian, I., xii., 5.

[359] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4652.

[360] The "Two Friends," 1 C. Rob., 271.

[361] Instr. U. S. Armies, 50; Appendix, p. 344, 345.

[362] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 11. See Appendix, p. 403.

[363] Instr. U. S. Armies, 28. See Appendix, p. 338.

[364] Oxford Manual, 71. See Appendix, p. 380.

[365] Instr. U. S. Armies, 124. See, as to prisoners of war, Appendix, pp. 359, 381, 390.

[366] For details, see Geneva Convention, Appendix, p. 395; Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 120 et seq.; U. S. Naval War Code, Appendix, p. 406.

[367] Appendix, p. 392.

[368] "International Law," Naval War College, 2d ed., p. 93.

[369] The "Venus," 4 C. Rob., 355.

[370] Appendix, p. 352.

[371] Halleck (3d ed.), 325.

[372] The "Sea Lion," 5 Wall., 630.

[373] Hall, § 196, pp. 575-578.

[374] § 192, p. 565.

[375] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 314 et seq.

[376] Calvo, "Droit Int.," §§ 2440-2446.

[377] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 310 et seq.

[378] Lawrence, p. 453.

[379] See 1 Halleck (3d ed.), 277.

[380] Heffter-Geffcken, "Droit Int.," II., §§ 176-190.

[381] See above, § 97.

[382] Case of Hesse Cassel, Hall, § 204, p. 588.

[383] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1742.

[384] The Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, between U. S. and Great Britain is a marked exception. See Treaties of U. S., 399; Wheaton, "Hist. Int. Law," 585; Schurz, "Henry Clay," I., pp. 105 et seq.

[385] Treaty between Spain and U. S., Dec. 10, 1898; 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1754.

[386] Case of Swineherd, 1801, 1 Kent Com., 173, note (b); "Sophie," 1 Kent Com., 174; 6 C. Rob., 138.

[387] Hall, § 198, p. 579.

[388] Treaties of U. S., 386.

[389] Lawrence, § 239.

[390] Lawrence, p. 566.

[391] 1 Hertslet, 64.

[392] Ibid., 370; see also "La Neutralité de Suisse," S. Bury, R. D. I., II., 636.

[393] 2 Hertslet, 863.

[394] 3 ibid., 1592.

[395] Art. XXXV., Treaty of Dec. 12, 1846; Treaties of U. S., 204.

[396] Art. XV., Treaty of Jan. 21, 1867; Treaties of U. S., 1784.

[397] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2. See also Holland, "Studies in Int. Law," p. 216.

[398] Articles I. and II.; Appendix, pp. 395, 396.

[399] U. S. Naval War Code, § IV.; Appendix, p. 370.

[400] "De Jure Belli ac Pacis," Lib. III., C. XVI., iii., 1.

[401] "Le Droit de la Nature et des Gens," Liv. VIII., C. VI., vii., n. 2.

[402] "Quaestiones Juris Publici," I., ix.

[403] "Droit des Gens," III., viii.

[404] 5 Speeches, 50.

[405] 1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 156.

[406] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5281-5291, see Appendix, p. 417. For cases, see 1 Gould and Tucker, 990, and 2 ibid., 627.

[407] 33 and 34 Vict., c. 90, p. 560. See also 2 Lorimer, 490.

[408] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 31.

[409] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 63. President Cleveland's neutrality proclamations as to the late war in Cuba are given in 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 870, 881.

[410] Wheat., D., p. 509.

[411] "Internat. Law," Naval War College, p. 118.

[412] Case of the "Gen. Armstrong," 2 Whart., § 227; the "Anne," 3 Wheat., 435; 3 Whart., § 399.

[413] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39.

[414] 3 C. Rob., 164.

[415] Hall, § 221, p. 627.

[416] 3 Phillimore, 287-299.

[417] Hall, § 222, p. 631. For the case of the "Caroline," see Appendix, p. 434.

[418] Oxford Manual, §§ 79, 80, 81. See Appendix, pp. 357.

[419] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39, p. 244. The Netherlands Proclamation of Neutrality prescribed, in 1898, that "If ships of war, pursued by the enemy, seek refuge within our territory, they shall liberate their prizes."

[420] 7 Attorney-generals' Opinions, 122.